Kapitel-Kommentar
James Kapitel 3
서론
James 3 Introduction
한국어
Englisches Original
They are exhorted not to be many masters, James 3:1. And to bridle the tongue, which is often an instrument of much evil, James 3:2-12. The character and fruits of true and false wisdom, James 3:13-18.
1
James 3:1
한국어
많은 선생이 되지 말라 - 교사의 직분을 탐내지 말라는 뜻이다. 배울 필요가 더 큰 사람들이 선생이 되기를 바라는 경우가 많기 때문이다. 유대인들 가운데는 많은 교사 또는 랍비들이 있었고, 각자 자기가 그 진리를 가지고 있으며 제자들을 자기 뒤로 끌어들인다고 자처하였다. 『피르케이 아보트』 1장 10절에서도 이런 사람들에 대한 경고, 곧 성 야고보의 경고와 같은 성격의 경고를 볼 수 있다. “노동을 사랑하고, 랍비의 직분을 미워하라.”
이 경고는 지금도 여전히 필요하다. 하나님께서 결코 부르지 않으셨고, 또 그 일을 위해 자격을 주신 적이 없으므로 결코 부르실 수도 없는 수많은 사람들이 성직에 들어가기를 간절히 바란다. 그리고 이런 부류에 속하여 성 야고보의 말과 반대로 우리에게 많은 선생들이 있다. 그들은 구원의 길을 우리에게 보여 주겠다고 나서지만, 그 길에 대해 아무것도 알지 못하며 자신들도 구원받지 못한 사람들이다. 이런 사람들은 모든 종류의 그리스도인들 가운데서 발견되며, 사역의 직분을 멸시받게 하는 수단이 되어 왔다. 그들의 처지는 두렵다. 그들은 일반 죄인들보다 더 큰 정죄를 받을 것이다. 그들은 하나님께서 결코 부르신 적이 없는 직분에 스스로 밀고 들어감으로써 죄를 지었을 뿐 아니라, 자기들의 부족함 때문에 그들이 주인 노릇을 자처한 양 떼가 지식이 없어 멸망하게 되었으니, 하나님께서는 그 피를 파수꾼의 손에서 찾으실 것이다. 어떤 사람은 나라의 법에 따라 이런 지위를 가질 수 있으나 복음에 따라서는 가지지 못할 수 있다. 또 다른 사람은 국가 종교에 반대한다는 이유로 복음에 따라 그것을 가진 체할 수 있으나, 그리스도에 따라서는 가지지 못할 수 있다. 우둔한 자들은 흔하고, 사기꾼들과 위선자들은 어디서나 발견될 수 있다.
Englisches Original
Be not many masters - Do not affect the teacher's office, for many wish to be teachers who have more need to learn. There were many teachers or rabbins among the Jews, each affecting to have The truth, and to draw disciples after him. We find a caution against such persons, and of the same nature with that of St. James, in Pirkey Aboth, c. i.:10: Love labor, and hate the rabbin's office.
This caution is still necessary; there are multitudes, whom God has never called, and never can call, because he has never qualified them for the work, who earnestly wish to get into the priest's office. And of this kind, in opposition to St. James, we have many masters - persons who undertake to show us the way of salvation, who know nothing of that ways and are unsaved themselves. These are found among all descriptions of Christians, and have been the means of bringing the ministerial office into contempt. Their case is awful; they shall receive greater condemnation than common sinners; they have not only sinned in thrusting themselves into that office to which God has never called them, but through their insufficiency the flocks over whom they have assumed the mastery perish for lack of knowledge, and their blood will God require at the watchman's hand. A man may have this mastery according to the law of the land, and yet not have it according to the Gospel; another may affect to have it according to the Gospel, because he dissents from the religion of the state, and not have it according to Christ. Blockheads are common, and knaves and hypocrites may be found everywhere.
