Barnes' Notes on the Bible · Hosea Chapter 4

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Chapter commentary

Hosea Chapter 4

1

Hosea 4:1

Open passage

主のことばを聞け、イスラエルの子らよ——預言者はここから、いわば一連の絵画において、イスラエルの民を彼ら自身に示し始める。それは、神が彼らに向けて宣告される这一切が、理由なく行われるのではないことを彼らが知るためである。この冒頭において、神は民全体を、その預言者たちと祭司たちとともに、神の裁きの座の前に召し出される。そこで神は、みずからへりくだって彼らを訴え、彼らに弁明すべきことがあるなら、それを聞き届けようとされるのである。「イスラエルの子ら」という称号は、それ自体、彼らの感謝と良心への訴えである。それは、私たちの間で「クリスチャン」という称号が、その名を帯びる方による私たちへの訴えであるのと同じである。我らの主は、「あなたがたがアブラハムの子であるなら、アブラハムのわざを行うはずである」(John 8:39)と言われ、パウロは、「キリストの名を名のる者はみな、不正から離れなさい」(2 Timothy 2:19)と言っている。

主が争っておられるから——神は、私たち被造物に対するすべてのみわざにおいて、ご自身のさばきの義を、私たち自身の良心にさえ証明し、私たちに言い訳の余地を残さないことを望まれる。今は、そのしもべたちを通して、神は人々にその不義とご自身の正義とを示される。後には、我らの主なる正しいさばきつかさが、人々自身の良心の書を通してそれを示されるであろう。

この地の住民と——神はこの地を、み前に追い払われた者たちの悪のゆえに、イスラエルの子らに与えられた。神はそれを、「彼らが神の定めを守り、神の律法を保つように」(Psalm 105 ult.)との条件で彼らにお与えになった。神は「わたしの目が常に、年の初めから年の終りまで、その上にあろう」(Deuteronomy 11:12)と約束された。かつてのさばきの舞台であり、それらの条件の下で彼らに与えられたこの地(Deuteronomy 4:1, Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 6:21-25 などを見よ)、神が彼らの神として彼らに与えられたこの地を、彼らは不義で満たしたのである。

真実がなく、あわれみがないから——「真実とあわれみ」は、全能の神に関してしばしば語られる。真実は、すべての正しいこと、神がご自身を縛られたすべてのことを含み、あわれみは、その先にある、神がその限りない愛から行われるすべてのことを含む。神がイスラエルについて「真実もあわれみもない」と言われるとき、神は、ご自身の善のすべてを包括するこの二つの大きな性質が、絶対的に存在しないことを言われるのである。「真実がない」——全くない。既知の真理への配慮がなく、良心がなく、誠実さがなく、正直さがない。言葉の真実がなく、約束の真実がなく、証言における真実がなく、言葉で語ったことを行いで成し遂げることがない。

あわれみもない——この言葉は広い意味を持つ。それは、人から人へのすべての愛、行いにおいて現れる愛を含む。それは、慈愛、父母への敬虔、自然の情愛、赦し、優しさ、慈善、あわれみ、善意を含む。預言者は、この恵みの欠如を宣言することにおいて、それに含まれるすべてのものの欠如を宣言するのである。愛に含まれ得るもの、愛に影響される感情のすべては、そのいずれも、そこには何もなかったのである。

神の知識もない——正しい知識と誤った実行との結合は、それ自体おぞましい。被造物が、自分が誰を怒らせているか、どのように神を怒らせているかを知りながら、その知識の中にあって、またその知識に逆らって、神を喜ばせないものを選ぶことは、全能の神にとって特に忌むべきことに違いない。そしておそらくそのゆえに、神は私たちを、行いが誤っているとき知識が暗くされるように造られたのであろう(Romans 1:21)。「神の知識」とは、神が世界と私たち自身の創造者また保持者であるといった、神についてのいくつかのことを知ることにすぎないのではない。神についてのことを知ることは、神ご自身を知ることではない。私たちは、ある程度神に似た者とされない限り、いかなる点においても神を知ることはできない。「私たちが神を知っていることを知るのは、神の戒めを守ることによる。『私は神を知っている』と言いながら、神の戒めを守らない者は、偽り者であり、真理はそのうちにない。愛する者はみな神から生まれ、神を知っている。愛しない者は神を知らない。神は愛であるから」(1 John 2:3-4; 1 John 4:7-8)。

神の知識は聖霊の賜物であるから、恵みを持たない者はその知識を持つことができない。神についての思弁的な知識の一定の程度なら、悪人も持ち得る。バラムが霊感によって持っていたように、「神を知っていながら、神として神をほめたたえなかった」異邦人たちのように。しかしこの知識さえも、愛なしには保たれない。「不義をもって真理を抑えた」者たちは(パウロの言うとおり、Romans 1:21, Romans 1:18, Romans 1:28)、ついにはそれを腐敗させた。「彼らは神を知識の中に保つことを好まなかったので、神は彼らを、退廃した、見分けることのできない思いに引き渡された」。それで保つことができなかったのである。確かに、思弁的な知識と実践的な知識は、神に対する魂の関係の一性を通して——神についての思いにおいてであれ、神に向かう行いにおいてであれ——結び合わされている。誤った実行は信仰を腐敗させ、誤った信仰は実行を腐敗させる。それゆえ預言者はおそらく、いかなる種類のもの——いのちによるものであれ、信仰によるものであれ、理解によるものであれ、愛によるものであれ——についても、神についてのまことの知識が少しも存在しないことを否定しているのである。それゆえ、神を知らないことは大きな悪であり、他のすべての悪の源である。

English original

Hear the word of the Lord, ye children of Israel - The prophet begins here, in a series of pictures as it were, to exhibit the people of Israel to themselves, that they might know that God did not do without cause all this which He denounced against them. Here, at the outset, He summons, the whole people, their prophets and priests, before the judgment seat of God, where God would condescend, Himself to implead them, and hear, if they had ought in their defense. The title "children of Israel" is, in itself, an appeal to their gratitude and their conscience, as the title "Christian" among us is an appeal to us, by Him whose name we bear. Our Lord says, "If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the work's of Abraham" John 8:39; and Paul, "let every one that nameth the name of Christ, depart from iniquity" 2 Timothy 2:19.

For the Lord hath a controversy - God wills, in all His dealings with us His creatures, to prove even to our own consciences, the righteousness of His judgments, so as to leave us without excuse. Now, through His servants, He shows people their unrighteousness and His justice; hereafter our Lord, the righteous Judge, will show it through the book of people's own consciences.

With the inhabitants of the land - God had given the land to the children of Israel, on account of the wickedness of these whom He drave out before them. He gave it to them "that they might observe His statutes and keep His laws" (Psalm 105 ult.). He had promised that His "Eyes should always be upon it from the beginning of the year unto the end of the year" Deuteronomy 11:12. This land, the scene of those former judgments, given to them on those conditions (see Deuteronomy 4:1, Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 6:21-25, etc.), the land which God had given to them as their God, they had filled with iniquity.

Because there is no truth, nor mercy - "Truth and mercy" are often spoken of, as to Almighty God. Truth takes in all which is right, and to which God has bound Himself; mercy, all beyond, which God does out of His boundless love. When God says of Israel, "there is no truth nor mercy," He says that there is absolutely none of those two great qualities, under which He comprises all His own Goodness. "There is no truth," none whatever, "no regard for known truth; no conscience, no sincerity, no uprightness; no truth of words; no truth of promises; no truth in witnessing; no making good in deeds what they said in words."

Nor mercy - The word has a wide meaning; it includes all love of one to another, a love issuing in acts. It includes loving-kindness, piety to parents, natural affection, forgiveness, tenderness, beneficence, mercy, goodness. The prophet, in declaring the absence of this grace, declares the absence of all included under it. Whatever could be comprised under love, whatever feelings are influenced by love, of that there was nothing.