2
James 3:2
한국어
많은 일에 우리가 다 실족하나니 - Πταιομεν ἁπαντες· 우리는 모두 걸려 넘어지거나 비틀거린다는 뜻이다. 배로 박사는 매우 적절하게 이렇게 관찰한다. “삶의 일반적인 진행을 길이라 부르고, 개별 행동들을 걸음이라 부르듯이, 바른 행동의 규칙적인 과정으로 나아가는 것은 곧게 걷는 것이며, 잘못 행동하는 것은 비틀거리거나 걸려 넘어지는 것이다.” 하나님과 그렇게 밀접히 동행하고 사람들에게 그렇게 흠 없이 행하여 결코 실족하지 않는 사람은 매우 드물다. 하나님을 따르는 모든 사람에게는 그리스도의 날까지 성실하고 거리낌 없이 지낼 특권이 있지만, 실제로 그렇게 사는 사람은 적다. 이것이 피할 수 없는 일이라면 그것을 슬퍼할 주제로 삼는 것은 무익할 것이다. 그러나 모든 사람은 모든 면에서 올바르게 걷게 하시는 은혜를 자기 하나님께 받을 수 있으므로, 자기 특권에 맞게 사는 사람이 그토록 적다는 것은 탄식할 일이다. 어떤 이들은 이 말을 “하나님께 죄를 짓지 않고 살 수 있는 사람은 아무도 없다. 거룩한 사도 야고보 자신이 자기 자신과 모든 사도들과 그리스도의 온 교회를 가리켜 ‘많은 일에 우리가 다 실족한다’고 말하기 때문이다”라는 증거로 제시해 왔다. 이것은 매우 나쁘고 위험한 교리이다. 그 결론까지 밀고 나가면 복음 체계 전체의 신빙성에 크게 영향을 미칠 것이다. 더구나 그 교리가 위험하고 거짓인 것만큼이나 참이라 하더라도, 그런 본문 위에 그것을 세우는 것은 어리석은 일이다. 성 야고보는 모든 교사들의 일반적인 방식에 따라 자기 청중에게 말하면서 자신을 포함시키기 때문이다. 그리고 그가 복수 대명사를 사용하여 자신을 포함하는 것처럼 보이는 곳마다 실제로 그렇게 이해되어야 한다고 가정한다면, 우리는 그 자신도 큰 정죄를 받을 많은 교사들 가운데 하나였다고 인정해야 할 것이다, 약 3:1. 또한 그가 “우리가 말들의 입에 재갈을 물려 우리에게 순종하게 한다”고 말하므로 말 조련사였다고 해야 할 것이며, 약 3:3, “혀도 우리 지체 중에서 그러하다”고 말하므로 그의 혀가 불의의 세계이고 지옥 불에 사른 바 되었다고 해야 할 것이며, 약 3:6, “그것으로 우리가 사람을 저주한다”고 말하므로 그가 사람들을 저주했다고 해야 할 것이다, 약 3:9. 상식을 가진 사람이라면 야고보나, 도덕성이 그럭저럭 있는 어떤 사람이라도 그런 일들에 죄를 지었으리라고 상상할 수 없다. 그러나 그가 편지를 쓴 사람들 가운데 일부는 그렇게 죄를 지었다. 그는 자기 책망을 부드럽게 하고, 그것이 그들의 마음속에 더 깊이 들어가게 하려고 자기 자신을 그 책망 안에 포함시키는 것처럼 보인다. 그러나 그의 독자들 가운데 누구도 그를 같은 죄를 지은 형제로 이해하지는 않았을 것이다.
말에 실수가 없으면 그는 온전한 사람이라 - 이것을 바르게 이해하려면 앞 절에서 성 야고보가 준 경고를 참조해야 한다. 많은 주인 또는 교사가 되지 말라. 곧 자격이 없는 것을 탐내지 말라는 뜻이다. 하늘의 교리를 알지 못한 채 가르치면, 너희가 가르치는 중에 신앙의 유비를 거슬러 죄를 지을 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 그는 말한다. 만일 어떤 사람이 ου πταιει, 곧 걸려 넘어지지 않고, εν λογῳ, 곧 교리 안에서, 진리와 온전한 진리와 오직 진리만을 가르치며 실수하지 않는다면, 그는 τελειος ανηρ, 곧 하나님의 일들에 충분히 가르침을 받은 사람이다. 우리가 ‘말씀’ 또는 ‘말’로 옮기는 λογος라는 말이 교리, 특히 복음의 교리를 나타내는 데 얼마나 자주 쓰이는지는 앞선 주석 여러 곳에서 보았다. 또한 우리가 ‘온전한’으로 옮기는 τελειος라는 말이 복음의 교리들에 철저히 가르침을 받은 성숙한 그리스도인을 뜻하는 데 얼마나 자주 쓰이는지는 성 바울의 여러 글에서 볼 수 있다. 그 가운데 고전 2:6, 고전 14:20, 엡 4:13, 빌 3:15, 골 4:12, 히 5:14를 보라. 그러므로 거짓 교리를 내세우지 않고, 그리스도교의 큰 진리들 가운데 어느 것에 대해서도 불완전한 견해를 제시하지 않는 사람은, 바로 그 일로 자신이 하나님의 일들에 철저히 가르침을 받은 사람이며 초심자가 아니고, 따라서 많은 교사들 가운데 온전한 스승으로서 거룩한 소명에 합당한 사람임을 입증한다.
또 온몸도 굴레 씌울 수 있느니라 - 그로티우스는 여기서 몸이 그리스도의 교회를 뜻한다고 보았다. 앞 절들에 대해 우리가 취한 견해는 이 해석을 매우 개연성 있게 만든다. 그러나 어떤 이들은 정욕과 욕망을 뜻한다고 생각한다. 그렇지만 이 사람들은 말에 실수가 없다는 것을 단지 조심스럽게 말을 지키는 일로 이해한다. 그런데 사람이 자기가 하는 말에 조심한다는 사실이 모든 정욕과 욕망을 통제하고 있다는 증거가 어떻게 될 수 있는지 나는 알 수 없다. 사실 나는 그와 반대되는 사례들을 너무 많이 보았기 때문에, 이 설명이 부적절하다는 데 의심이 없다. 그러나 “χαλιναγωγεω는 재갈로 제어하고 돌이키고 다스린다는 뜻이며, 그리스도의 교회를 다스리는 일에는 결코 적용되지 않는다”는 반론이 제기된다. 아마 그럴 것이다. 그러나 성 야고보는 매우 독특한 저자이다. 그의 어법과 은유와 문체 전반은 신약의 다른 모든 저자들과 달라서, 그가 헬라어로 쓴다는 점 외에는 그들과 공통되는 것이 거의 없다. 6절이 그로티우스의 견해에 대한 반증으로 여겨지지만, 나는 그 절이 약 3:3에서 시작되는 다른 주제에 속한다고 본다.