Nor knowledge of God - The union of right knowledge and wrong practice is hideous in itself; and it must be especially offensive to Almighty God, that His creatures should know whom they offend, how they offend Him, and yet, amid and against their knowledge, choose that which displeases Him. And, on that ground, perhaps, He has so created us, that when our acts are wrong, our knowledge becomes darkened Romans 1:21. The "knowledge of God" is not merely to know some things of God, as that He is the Creator and Preserver of the world and of ourselves. To know things of God is not to know God Himself. We cannot know God in any respect, unless we are so far made like unto Him. "Hereby do we know that we know Him, if we keep His commandments. He that saith, I know Him, and keepeth not His commandments, is a liar and the truth is not in him. Every one that loveth is born of' God, and knoweth God. He that loveth not, knoweth not God, for God is love" 1 John 2:3-4; 1 John 4:7-8.

Knowledge of God being the gift of the Holy Spirit, he who hath not grace, cannot have that knowledge. A certain degree of speculative knowledge of God, a bad man may have, as Balaam had by inspiration, and the Pagan who, "when they knew God, glorified Him not as God." But even this knowledge is not retained without love. Those who "held the truth in unrighteousness" ended (Paul says Romans 1:21, Romans 1:18, Romans 1:28) by corrupting it. "They did not like to retain God in their knowledge, and so God gave them over to a reprobate," or undistinguishing mind, that they could not. Certainly, the speculative and practical knowledge are bound up together, through the oneness of the relation of the soul to God, whether in its thoughts of Him, or its acts toward Him. Wrong practice corrupts belief, as misbelief corrupts practice. The prophet then probably denies that there was any true knowledge of God, of any sort, whether of life or faith or understanding or love. Ignorance of God, then, is a great evil, a source of all other evils.

2

Hosea 4:2

Open passage

呪いをかけて、偽りを…——文字どおりには「呪うこと、そして偽り、殺人、盗み、姦淫を行うこと」。ヘブル語ではこれらは動作名詞である。ヘブル語の形式は非常に生き生きとし、厳粛である。それは「彼らは呪い、偽り、殺し、盗む」と言ったよりもはるかに力強い。これらの罪が継続的であり、(いわば)ほかには何も行われていなかったこと、それがすべてこのような罪の一つの場面、一つの過程であり、それ以外の何ものでもなかったことを表している。より親しみやすい言い方をすれば、「それはすべて、呪い、偽り、殺人、盗み、姦淫であった」ということである。預言者が、本性を超えた視力、神からの幻をもって、絵画の中にあるかのように、周囲の至るところで、内でも外でも行われていることを見、この短い絵の中に彼の見たすべてを要約したかのようである。これが、彼がどこを見ても、何を聞いても、その目に触れたものであり、これ以外の何ものでもなかった——「呪い、偽り、殺人、盗み、姦淫」。預言者はすでに、十部族がすべての真実、すべての愛、すべての神の知識において全く欠けていると言っていた。しかし、これらが何一つないところでは、「そこで」は、反対の悪徳がすべての活動をもって存在するであろう。地も魂も、善が空であれば、悪で満ちるのである。「彼らははみ出る」、すなわち、川が堤防を破ってすべてを覆い、あるいはすべてを押し流すように、彼らを引き止めるために設けられたすべての境界を突き破る。「血は血に触れる」、文字どおりには「血たちが血たちに触れる」。血はあまりに継続的に、あまりに奔流のように注がれたので、流れが流れに会うまで流れ続け、一つの広い血の氾濫を形成したのである。

English original

By swearing, and lying ... - Literally, "swearing or cursing" , "and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery!" The words in Hebrew are nouns of action. The Hebrew form is very vivid and solemn. It is far more forcible than if he had said, "They swear, lie, kill, and steal." It expresses that these sins were continual, that nothing else (so to speak) was going on; that it was all one scene of such sins, one course of them, and of nothing besides; as we say more familiarly, "It was all, swearing, lying, killing, stealing, committing adultery." It is as if the prophet, seeing with a sight above nature, a vision from God, saw, as in a picture, what was going on, all around, within and without, and summed up in this brief picture, all which he saw. This it was and nothing but this, which met his eyes, wherever he looked, whatever he heard, "swearing, lying, killing, stealing, committing adultery." The prophet had before said, that the ten tribes were utterly lacking in all truth, all love, all knowledge of God. But where there are none of these, "there," in all activity, will be the contrary vices. When the land or the soul is empty of the good, it will be full of the evil. "They break out," i. e., burst through all bounds, set to restrain them, as a river bursts its banks and overspreads all things or sweeps all before it. "And blood toucheth blood," literally, "bloods touch bloods" . The blood was poured so continuously and in such torrents, that it flowed on, until stream met stream and formed one wide inundation of blood.

3

Hosea 4:3

Open passage

「それゆえ、この地は悲しむ」――物言わぬ無生物である自然は、雨に潤われて新鮮になり、光に輝くとき、喜び、私たちの喜びの感覚と調和しているように見える。また逆に、干ばつや疫病や病害に打たれたり、神が人の罪のために地を荒廃させるために用いられる被造物に食い荒らされたりするとき、悲しむように見える。物言わぬ自然は、いわば人と同情関係にある。アダムにおいてのろわれ、人の背きのただ中で打たれ、その外観が人の内なる心に呼応して、人自身がその罪によって損なわれ、荒廃させられるとき、疲弊し、焼けつき、荒れ果てるのである。

「野の獣と共に」――文字通りには「獣と共に」など。神は「空の鳥と家畜とすべての野の獣」を、人との契約に含めておられた。それゆえここでも、この災いの宣告において、神は彼らをその地の住民の中に数え入れ、人が神に仕えることを拒んだ以上、人に仕えるために造られた被造物が人から取り上げられるようにと、命じられる。「一般的な不義は、一般的な荒廃によって罰せられる」のである。

「そうだ、海の魚までもが」――内陸の海や湖も、テベリヤ湖や死海のように、同じ名で呼ばれる。しかし預言者がここでほのめかしているのは、おそらく人の創造の歴史であろう。神が人に「海の魚と、空の鳥と、すべての生き物(chaiah)」への支配を与えられた Genesis 1:28 のであり、ここで預言者がそれらが取り去られると宣言する順序は、ちょうどその逆の順序である。創世記において神は、最も低いものから最も高いものまで、すべてへの支配を与えられる。ここでは神は、どんな変化によっても最も影響を受けないものに至るまで、すべてを取り去られると宣告される。それでも神は、懲らしめとして、魚の群れがいつもの場所に来ないようにと定向けられたことが、時々あった。これは海岸地方の歴史においてよく知られていることであり、良心は神の御手を認め、神の来訪の根拠を見てきた。この成就についてヒエロニムスは書いている。「これがイスラエルの民に臨んだことを信じない者は、イリリクムを見るがよい。トラキアを見、マケドニアを見、パンノニアを見、プロポンティスとボスポラスからユリアン・アルプスに至る全土を見るがよい。そうすれば、以前、造り主が人に仕えさせるために養っておられた被造物のすべてもまた、人と共に絶えていくことを、彼は経験するであろう」。

English original

Therefore shall the land mourn - Dumb inanimate nature seems to rejoice and to be in unison with our sense of joy, when bedewed and fresh through rain and radiant with light; and, again, to mourn, when smitten with drought or blight or disease, or devoured by the creatures which God employs to lay it waste for man's sins. Dumb nature is, as it were, in sympathy with man, cursed in Adam, smitten amid man's offences, its outward show responding to man's inward heart, wasted, parched, desolate, when man himself was marred and wasted by his sins.

With the beasts of the field - Literally, "in the beasts," etc. God included "the fowl and the cattle and every beast of the field" in His covenant with man. So here, in this sentence of woe, He includes them in the inhabitants of the land, and orders that, since man would not serve God, the creatures made to serve him, should be withdrawn from him. "General iniquity is punished by general desolation."

Yea, the fishes of the sea also - Inland seas or lakes are called by this same name, as the Sea of Tiberias and the Dead Sea. Yet here the prophet probably alludes to the history of man's creation, when God gave him dominion "over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the heaven, and over every living thing (chaiah)" Genesis 1:28, in just the inverse order, in which he here declares that they shall be taken away. There God gives dominion over all, from lowest to highest; here God denounces that He will take away all, down to those which are least affected by any changes. Yet from time to time God has, in chastisement, directed that the shoals of fishes should not come to their usual haunts. This is well known in the history of seacoasts; and conscience has acknowledged the hand of God and seen the ground of His visitation. Of the fulfillment Jerome writes: "Whose believeth not that this befell the people of Israel, let him survey Illyricum, let him survey the Thraces, Macedonia, the Pannonias, and the whole land which stretches from the Propontis and Bosphorus to the Julian Alps, and he will experience that, together with man, all the creatures also fail, which afore were nourished by the Creator for the service of man."

4

Hosea 4:4

Open passage

「しかし、だれも争ってはならない。責めてもならない」――文字通りには「ただ、人は争ってはならない。人は責めてはならない」。神は、ご自身の民との争論を、ご自身の手のうちに取っておられる。主は、「地の住民と争論がある」Hosea 4:1 と言われた。ここで神は、人が介入することを禁じられる。人は争ってはならない。神は再び同じ語を用いられる。民は頑固で、聞こうとしなかった。無視される警告と責めは、彼らの罪を重くするだけだった。それゆえ神は、御名によって語ることをやめるよう、人に命じられる。神ご自身だけが、ひとりで彼らを訴えられる。その訴えから逃れ、矛盾させることは、だれにもできない。副次的な意味として、神は、ご自身の裁きの中で、私たちが互いに争ったり責任を転嫁し合ったりしないように、各自が他人の罪ではなく自分の罪に目を向けることを教えておられる。

「あなたの民は、祭司と争う者のようだから」――神は、知識を守ることを祭司の職務の一部とされた Malachi 2:7。また、すべての難しい訴えは、「彼らの神、主の前に立ってそこで仕える祭司」のもとに持って行かれるよう命じられ Deuteronomy 17:8-12、祭司の判決を拒む者は死刑に処せられることとされた。それゆえ祭司は、神の御名によってさばく者であった。御名によって、神の代理として、神の権威をもって、神ご自身に教えられて語る者として、彼らは、語るときに用いたその御名、すなわちאלהים 'elohı̂ym(「神」)Exodus 21:6; Exodus 22:8-9 と呼ばれた。自分たちに関してではなく、神を代表する者としてである。それゆえ「祭司と争う」ことは、最高度の反抗であった。そして彼らの全生活と行動はそのようなものであった。それは「イスラエル」王国全体の性格であった。彼らは神が任命されたアロンの家の権威を脱ぎ捨てていたからである。彼らの政治的存在は、その権威の拒絶の上に築かれていた。国民の性格は個人に影響する。政治体全体が不従順と反逆の上に形づくられているとき、個人は干渉を忍ばないものである。彼らが祭司を退けたように、預言者たちをも退けることになり、実際に退けた。預言者は、彼らが「祭司と争う者」であったとは言わない(彼らには、争うべき正当な祭司がいなかったからである)。彼らは祭司と争う者のようであった、すなわち、神の御名によって語る者と争うことが習慣となっている者たちのようであった、と言うのである。事実、預言者は、神と争う者たちと人は争ってはならない、と言っているのである。このような責めの無益さは、聖書に繰り返し記されている。「あざける者を責める者は、自分の恥を得、悪者をしかる者は、自分の傷を得る」Proverbs 9:7-8。「あざける者を責めてはならない。彼はあなたを憎むようになる」Proverbs 23:9。「愚かな者の耳に語ってはならない。彼はあなたの言葉の知恵をさげすむからである」。ステパノはこれをユダヤ人の特徴として挙げている。「かたくなで、心と耳に割礼を受けていない人たちよ。あなたがたは、先祖たちと同じように、いつも聖霊に逆らっているのです」Acts 7:51。

English original

Yet let no man strive, nor reprove another - Literally, "Only man let him, not strive, and let not man reprove." God had taken the controversy with His people into His own hands; the Lord, He said , "hath a controversy (rib) with the inhabitants of the land" Hosea 4:1. Here He forbids man to intermeddle; man let him not strive. He again uses the same word . The people were obstinate and would not hear; warning and reproof, being neglected, only aggravated their guilt: so God bids man to cease to speak in His Name. He Himself alone will implead them, whose pleading none could evade or contradict. Subordinately, God, teaches us, amid His judgments, not to strive or throw the blame on each other, but each to look to his own sins, not to the sins of others.

For thy people are as they that strive with the priest - God had made it a part of the office of the priest, to "keep knowledge" Malachi 2:7. He had bidden, that all hard causes should be taken "to Deuteronomy 17:8-12 the priest who stood to minister there before the Lord their God;" and whose refused the priest's sentence was to be put to death. The priest was then to judge in God's Name. As speaking in His Name, in His stead, with His authority, taught by Himself, they were called by that Name, in Which they spoke, אלהים 'elohı̂ym Exodus 21:6; Exodus 22:8-9, "God," not in regard to themselves but as representing Him. To "strive" then "with the priest" was the highest contumacy; and such was their whole life and conduct. It was the character of the whole kingdom of "Israel." For they had thrown off the authority of the family of Aaron, which God had appointed. Their political existence was based upon the rejection of that authority. The national character influences the individual. When the whole polity is formed on disobedience and revolt, individuals will not tolerate interference. As they had rejected the priest, so would and did they reject the prophets. He says not, they were "priest-strivers," (for they had no lawful priests, against whom to strive,) but they were like priest-strivers, persons whose habit it was to strive with those who spoke in God's Name. He says in fact, let not man strive with those who strive with God. The uselessness of such reproof is often repeated. He "that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame, and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a blot" Proverbs 9:7-8. "Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee" Proverbs 23:9. Speak not in the ears of a fool, for he will despise the wisdom of thy words." Stephen gives it as a characteristic of the Jews, "Ye stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Spirit; as your fathers did, so do ye" Acts 7:51.

5

Hosea 4:5

Open passage

「それゆえ、あなたは倒れる」――この節の二つの部分は互いに他を満たし合う。「昼も夜も彼らは倒れる。民も預言者も共に」。災いは昼と夜とに次々と彼らに臨む。つまずく恐れの最も少ない昼間に彼らはつまずき John 11:9-10、夜もその闇によって彼らを守らない。悪は「真昼に」彼らに臨み Jeremiah 15:8、彼らはそれを見ながらも退けることができない。イザヤがそれを苦しみの加重として語るように、「あなたの国は、あなたの見ている前で、他国人が食い尽くし」Isaiah 1:7。夜に幻を見た偽預言者たち自身も、闇の中に覆われ、道徳の闇によって盲目とされ、実際の闇の中で滅びるであろう。

「私はあなたの母を滅ぼす」――個人たちは子どもたちとして語られ、国民全体は母として語られる。それゆえ神は、すべての者の滅びを、集合的にも個人的にも宣告される。彼らは根から枝までも断ち切られる。国民としての集合的存在を失うであろう。そして、個人が逃れる望みによって自分を慰めることのないように、彼ら一人一人に言われるかのように、「あなたは倒れる」と言われるのである。

English original

Therefore shalt thou fall - The two parts of the verse fill up each other. "By day and by night shall they fall, people and prophets together." Their calamities should come upon them successively, day and night. They should stumble by day, when there is least fear of stumbling John 11:9-10; and night should not by its darkness protect them. Evil should come "at noon-day" Jeremiah 15:8 upon them, seeing it, but unable to repel it; as Isaiah speaks of it as an aggravation of trouble, "thy land strangers devour it in thy presence" Isaiah 1:7; and the false prophets, who saw their visions in the night, should themselves be overwhelmed in the darkness, blinded by moral, perishing in actual, darkness.

And I will destroy thy mother - Individuals are spoken of as the children; the whole nation, as the mother. He denounces then the destruction of all, collectively and individually. They were to be cut off, root and branch. They were to lose their collective existence as a nation; and, lest private persons should flatter themselves with hope of escape, it is said to them, as if one by one, "thou shalt fall."