Englisches Original
In many things we offend all - Πταιομεν ἁπαντες· We all stumble or trip. Dr. Barrow very properly observes: "As the general course of life is called a way, and particular actions steps, so going on in a regular course of right action is walking uprightly; and acting amiss, tripping or stumbling." There are very few who walk so closely with God, and inoffensively with men, as never to stumble; and although it is the privilege of every follower of God to be sincere and without offense to the day of Christ, yet few of them are so. Were this unavoidable, it would be useless to make it a subject of regret; but as every man may receive grace from his God to enable him to walk in every respect uprightly, it is to be deplored that so few live up to their privileges. Some have produced these words as a proof that "no man can live without sinning against God; for James himself, a holy apostle speaking of himself, all the apostles, and the whole Church of Christ, says, In many things we offend all." This is a very bad and dangerous doctrine; and, pushed to its consequences, would greatly affect the credibility of the whole Gospel system. Besides, were the doctrine as true as it is dangerous and false, it is foolish to ground it upon such a text; because St. James, after the common mode of all teachers, includes himself in his addresses to his hearers. And were we to suppose that where he appears by the use of the plural pronoun to include himself, he means to be thus understood, we must then grant that himself was one of those many teachers who were to receive a great condemnation, James 3:1; that he was a horse-breaker, because he says, "we put bits in the horses' mouths, that they may obey us," James 3:3; that his tongue was a world of iniquity, and set on fire of hell, for he says, "so is the tongue among our members," James 3:6; that he cursed men, "wherewith curse we men, James 3:9. No man possessing common sense could imagine that James, or any man of even tolerable morals, could be guilty of those things. But some of those were thus guilty to whom he wrote; and to soften his reproofs, and to cause them to enter the more deeply into their hearts, he appears to include himself in his own censure; and yet not one of his readers would understand him as being a brother delinquent.
Offend not in word, the same is a perfect man - To understand this properly we must refer to the caution St. James gives in the preceding verse: Be not many masters or teachers - do not affect that for which you are not qualified, because in your teaching, not knowing the heavenly doctrine, ye may sin against the analogy of faith. But, says he, if any man offend not, ου πταιει, trip not, εν λογῳ, in doctrine, teaching the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, the same is τελειος ανηρ, a man fully instructed in Divine things: How often the term λογος, which we render word, is used to express doctrine, and the doctrine of the Gospel, we have seen in many parts of the preceding comment. And how often the word τελειος, which we translate perfect, is used to signify an adult Christian, one thoroughly instructed in the doctrines of the Gospel, may be seen in various parts of St. Paul's writings. See among others, 1 Corinthians 2:6; 1 Corinthians 14:20; Ephesians 4:13; Philippians 3:15; Colossians 4:12; Hebrews 5:14. The man, therefore, who advanced no false doctrine, and gave no imperfect view of any of the great truths of Christianity; that man proved himself thereby to be thoroughly instructed in Divine things; to be no novice, and consequently, among the many teachers, to be a perfect master, and worthy of the sacred vocation.
Able also to bridle the whole body - Grotius, by body, believed that the Church of Christ was intended; and this the view we have taken of the preceding clauses renders very probable. But some think the passions and appetites are intended; yet these persons understand not offending in word as referring simply to well guarded speech. Now how a man's cautiousness in what he says can be a proof that he has every passion and appetite under control, I cannot see. Indeed, I have seen so many examples of a contrary kind, that I can have no doubt of the impropriety of this exposition. But it is objected "that χαλιναγωγεω signifies to check, turn, or rule with a bridle; and is never applied to the government of the Church of Christ." Probably not: but St. James is a very peculiar writer; his phraseology, metaphors, and diction in general, are different from all the rest of the New Testament writers, so as to have scarcely any thing in common with them, but only that he writes in Greek. The sixth verse is supposed to be a proof against the opinion of Grotius; but I conceive that verse to belong to a different subject, which commences James 3:3.
3
James 3:3
한국어
보라, 우리가 말들의 입에 재갈을 물리나니 - 성 야고보는 교사의 직분에 스스로 밀고 들어가려는 사람들, 곧 말이 술술 나오는 은사가 있으므로 하나님의 일들을 가르치는 교사가 될 수 있다고 생각하는 사람들에게 권면하다가, 혀를 규제할 필요성을 보여 주게 되었다. 그래서 그는 혀도 말처럼 재갈 물려져야 하고, 배처럼 다스려져야 한다는 것을 계속 보여 준다. 혀는 작지만 온 사람을 지배할 수 있고, 다른 사람들을 자극하고 실족하게 할 수 있기 때문이다.
Englisches Original
Behold, we put bits in the horses' mouths - In order to show the necessity of regulating the tongue, to which St. James was led by his exhortation to them who wished to thrust themselves into the teacher's office, supposing, because they had the gift of a ready flow of speech, that therefore they might commence teachers of Divine things; he proceeds to show that the tongue must be bridled as the horse, and governed as the ships; because, though it is small, it is capable of ruling the whole man; and of irritating and offending others.
5
James 3:5
한국어
큰 것을 자랑하느니라 - 곧 선한 종류이든 악한 종류이든 큰 일을 할 수 있다는 뜻이다. 그는 여기서 헬라 웅변가들의 강력하고 모든 것을 좌우하는 웅변을 가리키는 듯하다. 그들은 큰 군중을 자기들이 원하는 곳으로 이끌 수 있었고, 그들을 평화롭고 복종하게 가라앉힐 수도 있으며, 격렬한 반란으로 선동할 수도 있었다.
보라, 얼마나 큰 물건이 - 한 사람이 단지 설득력 있는 혀만으로 일반 백성 가운데 얼마나 큰 불화와 불복종의 불길을 일으킬 수 있는지 보라.
Englisches Original
Boasteth great things - That is, can do great things, whether of a good or evil kind. He seems to refer here to the powerful and all commanding eloquence of the Greek orators: they could carry the great mob whithersoever they wished; calm them to peaceableness and submission, or excite them to furious sedition.