6

Hosea 4:6

Open passage

「わたしの民は、知識がないために滅びる」――「わたしの民は」と、単数ではなく複数で言われている。これはヘブル語を正確に表している。「民」という語は彼らを全体として語り、「〜する」という複数形は、その全体を構成する個人たちに関わる。合わせて、これらの言葉は、全体の、一人残らない完全な滅びを表している。彼らは「知識がないために」滅びる。文字通りには「その知識がないために」。すなわち、被造物においてまことの知識である唯一の知識、預言者が前にその欠如を嘆いたあの知識、造り主の知識である。イザヤも同じ言葉で嘆いている。「それゆえ、私の民は知識がないゆえに捕囚に入った」Isaiah 6:13 と。彼らはその欠如のゆえに滅びる。神のまことの知識はたましいのいのち、まことのいのち、永遠のいのちであるからである。救い主が言われるとおり、「永遠のいのちとは、彼らが唯一のまことの神であるあなたと、あなたが遣わされたイエス・キリストとを知ることで」ある。この、民にとって致命的な知識の欠如の源は、祭司たちによるその知識の故意的な拒絶であった。

「あなたが知識を拒んだから、わたしもあなたを拒む。あなたは、わたしのために祭司とならない」――神は、彼らの行いを、いわば彼ら自身に跳ね返すことによって、罪と刑罰との関係を示される。しかも大きな強調をもって、「わたしはあなたを完全に拒む」と。このように語りかけられている者たちは、イスラエルのあちこちに散らばっていたまことの祭司たちに違いない。彼らは非正規の仕方で民のために犠牲をささげ、民の罪を見て見ぬふりをしていた者たちである。神の彼らへの判決が、「あなたはわたしのために祭司とならない」であるからである。しかし、ヤロブアムがレビ以外の部族から聖別した祭司たちは、神への祭司ではなく、子牛への祭司であった。それゆえ、もとより神へのまことの祭司であったこれらの者たちは、神のまことの礼拝が子牛礼拝の混入によってゆがめられ、民が「二つの思いの間で迷って」いたとき、おそらく不安定な生計を立てていた。それゆえ、貧しさによっても、民に受け入れがたい真理を差し控えるよう誘惑されていたのである。かくして彼らは、自分たちがお茶を濁していた神の真理の拒絶に与し、その抑圧への参与者となった。そして今や、彼らは神の知識を「さげすみ、嫌悪」した。神の知識よりも他の何かを好むすべての者が、実際にそうするように。それゆえ神は、彼らの軽蔑を彼らに報い、罪的な黙認によって保持しようとしていた職務を取り上げられたのである。

「あなたがあなたの神の律法を忘れたから」――これは民の罪であったと思われる。同一の者たちが、少なくとも罪の同一段階において、さげすむことと忘れることの両方を行うことはできないからである。さげすむ、あるいは「拒む」者は、「拒む」対象を心の前に置いていなければならない。拒むことは、故意的で、意識的で、熟慮された、高慢な罪である。「忘れる」ことは、怠慢の行為である。神の律法の拒絶は悟性と意志の行為であり、それを忘れることは、それを調べ読むことを怠ることから来る。そしてこれは、霊的な事柄に対する生来的な心の嫌悪から、この世の事柄への没頭から、それが定めた務めへの不注意から、あるいは肉に喜ばれるものが「それによって」断罪されるのを見ることからの身の引き方から来るのである。祭司たちは神の律法を知っていて「さげすんだ」。民はそれを「忘れた」。しかし罪の進んだ段階においては、人はかつてさげすんだものを忘れるに至ることもある。これがかたくなな罪人の状態である。

「わたしもまた、あなたの子どもたちを忘れる」――文字通りには「わたしもまた、あなたの子どもたちを忘れよう」。神は、ご自身の行いが彼らの行いに従うことを、いっそう強く示される。彼らが先に。その後で、神は「わたしもまた」と言われる。神は報いを返される。ご自身の善性が先に行うには属さないことを行うのである。自分自身については、自分のいのちについては、自分の恥についてすら無頓着な親たちも、自分の子どもたちだけは自分たちのようにならないことを切に願う。神は、彼らが神に対して最も心を閉ざしていないところで、彼らの心に触れようとされる。神は「わたしはあなたを忘れる」とは言われない。あなたの心に最も近い者たち、「あなたの子どもたち」を忘れる、と言われるのである。神が忘れると言われるのは、神が、被造物をもはやご自身の思いの中に、もはやご自身の摂理と愛の対象として置かれないかのように行動されるときである。

English original

My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge - "My people are," not, "is." This accurately represents the Hebrew . The word "people" speaks of them as a whole; are, relates to the individuals of whom that whole is composed. Together, the words express the utter destruction of the whole, one and all. They are destroyed "for lack of knowledge," literally, "of the knowledge," i. e., the only knowledge, which in the creature is real knowledge, that knowledge, of the want of which he had before complained, the knowledge of the Creator. So Isaiah mourns in the same words , "therefore my people are gone into captivity, because they have no knowledge" Isaiah 6:13. They are destroyed for lack of it, for the true knowledge of God is the life of the soul, true life, eternal life, as our Saviour saith, "This is life eternal, that they should know Thee, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom Thou has sent." The source of this lack of knowledge, so fatal to the people, was the willful rejection of that knowledge by the priest;

Because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to Me - God marks the relation between the sin and the punishment, by retorting on them, as it were, their own acts; and that with great emphasis, "I will utterly reject thee . Those, thus addressed, must have been true priests, scattered up and down in Israel, who, in an irregular way, offered sacrifices for them, and connived at their sins. For God's sentence on them is, "thou shalt be no priest to me." But the priests whom Jeroboam consecrated out of other tribes than Levi, were priests not to God, but to the calves. Those then, originally true priests to God, had probably a precarious livelihood, when the true worship of God was deformed by the mixture of the calf-worship, and the people "halted between two opinions;" and so were tempted by poverty also, to withhold from the people unpalatable truth. They shared, then, in the rejection of God's truth which they dissembled, and made themselves partakers in its suppression. And now, they "despised, were disgusted" with the knowledge of God, as all do in fact despise and dislike it, who prefer ought besides to it. So God repaid their contempt to them, and took away the office, which, by their sinful connivances, they had hoped to retain.

Seeing thou hast forgotten the law of thy God - This seems to have been the sin of the people. For the same persons could not, at least in the same stage of sin, despise and forget. They who despise or "reject," must have before their mind that which they "reject." To reject is willful, conscious, deliberate sin, with a high hand; to "forget," an act of negligence. The rejection of God's law was the act of the understanding and will, forgetfulness of it comes from the neglect to look into it; and this, from the distaste of the natural mind for spiritual things, from being absorbed in things of this world, from inattention to the duties prescribed by it, or shrinking from seeing "that" condemned, which is agreeable to the flesh. The priests knew God's law and "despised" it; the people "forgat" it. In an advanced stage of sin, however, man may come to forget what he once despised; and this is the condition of the hardened sinner.

I will also forget thy children - Literally, "I will forget thy children, I too." God would mark the more, that His act followed on their's; they, first; then, He saith, "I too." He would requite them, and do what it belonged not to His Goodness to do first. Parents who are careless as to themselves, as to their own lives, even as to their own shame, still long that their children should not be as themselves. God tries to touch their hearts, where they are least steeled against Him. He says not, "I will forget thee," but I will forget those nearest thy heart, "thy children." God is said to forget, when He acts, as if His creatures were no longer in His mind, no more. the objects of His providence and love.

7

Hosea 4:7

Open passage

「彼らが増えたように、彼らは私に背いた」――「増える」は、実際の数においてであれ、富、力、尊厳においてであれ、いずれを指し得る。本文は両方を含んでいる。どちらの種類の増加においても、悪い者たちは神の賜物を神ご自身に逆らうために濫用し、それらを神に罪を犯す機会とする。数において増えれば増えるほど、罪を犯す者は多くなり、罪を犯す者たちの数が増える。神は、アブラハムの子孫を「天の星のように」ならせると約束された。彼らは、律法の光と、従っていたときに神が与えられた栄光とによって、この世で輝くはずのものであった。「あなたの先祖は七十人でエジプトに下った。しかし今、あなたの神、主はあなたを天の星のように多くなされた。それゆえ、あなたはあなたの神、主を愛し、その戒めと、定めと、さばきと、おきてとを常に守りなさい」Deuteronomy 10:22; Deuteronomy 10:1。神は彼らを増やされた。神を礼拝する者がより多くなるために。しかし、従う民を増やす代わりに、神は背教者を増やすこととなった。「イスラエルが持った人の数だけ、イスラエルは悪霊たちに祭壇を築いた。その犠牲において、イスラエルは私に背いたのである」。「神がイスラエルにお与えになった子どもが多ければ多いほど、神はご自身の敵を増やされた。イスラエルがその子どもたちを、神への憎しみと、偶像への愛と礼拝とのうちに育てたからである」。「敬虔な者たちの中で、一人が言葉とわざによって他の者を良いわざへと促すように、悪を行う者たちの集会では、一人が他の者を罪へと駆り立てる」。さらに、この世の人々は、神のすべての賜物を高慢に仕えさせ、それによって、高慢の娘たちであるすべての罪に仕えさせる。神が言われるとおり、「エシュルンは肥えて、蹴った。そして自分を造った神を捨て、自分の救いの岩を軽んじた」Deuteronomy 32:15。このように、神が神を忘れる者たちに与えられる富の増加もまた、忘恩と罪の機会を増やすのである。

「わたしは彼らの栄光を恥に変える」――これが罪と懲らしめの経路である。神は人に、その最高の、唯一まことの目的である神の栄光へと正しく向けられるなら、誉れと栄光の材料となり得る賜物を授けられる。人はそれらを虚栄へ、それによって罪へと転換させる。神は、そのように濫用された賜物を恥へと変えられる。神は、栄光の代わりに恥を与えるだけではない。その栄光自体を、彼らの恥の手段と機会とされるのである。美しさは堕落の機会となる。高慢は、転倒の近くにある。「高すぎる野心は身を過ぎて跳び、向こう側に落ちる」のが常である。富と人口の潤沢さは、国々を、自分たちの滅びとなる戦争へと誘うか、あるいは他のより強い国々を招き寄せて自分たちを略奪させる。「あなたは確かにエドムを打った。そしてあなたの心は高ぶっている」。これがエフからアマツヤへの伝言であった。「その栄誉を誇りとし、家にとどまれ。なぜ、あなたは悩みのために、あなたもユダも共に倒れるようなことをしようとするのか。しかしアマツヤは聞き入れなかった」2 Kings 14:10-11。彼は自分の富を失い、神の家の財宝を浪費し、エルサレムの城壁は破り崩されたのである。

English original

As they were increased, so they sinned against Me - The "increase" may be, either in actual number or in wealth, power or dignity. The text includes both. In both kinds of increase, the bad abuse God's gifts against Himself, and take occasion of them to offend Him. The more they were increased in number, the more there were to sin, the more they were who sinned. God promised to make Abraham's seed, "as the stars of heaven." They were to shine in the world through the light of the law, and the glory which God gave them while obeying Him. "Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the Lord thy God hath made thee like the stars of heaven for multitude. Therefore thou shalt love the Lord thy God, and keep His charge, and His statutes, and his judgments and His commandments alway" Deuteronomy 10:22; Deuteronomy 10:1. God multiplied them, that there might be the more to adore Him. But instead of multiplying subjects, He multiplied apostates. "As many men as Israel had, so many altars did it build to daemons, in the sacrifices to whom it sinned against Me." "The more sons God gave to Israel, the more enemies He made to Himself, for Israel brought them up in hatred to God, and in the love and worship of idols." "As too among the devout, one provokes another, by word and deed, to good works, so, in the congregation of evil doers, one incites another to sins." Again, worldlings make all God's gifts minister to pride, and so to all the sins, which are the daughters of pride. "Jeshurun, God says, waxed fat and kicked; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation" Deuteronomy 32:15. In this way too, the increase of wealth which God gives to those who forget Him, increases the occasions of ingratitude and sins.

I will turn their glory into shame - Such is the course of sin and chastisement. God bestows on man, gifts, which may be to him matter of praise and glory, if only ordered aright to their highest and only true end, the glory of God; man perverts them to vain-glory and thereby to sin; God turns the gifts, so abused, to shame. He not only gives them shame instead of their glory; He makes the glory itself the means and occasion of their shame. Beauty becomes the occasion of degradation; pride is proverbially near a fall; "vaulting ambition overleaps itself, and falls on th'other side;" riches and abundance of population tempt nations to wars, which become their destruction, or they invite other and stronger nations to prey upon them. "Thou hast indeed smitten Edom," was the message of Jehoash to Amaziah, "and thine heart hath lifted thee up; glory of this, and tarry at home, for why shouldest thou to thy hurt, that thou shouldest fall, even thou and Judah with thee? But Amaziah would not hear" 2 Kings 14:10-11. He lost his own wealth, wasted the treasures in God's house; and the walls of Jerusalem were broken down.

8

Hosea 4:8

Open passage

「彼らはわたしの民の罪を食い尽くす」――祭司たちは、民の罪から利得を得、それに依って生き、それで生活していた。民の偶像礼拝に目をつぶるか、あるいはそれを支え、偶像への犠牲と偶像礼拝の儀式に与っていた。それらは、神の放棄を含むがゆえに「民の罪」であり、他のすべての罪の根であった。祭司たちはこれを知りながら行った。まことの祭司であれ偽りの祭司であれ、背教者であれ非正規に任じられた者であれ、彼らは金の子牛に真理がないことを知っていた。しかし彼らは真理を差し控え、不義のうちにそれを抑え、ヤロブアムの偽りである「イスラエルよ、これこそあなたの神々である」を説いた。偽りの祭司たちの評判、地位、生活はそれに依存していた。アロンの系統に出ていない彼らは、子牛への祭司にしかなれない。それゆえ彼らは、自分たちが生きるためのその罪を支え、自分たち自身が神の祭司とみなされるために、子牛を神の代表として礼拝するよう教えたのである。

「罪」という語は、間接的には、民の罪のいけにえをも含み得る。あたかも彼らが罪を愛し、あるいは奨励したかのように。その外面的な贖いに与るためにである。

「彼らはその不義に心を向ける」――自分たちへの一時的な利益の源として。「民から益を得ている彼らは、その罪的な行いにおいて民を責めることをせず、彼らのたましいについて自分たちに責任を負う。『その裁きは私たちの上に』と言って。ピラトに『その血は私たちの上に』と言った者たちのように」。何にもまして「彼らの不義」であり、他のすべての源であったのは、神から、神の定められた礼拝からの離脱であった。彼らはこれに「心を向け」、偽りによってその中に民を確保し続けた。民を彼らから引き裂き、神のまことの礼拝に回復させるような疑念を恐れたのである。しかし今日、人気を失うこと、罪を犯す人々を遠ざけることを恐れて、罪を軽く扱い、お世辞を言い、見て見ぬふりをし、目をつぶり、公然と非難しないことは、他の何であろうか。偉い者たちと富める者たちに甘い言葉をかけ、一般的な言葉でさえ、マムモンを自分の神とすることの危険、富の危険、誇示の危険、ぜいたくの危険、不道徳な装いの危険、そして際限ない浪費の中での貧しい者たちの無視について警告しないことは、他の何であろうか。富める者たちを、ラザロを無視するだけでなく、ラザロを無視しながら犬を甘やかすことにおいてさえ励ますことは?貧しい者へのささやかな施しを褒めることは、彼らにおいて神への当然のささげ物が捧げられないことを見て見ぬふりをすること以外の何であろうか。「今、私たちは見る」と、ある古い著者は言う。「どれほど多くの高位聖職者たちが、平信徒の献げ物と収入によって生きているかを。しかし彼らは、言葉と祈りと模範的な生涯によって、彼らを罪から離れさせ、改正へと導くべき義務を負っているのに、敬虔でない交わり、お世辞、黙認、協力、そして当然の牧会配慮の怠慢によって、さまざまな仕方で彼らをつまずかせ、堕落させ、汚している。それゆえエレミヤは言う。『わたしの民は、失われた羊の群れ。その牧者たちが彼らを迷わせた』と。ああ、その怠慢のゆえに滅びる、その世話の下にある者一人ひとりのために苦しめられる彼らの滅びは、なんと恐ろしく、なんにはなはだしく大きなことであろうか」Jeremiah 50:6。

English original

They eat up the sin of My people - The priests made a gain of the sins of the people, lived upon them and by them, conniving at or upholding the idolatries of the people, partaking in their idol-sacrifices and idolatrous rites, which, as involving the desertion of God, were "the sin of the people," and the root of all their other sins. This the priests did knowingly. True or false, apostate or irregularly appointed, they knew that there was no truth in the golden calves; but they withheld the truth, they held it down in unrighteousness, and preached Jeroboam's false-hood, "these be thy gods, O Israel." The reputation, station, maintenance of the false priests depended upon it. Not being of the line of Aaron, they could be no priests except to the calves, and so they upheld the sin whereby they lived, and, that they might themselves be accounted priests of God, taught them to worship the calves, as representatives of God.