Behold, how great a matter - See what a flame of discord and insubordination one man, merely by his persuasive tongue, may kindle among the common people.
6
James 3:6
한국어
혀는 불이라 - 혀는 종종 가장 절망적인 다툼과 반란을 일으키는 도구가 된다.
불의의 세계라 - 이것은 흔치 않은 표현 형식이지만, 뜻은 충분히 분명하다. 여기서 세계는 덩어리, 큰 모음, 풍부함을 뜻한다. 우리도 같은 뜻으로 이 말을 쓴다. 큰 고난을 “고난의 세계”, 짓누르는 수고를 “수고의 세계”, 몹시 괴로운 염려를 “염려의 세계”라고 하는 식이다. 우리 사전 편찬자 가운데 한 사람도 자기 작품을 “말들의 세계”라고 불렀다. 곧 방대한 말들의 모음이라는 뜻이다. 그래서 우리도 “악의 홍수”, “고난의 바다”라고 말하고, 라틴 사람들은 oceanus malorum, 곧 악들의 대양이라고 말한다. 나는 헬라 저자들 가운데서 이 단어가 이렇게 쓰인 예를 기억하지 못한다. 그러나 칠십인역 잠 17:6에서는 이 뜻으로 쓰인 듯하다. Του πιστου ὁλος ὁ κοσμος των χρηματων, του δε απιστου ουδε οβολος. 이것은 “신실한 자에게는 부의 세계가 있으나, 신실하지 않은 자에게는 한 푼도 없다”라고 번역할 수 있다. 이 절은 히브리어 본문에는 대응되는 말이 없다. 어떤 이들은 벧후 2:5에서도 이 단어가 이렇게 쓰였다고 생각한다. “경건하지 않은 자들의 무리, κοσμῳ ασεβων 위에 홍수를 내리셨다.” 웨이크필드 씨는 이 절을 이렇게 번역한다. “혀는 불의의 광택제이다.” 우리는 κοσμος가 장식된 것, 우아한 것, 아름다운 것 등을 뜻한다는 것을 보았다. 그러나 나는 이곳에서 그것이 그런 뜻이라고는 거의 생각할 수 없다. 시리아어 역본은 이 표현에 흥미로운 방향을 준다. “혀는 불이며, 불의의 세계는 숲과 같다.” 위에서 같은 역본은 “작은 불이 큰 숲을 태운다”고 했다. 그래서 불의의 세계는 사람들의 악한 혀들에 의해 불붙는 것으로 제시된다. 세계는 땔감이고, 혀는 불이다.
혀도 우리 지체 중에서 그러하니라 - 나는 성 야고보가 여기서 랍비들의 잘 알려진 말을 가리킨다고 생각한다. 『바이크라 랍바』 16절, fol. 159에 이런 말이 있다. “랍비 엘르아살이 말했다. 사람에게는 148개의 지체가 있는데, 어떤 것은 갇혀 있고 어떤 것은 자유롭다. 혀는 턱 사이에 놓여 있으며, 그 아래에서는 물의 샘, 곧 큰 설하 침샘이 나오고, 그것은 여러 겹으로 접혀 있다. 와서 보라, 혀가 얼마나 큰 불꽃을 일으키는가! 만일 그것이 갇히지 않은 지체들 가운데 하나라면, 무엇을 하지 않겠는가?” 같은 생각은 약간의 차이를 가지고 『미드라쉬 얄쿠트 시므오니』 2부, fol. 107과, 『에라킨』 fol. xv. 2의 시 120:3 주석에서도 발견된다. “거짓된 혀여, 무엇을 네게 주며 무엇을 네게 더할꼬?” “거룩하시고 복되신 하나님께서 혀에게 말씀하셨다. 몸의 다른 모든 지체는 곧게 서 있으나, 너는 누워 있다. 다른 모든 지체는 바깥에 있으나, 너는 안에 있다. 이것만으로도 충분하지 않다. 내가 네 둘레에 두 담을 세웠으니, 하나는 뼈요 다른 하나는 살이다. 거짓된 혀여, 무엇을 네게 주며 무엇을 네게 더할꼬?”
생의 바퀴를 불사르나니 - Φλογιζουσα τον τροχον της γενεσεως· 그리고 생명의 바퀴를 불사른다는 뜻이다. 나는 이 절이 일반적으로 제대로 이해되고 있는지 매우 의심스럽다. 여기에는 세 가지 다른 해석이 있다.
- 성 야고보는 사람의 혀에 그토록 큰 영향을 받는 인간사의 전 영역을 표현하려는 것이 아니라, 오히려 헬라인들의 형벌용 바퀴를 말하려는 것일 수 있다. 유대인들에게도 알려지지 않은 것이 아니었던 그 바퀴 위에 그들은 범죄자들을 펴 놓고 자백하게 하거나 범죄에 대해 벌하곤 했다. 그 바퀴 밑에는 고통을 더하려고 불을 놓는 일이 흔했다. 요세푸스의 것으로 돌려지며 하버캄프 판 제2권 497-520쪽에 실린 『마카베오에 관하여』라는 책에는 일곱 히브리 형제의 순교 이야기가 나온다. 9장에서 맏형의 죽음을 말하며 이렇게 되어 있다. Ανεβαλον αυτον επι τον τροχοι - περι ὁν κατατεινομενος· “그들이 그를 바퀴 위에 던지고, 그 위에 그를 펴 놓았다.” πυρ ὑπεστρωσαν και διηρεθισαν τον τροχον προσεπικατατεινοντες· “그들은 그 아래에 숯불을 놓고, 바퀴를 세차게 움직였다.” 여섯째 형제의 순교에 대해서는 11장에서 이렇게 말한다. Παρηγον επι τον τροχον, εφ' οὑ κατατεινομενος εκμελως και εκσφονδυλιζομενος ὑπεκαιετο, και οβελισκους δε οξεις πυρωσαντες, τοις νοτοις προσεφερον, και τα πλευρα διαπειραντες αυτου, και τα σπλαγχνα διεκαιον· “그들이 그를 바퀴로 끌고 갔고, 그 위에서 그의 팔다리를 펴고 관절을 부러뜨린 뒤, 밑에 둔 불로 그를 그슬렸다. 또 불에 달군 날카로운 꼬챙이들을 등에 대고, 그의 옆구리를 찌르며 창자를 태웠다.”