The word, "sin," may include indirectly the sin-offerings of the people, as if they loved the sin or encouraged it, in order that they might partake of the outward expiations for it.

And they set their heart on their iniquity - , as the source of temporal profit to themselves. "Benefited by the people, they reproved them not in their sinful doings, but charged themselves with their souls, saying, on us be the judgment, as those who said to Pilate, His blood be upon us." That which was, above all, "their iniquity," the source of all the rest, was their departure from God and from His ordained worship. On this they "set their hearts;" in this they kept them secure by their lies; they feared any misgivings, which might rend the people from them, and restore them to the true worship of God. But what else is it, to extenuate or flatter sin now, to dissemble it, not to see it, not openly to denounce it, lest we lose our popularity, or alienate those who commit it? What else is it to speak smooth words to the great and wealthy, not to warn them, even in general terms, of the danger of making Mammon their god; of the peril of riches, of parade, of luxury, of immoral dressing, and, amid boundless extravagance, neglect of the poor; encouraging the rich, not only in the neglect of Lazarus, but in pampering the dogs, while they neglect him? hat is the praise of some petty dole to the poor, but connivance at the withholding from God His due in them? "We see now," says an old writer , "how many prelates live on the oblations and revenues of the laity, and yet, whereas they are bound, by words, by prayers, by exemplary life, to turn them away from sin, and to lead them to amendment, they, in various ways, scandalize, corrupt, infect them, by ungodly conversation, flattery, connivance, cooperation, and neglect of due pastoral care. Whence Jeremiah says, "My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them to go astray." O how horrible and exceeding great will be their damnation, who shall be tormented for each of those under their care, who perish through their negligence" Jeremiah 50:6.

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Hosea 4:9

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「民がどうであれば、祭司もまたそうである」――祭司と民とは、罪において同じであった。いや、悪い場合には、彼らは互いの罪を助長し合うのが常である。悪い祭司は、責めるべき罪を真似し、私たちの共通の本性の弱さを口実に自分を弁護する。民は、鋭くも祭司の世的な生き方や自己放任を見抜き、その模範の下に身を隠す。彼らの防御は人の前では通る。しかし神の前ではどうであろうか。罪において同じである祭司と民とは、刑罰においても同じであるべきである。「世俗の偉大さも平信徒を免除せず、聖職の尊厳も祭司を免除しない」。両者は、一つの共同の山として、一つの恥辱において、一つの滅びの中に一掃されるであろう。「焼くために束にして縛るであろう」。

「わたしは彼らの道に従って彼らを罰し、彼らの行いに従って報いる」――文字通りには「わたしは彼の道の上に彼を訪れ、彼の行いを彼に返す」。民と祭司とは一人の人として語られている。逃れる者はいない。裁きは彼らの「上に」下り、彼らを圧倒するのである。人の行いがその「道」と呼ばれるのは、たましいがその生涯の歩みをそれに沿って続け、それらの道が彼を最後の終わり、天国か地獄かへと導いていくからである。「行い」と訳された語は、神について用いられるときは「大いなるわざ」、人の側については「大胆なわざ」を意味する。神の律法と御心とに逆らうそれらの大胆で傲慢な行いを、神は罪人の胸に持ち帰られるのである。

English original

And there shall be like people, like priest - Priest and people were alike in sin. Yea they are wont, if bad, to foment each other's sin. The bad priest copies the sins which he should reprove, and excuses himself by the frailty of our common nature. The people, acutely enough, detect the worldliness or self-indulgence of the priest, and shelter themselves under his example. Their defense stands good before people; but what before God? Alike in sin, priest and people should be alike in punishment. "Neither secular greatness should exempt the laity, nor the dignity of his order, the priest." Both shall be swept away in one common heap, in one disgrace, into one damnation. "They shall bind them in bundles to burn them."

And I will punish them for their ways, and reward them their doings - Literally, "I will visit upon him his ways, and his doings I will make to return to him." People and priests are spoken of as one man. None should escape. The judgment comes down "upon" them, overwhelming them. Man's deeds are called his "ways," because the soul holds on the tenor of its life along them, and those ways lead him on to his last end, heaven or hell. The word rendered "doings " signifies "great doings," when used of God; "bold doings," on the part of man. Those bold presumptuous doings against the law and will of God, God will bring back to the sinner's bosom.

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Hosea 4:10

Open passage

「彼らは食べても、満ち足りないから」――これはほとんど聖書のことわざ的な言葉であり、それゆえ多様な適用を持つ。自然の道においては、これは、ききんや包囲の中で神の打たれる手の下にある者たちに実現する。彼らは持っているものを「食べる」が、「十分ではなく」、飢え死にする。また、体の病のゆえに食物によって養われない者たちにも実現する。しかし、自分自身の満たされることのない欲望のゆえに決して満足せず、持てば持つほどいっそう貪欲に渇望する者たちにも、劣らず真実である。彼らの強欲の罪が、彼らの苦悶となるのである。

「彼らは姦淫を行い、子を増やさない」――文字通りには「彼らは姦淫を行った」。時制が変わっているのは、おそらく、神が彼らの将来の罪を確定的なものとして語ることを望まれないためであろう。また当然、この罪とその可能な実りとの間には長い間隔があり、この時制の変化によって示され得る。罪は過去のものであり、その効果は後に見られるはずであった。彼らは子孫を増やすために、合法な手段と不法な手段のすべてを用いたが、失敗した。禁じられた手段を用いたことによってまさに失敗したのである。神ののろいはそれらの手段の上にあった。神の律法による単婚、「二人は一体となる」は、国民において、多婚よりも大きな増加をもたらす。神は不法な性的交わりを衰退に向かわせられる。神ののろいはその上にあるのである。

「彼らが主に心を留めることをやめたから」――文字通りには「主を眺め、観察することをやめたから」。たましいの目は神に向けられ、その御旨のすべての示唆、その御目のすべての導きを知るために、見張り、待ち望むべきである。詩篇記者が言うように、「しもべの目がその主人の手に注がれ、はしための目がその主婦の手に注がれるように、私たちの目は、私たちの神、主に注がれます。主が私たちをあわれんでくださるまで」Psalm 123:2。神の御使いたちは、偉大で栄光に満ちた者でありながら、「常に天におられる父の御顔を仰ぎ見て」Matthew 18:10 いる。その愛に満たされ、観想に包まれ、その中に御旨を読み取って、それを行いながら。イスラエルの無法で望みのない道は、神を見張り、観察することを怠ったことから生じた。人が神を見張ることをやめると、すぐに、おのずから罪に陥るからである。神に固定されない目は、まもなく、この世の虚栄と華やかさと情欲の中で迷う。それゆえ次が続く。

English original

For they shall eat, and not have enough - This is almost a proverbial saying of Holy Scripture, and, as such, has manifold applications. In the way of nature, it comes true in those, who, under God's affictive Hand in famine or siege, "eat" what they have, but have "not enough," and perish with hunger. It comes true in those, who, through bodily disease, are not nourished by their food. Yet not less true is it of those who, through their own insatiate desires, are never satisfied, but crave the more greedily, the more they have. Their sin of covetousness becomes their torment.

They shall commit whoredom and not increase - Literally, "they have committed whoredom." The time spoken of is perhaps changed, because God would not speak of their future sin, as certain. There is naturally too a long interval between this sin and its possible fruit, which may be marked by this change of time. The sin was past, the effect was to be seen hereafter. They used all means, lawful and unlawful, to increase their offspring, but they failed, even because they used forbidden means. God's curse rested upon those means. Single marriage, according to God's law, "they twain shall be one flesh," yields in a nation larger increase than polygamy. God turns illicit sexual intercourse to decay. His curse is upon it.