불과 바퀴는 아킬레스 타티우스 7권 449쪽에도 언급된다. “그들이 내 옷을 벗긴 뒤, 나는 높이 들려 갔다. των μεν μαστιγας κομιζοντων, των δε πυρ και τροχον, 어떤 이들은 채찍을, 다른 이들은 불과 바퀴를 가져왔다.” 이제 γενεσις가 종종 생명을 뜻하므로, 생명의 바퀴는 삶의 비참함과 고통을 뜻할 것이다. 생명의 바퀴에 불을 붙인다는 것은 한 사람의 고통을 더한다는 뜻이다. 또 지옥에서 불붙었다는 말은 이러한 비참함이 마귀적 작용으로 더 활동적이 된다는 뜻이다. 달리 말하면, 마귀에게 충동받은 악한 사람들이 거짓말과 중상으로 그들의 악의적인 혀의 대상들에게 삶을 짐스럽게 만든다는 뜻이다. 성 야고보가 그렇게 뚜렷하게 언급한 바퀴와 불은 이런 종류의 형벌이 그에게 그 생각을 떠올리게 했을 가능성을 보여 준다. 더 자세한 것은 킵케를 보라.
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그러나 성 야고보가 생명의 바퀴라는 말로 혈액 순환을 염두에 두었을 가능성은 없는가? 분노하게 하거나 자극하는 말은 혈액 순환에 놀라운 영향을 미친다. 심장은 높고 빠르게 뛰며, 피는 동맥을 통해 정맥으로, 정맥을 통해 심장으로, 다시 심장을 통해 동맥으로 급히 돈다. 이렇게 계속된다. 동시에 비상한 정도의 열이 생기고, 눈은 안와에서 더 튀어나오며, 모세혈관은 피로 충혈되고, 얼굴은 붉어진다. 요컨대 자연의 온 바퀴가 지옥 불에 사른 바 된다. 이보다 더 자연스러운 묘사는 있을 수 없다. 그러나 이것은 혈액 순환이 성 야고보에게 알려져 있었다는 뜻을 암시한다는 반론이 있을 수 있다. 그렇다고 가정해 보자. 그것이 불가능한 일인가? 가장 분별력 있는 의학 저술가들 가운데 일부는 솔로몬이 노년에 대한 유명한 묘사, 특히 전 12:6에서 이것을 가리킨다고 인정한다. “은 줄이 풀리고, 금 그릇이 깨지고, 항아리가 샘 곁에서 깨지고, 바퀴가 우물에서 깨지기 전에.” 여기에 성 야고보가 그 생각을 빌려 왔을 바로 그 생명의 바퀴가 있다. 그리고 그 서로 다른 표현들은 분명히 혈액 순환을 가리킨다. 그것은 태양의 시차 교리만큼이나 성 야고보에게 잘 알려져 있었을 수 있다. 약 1:17 주석을 보라.
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그러나 랍비들이 גלגל תולדות gilgal toledoth, 곧 “세대들의 바퀴”라는 용어를 사용하여 사람들의 이어지는 세대들을 표시한 것도 사실이다. 따라서 성 야고보가 이것을 가리켰을 가능성도 있다. 마치 그가 “혀는 세상의 모든 시대를 통하여 혼란과 비참함의 도구가 되어 왔다”라고 말한 것과 같다. 그러나 다른 해석들이 더 그럴듯하다.
Englisches Original
The tongue is a fire - It is often the instrument of producing the most desperate contentions and insurrections.
A world of iniquity - This is an unusual form of speech, but the meaning is plain enough; World signifies here a mass, a great collection, an abundance. We use the term in the same sense - a world of troubles, a world of toil, a world of anxiety; for great troubles, oppressive toil, most distressing anxiety. And one of our lexicographers calls his work a world of words; i.e. a vast collection of words: so we also say, a deluge of wickedness, a sea of troubles; and the Latins, oceanus malorum, an ocean of evils. I do not recollect an example of this use of the word among the Greek writers; but in this sense it appears to be used by the Septuagint, Proverbs 17:6 : Του πιστου ὁλος ὁ κοσμος των χρηματων, του δε απιστου ουδε οβολος, which may be translated, "The faithful has a world of riches, but the unfaithful not a penny." This clause has nothing answering to it in the Hebrew text. Some think that the word is thus used, 2 Peter 2:5 : And brought the flood, κοσμῳ ασεβων, on the multitude of the ungodly. Mr. Wakefield translates the clause thus: The tongue is the varnisher of injustice. We have seen that κοσμοςsignifies adorned, elegant, beautiful, etc., but I can scarcely think that this is its sense in this place. The Syriac gives a curious turn to the expression: And the tongue is a fire; and the world of iniquity is like a wood. Above, the same version has: A little fire burns great woods. So the world of iniquity is represented as inflamed by the wicked tongues of men; the world being fuel, and the tongue a fire.