Because they have left off to take heed to the Lord - Literally, "to watch, observe, the Lord." The eye of the soul should be upon God, watching and waiting to know all indications of His will, all guidings of His Eye. So the Psalmist says, "As the eyes of servants look unto the hand of their masters, and as the eyes of a maiden unto the hands of her mistress, even so our eyes wait upon the Lord our God, until He have mercy upon us" Psalm 123:2. The Angels of God, great and glorious as they are, "do alway behold the Face of the Father" Matthew 18:10, at once filled with His love, and wrapped in contemplation, and reading therein His will, to do it. The lawless and hopeless ways of Israel sprang from their neglecting to watch and observe God. For as soon as man ceases to watch God, he falls, of himself, into sin. The eye which is not fixed on God, is soon astray amid the vanities and pomps and lusts of the world. So it follows;

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Hosea 4:11

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Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart - (Literally, "takes away"). Wine and fleshly sin are pictured as blended in one, to deprive man of his affections and reason and understanding, and to leave him brutish and irrational. In all the relations of life toward God and man, reason and will are guided by the affections. And so, in God's language, the "heart" stands for the "understanding" as well as the "affections," because it directs the understanding, and the understanding, bereft of true affections, and under the rule of passion, becomes senseless. Besides the perversion of the understanding, each of these sins blunts and dulls the fineness of the intellect; much more, both combined. The stupid sottishness of the confirmed voluptuary is a whole, of which each act of sensual sin worked its part. The Pagan saw this clearly, although, without the grace of God, they did not act on what they saw to be true and right. This, the sottishness of Israel, destroying their understanding, was the ground of their next folly, that they ascribed to "their stock" the office of God. "Corruption of manners and superstition" (it has often been observed) "go hand in hand."

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Hosea 4:12

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My people ask counsel at - (literally, "on") their stocks They ask habitually ; and that, in dependence "on their stocks." The word "wood" is used of the idol made of it, to bring before them the senselessness of their doings, in that they asked counsel of the senseless wood. Thus Jeremiah reproaches them for "saying to a stock, my father" Jeremiah 2:27; and Habakkuk, "Woe unto him that saith to the wood, awake" Habakkuk 2:19.

And their staff declareth unto them - Many sorts of this superstition existed among the Arabs and Chaldees. They were different ways of drawing lots, without any dependence upon the true God to direct it. This was a part of their senselessness, of which the prophet had just said, that their sins took away their hearts. The tenderness of the word, "My people," aggravates both the stupidity and the ingratitude of Israel. They whom the Living God owned as His own people, they who might have asked of Him, asked of a stock or a staff.

For the spirit of whoredoms - It has been thought of old, that the evil spirits assault mankind in a sort of order and method, different spirits bending all their energies to tempt him to different sins . And this has been founded on the words of Holy Scripture, "a lying spirit," "an unclean spirit," "a spirit of jealousy," and our Lord said of the evil spirit whom the disciples could not cast out; "This kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting" Matthew 17:21. Hence, it has been thought that "some spirits take delight in uncleanness and defilement of sins; others urge on to blasphemies; others, to anger and fury; others take delight in gloom; others are soothed with vainglory and pride; and that each instills into man's heart that vice in which he takes pleasure himself; yet that all do not urge their own perversenesses at once, but in turn, as opportunity of time or place, or man's own susceptibility, invites them" . Or the word, "spirit of whoredoms," may mean the vehemence with which people were whirled along by their evil passions, whether by their passionate love of idolatry, or by the fleshly sin which was so often bound up with their idolatry.

They have gone a whoring from under their God - The words "from under" continue the image of the adulteress wife, by which God had pictured the faithlessness of His people. The wife was spoken of as "under her husband Numbers 5:19, Numbers 5:29; Ezekiel 23:5, i. e., under his authority; she withdrew herself "from under" him, when she withdrew herself from his authority, and gave herself to another. So Israel, being wedded to God, estranged herself from Him, withdrew herself from His obedience, cast off all reverence to Him, and prostituted herself to her idols.

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Translation pending · English original

Hosea 4:13

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They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains - The tops of hills or mountains seemed nearer heaven, the air was purer, the place more removed from the world. To worship the Unseen God upon them, was then the suggestion of natural feeling and of simple devotion. God Himself directed the typical sacrifice of Isaac to take place on a mountain; on that same mountain He commanded that the temple should be built; on a mountain, God gave the law; on a mountain was our Saviour transfigured; on a mountain was He crucified; from a mountain He ascended into heaven. Mountains and hills have accordingly often been chosen for Christian churches and monasteries. But the same natural feeling, misdirected, made them the places of pagan idolatry and pagan sins. The Pagan probably also chose for their star and planet-worship, mountains or large plains, as being the places from where the heavenly bodies might be seen most widely.

Being thus connected with idolatry and sin, God strictly forbade the worship on the high places, and (as is the case with so many of God's commandments) man practiced it as diligently as if He had commanded it. God had said, "Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations, which ye shall possess, served their gods upon the high mountains, and upon the hills and under every green tree" Deuteronomy 12:2. But "they set them up images and groves (rather images of Ashtaroth) in every high hill and under every green tree, and there they burnt incense in all the high place, as did the pagan whom the Lord carried away before them" 2 Kings 17:10-11. The words express, that this which God forbade they did diligently; "they sacrificed much and diligently; they burned incense much and diligently" ; and that, not here and there, but generally, "on the tops of the mountains," and, as it were, in the open face of heaven. So also Ezekiel complains, "They saw every high hill and all the thick trees, and they offered there their sacrifices, and there they presented the provocation of their offering; there also they made their sweet savor, and poured out there their drink-offerings" Ezekiel 20:28.

Under oaks - (white) poplars and elms (probably the terebinth or turpentine tree) because the shadow thereof is good The darkness of the shadow suited alike the cruel and the profligate deeds which were done in honor of their false gods. In the open face of day, and in secret they carried on their sin.

Therefore their daughters shall commit whoredoms, and their spouses - (or more probably, daughters-in-law) shall commit adultery Or (in the present) commit adultery. The fathers and husbands gave themselves to the abominable rites of Baal-peor and Ashtaroth, and so the daughters and daughters-in-law followed their example. This was by the permission of God, who, since they "glorified not" God as they ought, "gave them up," abandoned them, "to vile affections." So, through their own disgrace and bitter griefs, in the persons of those whose honor they most cherished, they should learn how ill they themselves had done, in departing from Him who is the Father and Husband of every soul. The sins of the fathers descend very often to the children, both in the way of nature, that the children inherit strong temptations to their parents' sin, and by way of example, that they greedily imitate, often exaggerate, them. Wouldest thou not have children, which thou wouldest wish unborn, reform thyself. The saying may include too sufferings at the hands of the enemy. "What thou dost willingly, that shall your daughters and your daughters-in-law suffer against thine and their will."

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Translation pending · English original

Hosea 4:14

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I will not punish your daughters - God threatens, as the severest woe, that He will not punish their sins with the correction of a Father in this present life, but will leave the sinners, unheeded, to follow all iniquity. It is the last punishment of persevering stoners, that God leaves them to prosper in their sins and in those things which help them to sin. Hence, we are taught to pray, "O Lord, correct me, but in judgment, not in Thine anger" Jeremiah 10:24. For since God chastiseth those whom He loveth, it follows, "if we be without chasetisement, whereof all are partakers, then are we bastards, and not sons" Hebrews 12:8. To be chastened severely for lesser sins, is a token of great love of God toward us; to sin on without punishment is a token of God's extremest displeasure, and a sign of reprobation. : "Great is the offence, if, when thou hast sinned, thou art undeserving of the wrath of God."

For themselves are separated with whores - God turns from them as unworthy to be spoken to anymore, and speaks of them, They "separate themselves," from whom? and with whom? They separate themselves "from" God, and with the degraded ones and "with" devils. Yet so do all those who choose willful sin.