So is the tongue among our members - I think St. James refers here to those well known speeches of the rabbins, Vayikra Rabba, sec. 16, fol. 159. "Rabbi Eleazar said, Man has one hundred and forty-eight members, some confined, others free. The tongue is placed between the jaws; and from under it proceeds a fountain of water, (the great sublingual salivary gland), and it is folded with various foldings. Come and see what a flame the tongue kindles! Were it one of the unconfined members, what would it not do?" The same sentiment, with a little variation, may be found in Midrash, Yalcut Simeoni, par. 2, fol. 107; and in Erachin, fol. xv. 2, on Psalm 120:3 : What shall be given unto thee, or what shall be done unto thee, thou false tongue? "The holy blessed God said to the tongue: All the rest of the members of the body are erect, but thou liest down; all the rest are external, but thou art internal. Nor is this enough: I have built two walls about thee; the one bone, the other flesh: What shall be given unto thee, and what shall be done unto thee, O thou false tongue?"
Setteth on fire the course of nature - Φλογιζουσα τον τροχον της γενεσεως· And setteth on fire the wheel of life. I question much whether this verse be in general well understood. There are three different interpretations of it:
- St. James does not intend to express the whole circle of human affairs, so much affected by the tongue of man; but rather the penal wheel of the Greeks, and not unknown to the Jews, on which they were accustomed to extend criminals, to induce them to confess, or to punish them for crimes; under which wheels, fire was often placed to add to their torments. In the book, De Maccabaeis, attributed to Josephus, and found in Haverkamp's edition, vol. ii., p. 497-520, where we have the account of the martyrdom of seven Hebrew brothers, in chap. ix, speaking of the death of the eldest, it is said: Ανεβαλον αυτον επι τον τροχοι - περι ὁν κατατεινομενος· "They cast him on the wheel, over which they extended him; πυρ ὑπεστρωσαν και διηρεθισαν τον τροχον προσεπικατατεινοντες· they put coals under it, and strongly agitated the wheel." And of the martyrdom of the sixth brother it is said, cap. 11: Παρηγον επι τον τροχον, εφ' οὑ κατατεινομενος εκμελως και εκσφονδυλιζομενος ὑπεκαιετο, και οβελισκους δε οξεις πυρωσαντες, τοις νοτοις προσεφερον, και τα πλευρα διαπειραντες αυτου, και τα σπλαγχνα διεκαιον· They brought him to the wheel, on which, having distended his limbs, and broken his joints, they scorched him with the fire placed underneath; and with sharp spits heated in the fire, they pierced his sides, and burned his bowels.
The fire and the wheel are mentioned by Achilles Tatius, lib. 7, p. 449. "Having stripped me of my garments, I was carried aloft, των μεν μαστιγας κομιζοντων, των δε πυρ και τροχον, some bringing scourges, others the fire and the wheel." Now as γενεσις often signifies life, then the wheel of life will signify the miseries and torments of life. To set on fire the wheel of life is to increase a man's torments; and to be set on fire from hell implies having these miseries rendered more active by diabolic agency; or, in other words, bad men, instigated by the devil, through their lies and calumnies, make life burdensome to the objects of their malicious tongues. The wheel and the fire, so pointedly mentioned by St. James, make it probable that this sort of punishment might have suggested the idea to him. See more in Kypke.
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But is it not possible that by the wheel of life St. James may have the circulation of the blood in view? Angry or irritating language has an astonishing influence on the circulation of the blood: the heart beats high and frequent; the blood is hurried through the arteries to the veins, through the veins to the heart, and through the heart to the arteries again, and so on; an extraordinary degree of heat is at the same time engendered; the eyes become more prominent in their sockets; the capillary vessels suffused with blood; the face flushed; and, in short, the whole wheel of nature is set on fire of hell. No description can be more natural than this: but it may be objected that this intimates that the circulation of the blood was known to St. James. Now supposing it does, is the thing impossible? It is allowed by some of the most judicious medical writers, that Solomon refers to this in his celebrated portraiture of old age, particularly in Ecclesiastes 12:6 : "Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or the wheel broken at the cistern." Here is the very wheel of life from which St. James might have borrowed the idea; and the different times evidently refer to the circulation of the blood, which might be as well known to St. James as the doctrine of the parallax of the sun. See on James 1:17 (note).
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It is true, however, that the rabbins use the term גלגל תולדות gilgal toledoth, "the wheel of generations," to mark the successive generations of men: and it is possible that St. James might refer to this; as if he had said: "The tongue has been the instrument of confusion and misery through all the ages of the world." But the other interpretations are more likely.
7
James 3:7
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
Every kind of beasts - That is, every species of wild beasts, πασα φυσις θηριων, is tamed, i.e. brought under man's power and dominion. Beasts, birds, serpents, and some kinds of fishes have been tamed so as to be domesticated; but every kind, particularly των εναλιων, of sea monsters, has not been thus tamed; but all have been subjected to the power of man; both the shark and whale become an easy prey to the skill and influence of the human being. I have had the most credible information, when in the Zetland Isles, of the seals being domesticated, and of one that would pass part of his time on shore, receive his allowance of milk, etc., from the servants, go again to sea, and return, and so on.
8
James 3:8
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
But the tongue wan no man tame - No cunning, persuasion, or influence has ever been able to silence it. Nothing but the grace of God, excision, or death, can bring it under subjection.
It is an unruly evil - Ακατασχετον κακον· An evil that cannot be restrained; it cannot be brought under any kind of government; it breaks all bounds.