And they sacrifice - (continually, as before) with (the) harlots The unhappy women here spoken of were such as were "consecrated" (as their name imports) to their vile gods and goddesses, and to prostitution. This dreadful consecration, yea desecration, whereby they were taught to seek honor in their disgrace, was spread in different forms over Phoenicia, Syria, Phrygia, Assyria, Babylonia. Ashtaroth, (the Greek Astarte) was its chief object. This horrible worship prevailed in Midian, when Israel was entering the promised land, and it suggested the devilish device of Balaam Numbers 25; Numbers 31:8, Numbers 31:16 to entangle Israel in sin whereby they might forfeit the favor of God. The like is said to subsist to this day in pagan India. The sin was both the cause and effect of the superstition. Man's corrupt heart gave rise to the worship: and the worship in turn fostered the corruption. He first sanctioned the sin by aid of a degrading worship of nature, and then committed it under plea of that worship. He made his sin a law to him. Women, who never relapsed into the sin, sinned in obedience to the dreadful law . Blinded as they were, individual pagan had the excuse of their hereditary blindness; the Jews had imperfect grace. The sins of Christians are self sought, against light and grace.

Therefore the people that doth not understand shall fall - The word comprises both, "that doth not understand," and, "that will not understand." They might have understood, if they would. God had revealed Himself to them, and had given to them His law, and was still sending to them His prophets, so that they could not have known and understood God's will, had they willed. Ignorance, which we might avoid or cure, if we would, is itself a sin. It cannot excuse sin. They shall, he says, fall, "or be cast headlong." Those who blind their eyes, so as not to see or understand God's will, bring themselves to sudden ruin, which hide from themselves, until they fall headlong in it.

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Translation pending · English original

Hosea 4:15

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Let not Judah offend - The sentence of Israel had been pronounced; she had been declared incorrigible. The prophet turns from her now to Judah. Israel had abandoned God's worship, rejected or corrupted His priests, given herself to the worship of the calves; no marvel what further excess of riot she run into! But Judah, who had the law and the temple and the service of God, let not her, (he would say,) involve herself in Israel's sin. If Israel, in willful blindness, had plunged herself in ruin, let not Judah involve herself in her sin and her ruin. He turns (as elsewhere) incidentally to Judah.

Come ye not unto Gilgal - Gilgal lay between Jericho and the Jordan. There, ten furlongs from the Jordan, first in all the promised land, the people encamped; there Joshua placed the monument of the miraculous passage of the Jordan; there he renewed the circumcision of the people which had been intermitted in the wilderness, and the feast of the passover; there the people returned, after all the victories by which God gave them possession of the land of promise Joshua 4:19-20; Joshua 5:9-10; Joshua 9:6; Joshua 10:6-9, Joshua 10:43; Joshua 14:6. There Samuel habitually sacrificed, and there, "before the Lord," i. e., in His special covenanted presence, he publicly made Saul king 1 Samuel 10:8; 1 Samuel 11:14-15; 1 Samuel 13:4-9; 1 Samuel 15:21, 1 Samuel 15:33. It was part of the policy of Jeroboam to take hold of all these associations, as a sort of set-off against Jerusalem and the temple, from which he had separated his people. In opposition to this idolatry, Elisha for a time, established there one of the schools of the prophets 2 Kings 4:38.

Neither go ye up to Bethaven - "Bethaven," literally, "house of vanity," was a city East of "Bethel" Joshua 7:2, "the house of God." But since Jeroboam had set up the worship of the calves at Bethel, Bethel had ceased to be "the house of God," and had become "a house or temple of vanity;" and so the prophet gave it no more its own name which was associated with the history of the faith of the patriarchs, but called it what it had become. In Bethel God had twice appeared to Jacob, when he left the land of promise Genesis 28:10, Genesis 28:19 a to go to Laban, and when he returned Genesis 35:1, Genesis 35:9. There also the ark of God was for a time in the days of the judges removed from Shiloh Judges 20:26-27, near to which on the south Judges 21:19 Bethel lay. It too Jeroboam profaned by setting up the calf there. To these places then, as being now places of the idolatry of Israel, Judah is forbidden to go, and then to "swear, the Lord liveth." For to swear by the Lord in a place of idolatry would be to associate the living God with idols Zephaniah 1:5, which God expressly forbade.

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Translation pending · English original

Hosea 4:16

Open passage

For Israel slideth back, as a backsliding heifer - The calves which Israel worshiped were pictures of itself. They represented natural, untamed, strength, which, when put to service, started back and shrank from the yoke. "Untractable, petulant, unruly, wanton, it withdrew from the yoke, when it could; if it could not, it drew aside or backward, instead of forward." So is it rare, exceeding rare, for man to walk straight on in God's ways; he jerks, writhes, twists, darts aside here and there, hating nothing so much as one straight, even, narrow tenor of his ways.

Now the Lord will feed them as a lamb in a large place - The punishment of Israel was close at hand, "now." It would not have the straitness of God's commandments; it should have the wideness of a desert. God would withdraw His protecting providence from them: He would rule them, although unfelt in His mercy. At "large," they wished to be; at large they should be; but it should be the largeness of a "wilderness where is no way." There, like a lamb, they should go astray, wandering up and down, unprotected, a prey to wild beasts. Woe is it to that man, whom, when he withdraws from Christ's easy yoke, God permits to take unhindered the broad road which leadeth to destruction. To Israel, this "wide place" was the wide realms of the Medes, where they were withdrawn from God's worship and deprived of His protection.

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Translation pending · English original

Hosea 4:17

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Ephraim is joined to idols - that is, banded, bound up with them, "associated," as the word means, with them so as to cleave to them, willing neither to part with nor to be parted from, them. The idols are called by a name, denoting toils; with toil they were fashioned, and, when fashioned, they were a toil and grief.

Let him alone - Literally, give him rest, i. e., from all further expostulations, which he will not hear. It is an abandonment of Israel for the time, as in the prophet Ezekiel, "As for you, O house of Israel, thus saith the Lord God, go ye, serve ye every one his idols" Ezekiel 20:39. Sinners often long not to be tormented by conscience or by God's warnings. To be left so, is to be abandoned by God, as one whose case is desperate. God will not, while there is hope, leave a man to sleep in sin; for so the numbness of the soul increases, until, like those who fall asleep amid extreme cold of the body, it never awakes.

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Hosea 4:18

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Their drink is sour - Literally, "turned," as we say of milk. So Isaiah says, "Thy silver is become dross; thy wine is mingled," i. e., adulterated, "with water" Isaiah 1:22; and our lord speaks of "salt which had lost its savor." The wine or the salt, when once turned or become insipid, is spoiled, irrecoverably, as we speak of "dead wine." They had lost all their life, and taste of goodness.

Her rulers with shame do love, give ye - Avarice and luxury are continually banded together according to the saying, "covetous of another's, prodigal of his own." Yet it were perhaps more correct to render, "her rulers do love, do love, shame." They love that which brings shame, which is bound up with shame, and ends in it; and so the prophet says that they "love the shame" itself. They act, as if they were in love with the shame, which, all their lives long, they are unceasingly and, as it were, by system, drawing upon themselves. They chase diligently after all the occasions of sins and sinful pleasures which end in shame; they omit nothing which brings it, do nothing which can avoid it. What else or what more could they do, if they "loved the shame" for its own sake?

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Hosea 4:19

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The wind hath bound her up in her wings - When God brought Israel out of Egypt, He "bare them on eagle's wings, and brought them unto Himself" Exodus 19:4; Deuteronomy 32:11. Now they had abandoned God, and God abandoned them as chaff to the wind. The certainty of Israel's doom is denoted by its being spoken of in the past. It was certain in the divine judgment. Sudden, resistless, irreversible are God's judgments, when they come. As if "imprisoned in the viewless winds," and "borne with resistless violence," as it were on the wings of the whirlwind, Israel should be hurried by the mighty wrath of God into captivity in a distant land, bound up so that none should escape, but, when arrived there, dispersed here and there, as the chaff before the wind.

And they shall be ashamed because of their sacrifices - They had sacrificed to the calves, to Baal, or to the sun, moon, stars, hoping aid from them rather than from God. When then they should see, in deed, that from those their sacrifices no good came to them, but evil only, they should be healthfully ashamed. So, in fact, in her captivity, did Israel learn to be ashamed of her idols; and so does GOd by healthful disappointment, make us ashamed of seeking out of Him, the good things, which He alone hath, and hath in store for them who love Him.