Full of deadly poison - He refers here to the tongues of serpents, supposed to be the means of conveying their poison into wounds made by their teeth. Throughout the whole of this poetic and highly declamatory description, St. James must have the tongue of the slanderer, calumniator, backbiter, whisperer, and tale-bearer, particularly in view. Vipers, basilisks; and rattlesnakes are not more dangerous to life, than these are to the peace and reputation of men.
9
James 3:9
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
Therewith bless we God - The tongue is capable of rehearsing the praises, and setting forth the glories, of the eternal King: what a pity that it should ever be employed in a contrary work! It can proclaim and vindicate the truth of God, and publish the Gospel of peace and good will among men: what a pity that it should ever be employed in falsehoods, calumny, or in the cause of infidelity!
And therewith curse we men - In the true Satanic spirit, many pray to God, the Father, to destroy those who are objects of their displeasure! These are the common swearers, whose mouths are generally full of direful imprecations against those with whom they are offended.
The consideration that man is made after the image of God should restrain the tongue of the swearer; but there are many who, while they pretend to sing the high praises of God, are ready to wish the direst imprecations either on those who offend them, or with whom they choose to be offended.
10
James 3:10
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
Out of the same mouth - This saying is something like that, Proverbs 18:21 : Death and life are in the power of the tongue; and on this, for an illustration of St. James' words, hear Vayikra Rabba, sec. 33: "Rabbi Simeon, the son of Gamaliel, said to his servant Tobias, Go and bring me some good food from the market: the servant went, and he bought tongues. At another time he said to the same servant, Go and buy me some bad food: the servant went, and bought tongues. The master said, What is the reason that when I ordered thee to buy me good and bad food, thou didst bring tongues? The servant answered, From the tongue both good and evil come to man: if it be good, there is nothing better; if bad, there is nothing worse."
A saying very like that of St. James as found in Rabbi Tanchum, fol. 10, 4: "The mouth desires to study in the law, and to speak good words; to praise God, to glorify him, and to celebrate him with hymns: but it can also slander, blaspheme, reproach, and swear falsely." See Schoettgen.
To find a man who officiates in sacred things to be a common swearer, a slanderer, etc., is truly monstrous; but there have been many cases of this kind, and I have known several. Let me say to all such, My brethren, these things ought not so to be.
11
James 3:11
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
Doth a fountain send forth - sweet water and bitter? - In many things nature is a sure guide to man; but no such inconsistency is found in the natural world as this blessing and cursing in man. No fountain, at the same opening, sends forth sweet water and bitter; no fig tree can bear olive berries; no vine can bear figs; nor can the sea produce salt water and fresh from the same place. These are all contradictions, and indeed impossibilities, in nature. And it is depraved man alone that can act the monstrous part already referred to.
12
James 3:12
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
So can no fountain both yield salt water and fresh - For the reading of the common text, which is οὑτως ουδεμια πηγη ἁλυκον και γλυκυ ποιησαι ὑδωρ, so no fountain can produce salt water and sweet, there are various other readings in the MSS. and versions. The word οὑτως, so, which makes this a continuation of the comparison in James 3:11, is wanting in ABC, one other, with the Armenian and ancient Syriac; the later Syriac has it in the margin with an asterisk. ABC, five others, with the Coptic, Vulgate, one copy of the Itala, and Cyril, have ουτε ἁλυκον γλυκυ ποιησαι ὑδωρ, neither can salt water produce sweet. In the Syriac and the Arabic of Erpen, it is, So, likewise, sweet water cannot become bitter; and bitter water cannot become sweet. The true reading appears to be, Neither can salt water produce sweet, or, Neither can the sea produce fresh water; and this is a new comparison, and not an inference from that in James 3:11. This reading Griesbach has admitted into the text; and of it Professor White, in his Crisews, says, Lectio indubie genuina, "a reading undoubtedly genuine." There are therefore, four distinct comparisons here:
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A fountain cannot produce sweet water and bitter.
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A fig tree cannot produce olive berries.
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A vine cannot produce figs.
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Salt water cannot be made sweet. That is, according to the ordinary operations of nature, these things are impossible. Chemical analysis is out of the question.
13
James 3:13
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
Who is a wise man - One truly religious; who, although he can neither bridle nor tame other men's tongues, can restrain his own.
And endued with knowledge - Και επιστημων· And qualified to teach others.
Let him show - Let him by a holy life and chaste conversation show, through meekness and gentleness, joined to his Divine information, that he is a Christian indeed; his works and his spirit proving that God is in him of a truth; and that, from the fullness of a holy heart, his feet walk, his hands work; and his tongue speaks. We may learn from this that genuine wisdom is ever accompanied with meekness and gentleness. Those proud, overbearing, and disdainful men, who pass for great scholars and eminent critics, may have learning, but they have not wisdom. Their learning implies their correct knowledge of the structure of language, and of composition in general; but wisdom they have none, nor any self-government. They are like the blind man who carried a lantern in daylight to keep others from jostling him in the street. That learning is not only little worth, but despicable, that does not teach a man to govern his own spirit, and to be humble in his conduct towards others.
14
James 3:14
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
If ye have bitter envying and strife - If ye be under the influence of an unkind, fierce, and contemptuous spirit, even while attempting or pretending to defend true religion, do not boast either of your exertions or success in silencing an adversary; ye have no religion, and no true wisdom, and to profess either is to lie against the truth. Let all writers on what is called polemic (fighting, warring) divinity lay this to heart. The pious Mr. Herbert gives excellent advice on this subject: -
"Be calm in arguing, for fierceness makes
Error a fault, and truth discourtesy;
Why should I feel another man's mistakes
More than his sickness or his poverty?
In love I should; but anger is not love,
Nor wisdom neither; therefore g-e-n-t-l-y m-o-v-e."
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James 3:15
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
This wisdom descendeth not from above - God is not the author of it, because it is bitter - not meek. See at the end of this chapter.
Is earthly - Having this life only in view.
Sensual - Ψυχικη· Animal - having for its object the gratification of the passions and animal propensities.
Devilish - Δαιμονιωδης· Demoniacal - inspired by demons, and maintained in the soul by their indwelling influence.
16
James 3:16
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
For where envying and strife is - Ζηλος και εριθεια· Zeal - fiery, inflammatory passion, and contention - altercations about the different points of the law, of no use for edification, such as those mentioned, Titus 3:9. The Jews were the most intolerant of all mankind; it was a maxim with them to kill those who would not conform to their law; and their salvation they believed to be impossible. This has been the spirit of Popery, and of the Romish Church at large; in vain do they attempt to deny it; they have written it in characters of blood and fire even in this country, (England), when they were possessed of political power. With them it is still an established maxim, that out of their Church there is no redemption; and fire and faggot have been in that Church legal means of conversion or extinction. In the short popish reign of Mary in this country, besides multitudes who suffered by fine, imprisonment, confiscation, etc., two hundred and seventy-seven were burnt alive, among whom were one archbishop, four bishops, twenty-one clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, eighty-four tradesmen, one hundred husbandmen, fifty-five women, and four children! O earth! thou hast not drunk their blood; but their ashes have been strewed on the face of the field.
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James 3:17
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
The wisdom that is from above - The pure religion of the Lord Jesus, bought by his blood, and infused by his Spirit. See the rabbinical meaning of this phrase at the end of this chapter.
Is first pure - Ἁγνη· Chaste, holy, and clean.
Peaceable - Ειρηνικη· Living in peace with others, and promoting peace among men.
Gentle - Επιεικης· Meek, modest, of an equal mind, taking every thing in good part, and putting the best construction upon all the actions of others.
Easy to be entreated - Ευπειθης· Not stubborn nor obstinate; of a yielding disposition in all indifferent things; obsequious, docile.
Full of mercy - Ready to pass by a transgression, and to grant forgiveness to those who offend, and performing every possible act of kindness.
Good fruits - Each temper and disposition producing fruits suited to and descriptive of its nature.
Without partiality - Αδιακριτος· Without making a difference - rendering to every man his due; and being never swayed by self-interest, worldly honor, or the fear of man; knowing no man after the flesh. One of the Itala has it irreprehensible.
Without hypocrisy - Ανυποκριτος· Without dissimulation; without pretending to be what it is not; acting always in its own character; never working under a mask. Seeking nothing but God's glory, and using no other means to attain it than those of his own prescribing.
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James 3:18
한국어
Noch keine Übersetzung.
Englisches Original
And the fruit of righteousness is sown - The whole is the principle of righteousness in the soul, and all the above virtues are the fruits of that righteousness.
Is sown in peace - When the peace of God rules the heart, all these virtues and graces grow and flourish abundantly.
Of them that make peace - The peace-makers are continually recommending this wisdom to others, and their own conduct is represented as a sowing of heavenly seed, which brings forth Divine fruit. Perhaps sowing in peace signifies sowing prosperously - being very successful. This is not only the proper disposition for every teacher of the Gospel, but for every professed follower of the Lord Jesus.
Some render this verse, which is confessedly obscure, thus: And the peaceable fruits of righteousness are sown for the practisers of peace. He who labors to live peaceably shall have peace for his reward.
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Almost the whole of the preceding chapter is founded on maxims highly accredited in the rabbinical writings, and without a reference to those writings it would have been impossible, in some cases, to have understood St. James' meaning. There is one phrase, the rabbinical meaning and use of which I have reserved for this place, viz.. The wisdom that is from above. This is greatly celebrated among them by the terms חכמה עליונה chocmah elyonah, the supernal wisdom. This they seem to understand to be a peculiar inspiration of the Almighty, or a teaching communicated immediately by the angels of God. In Sohar, Yalcut Rubeni, fol. 19, Rabbi Chiya said: "The wisdom from above was in Adam more than in the supreme angels, and he knew all things." In Sohar Chadash, fol. 35, it is said concerning Enoch, "That the angels were sent from heaven, and taught him the wisdom that is from above." Ibid. fol. 42, 4: "Solomon came, and he was perfect in all things, and strongly set forth the praises of the wisdom that is from above." See more in Schoettgen. St. James gives us the properties of this wisdom, which are not to be found in such detail in any of the rabbinical writers. It is another word for the life of God in the soul of man, or true religion; it is the teaching of God in the human heart, and he who has this not is not a child of God; for it is written, All thy children shall be taught of the Lord.
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To enjoy the peace of God in the conscience, and to live to promote peace among men, is to answer the end of our creation, and to enjoy as much happiness ourselves as the present state of things can afford. They who are in continual broils live a wretched life; and they who love the life of the salamander must share no small portion of the demoniacal nature. In domestic society such persons are an evil disease; therefore a canker in the Church, and a pest in the state.
많은 선생이 되지 말라는 권면을 받는다, 약 3:1. 그리고 혀에 재갈을 물리라는 권면이 이어지는데, 혀는 종종 많은 악의 도구가 된다, 약 3:2-12. 참된 지혜와 거짓 지혜의 성격과 열매, 약 3:13-18.