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Isa 13:1-22.

THE THIRTEENTH THROUGH TWENTY-THIRD CHAPTERS CONTAIN PROPHECIES AS TO FOREIGN NATIONS.--THE THIRTEENTH, FOURTEENTH, AND TWENTY-SEVENTH CHAPTERS AS TO BABYLON AND ASSYRIA.

The predictions as to foreign nations are for the sake of the covenant people, to preserve them from despair, or reliance on human confederacies, and to strengthen their faith in God: also in order to extirpate narrow-minded nationality: God is Jehovah to Israel, not for Israel's sake alone, but that He may be thereby Elohim to the nations. These prophecies are in their right chronological place, in the beginning of Hezekiah's reign; then the nations of Western Asia, on the Tigris and Euphrates, first assumed a most menacing aspect.

1. burden--weighty or mournful prophecy [GROTIUS]. Otherwise, simply, the prophetical declaration, from a Hebrew root to put forth with the voice anything, as in

Nu 23:7

[MAURER].

of Babylon--concerning Babylon.

2. Lift . . . banner--

(Isa 5:26; 11:10).

the high mountain--rather, "a bare (literally, "bald," that is, without trees) mountain"; from it the banner could be seen afar off, so as to rally together the peoples against Babylon.

unto them--unto the Medes

(Isa 13:17),

the assailants of Babylon. It is remarkable that Isaiah does not foretell here the Jews' captivity in Babylon, but presupposes that event, and throws himself beyond, predicting another event still more future, the overthrow of the city of Israel's oppressors. It was now one hundred seventy-four years before the event.

shake . . . hand--beckon with the hand--wave the hand to direct the nations to march against Babylon.

nobles--Babylonian. Rather, in a bad sense, tyrants; as in

Isa 14:5,

"rulers" in parallelism to "the wicked"; and

Job 21:28

[MAURER].

3. sanctified ones--the Median and Persian soldiers solemnly set apart by Me for the destruction of Babylon, not inwardly "sanctified," but designated to fulfil God's holy purpose

(Jer 51:27, 28; Joe 3:9, 11;

where the Hebrew for prepare war is "sanctify" war).

for mine anger--to execute it.

rejoice in my highness--"Those who are made to triumph for My honor" [HORSLEY]. The heathen Medes could not be said to "rejoice in God's highness" MAURER translates, "My haughtily exulting ones"

(Zep 3:11);

a special characteristic of the Persians [HERODOTUS,1.88]. They rejoiced in their own highness, but it was His that they were unconsciously glorifying.

4. the mountains--namely, which separate Media and Assyria, and on one of which the banner to rally the hosts is supposed to be reared.

tumultuous noise--The Babylonians are vividly depicted as hearing some unwonted sound like the din of a host; they try to distinguish the sounds, but can only perceive a tumultuous noise.

nations--Medes, Persians, and Armenians composed Cyrus' army.

5. They--namely, "Jehovah," and the armies which are "the weapons of His indignation."

far country--Media and Persia, stretching to the far north and east.

end of heaven--the far east

(Ps 19:6).

destroy--rather, "to seize" [HORSLEY].

6. day of the Lord--day of His vengeance on Babylon

(Isa 2:12).

Type of the future "day of wrath"

(Re 6:17).

destruction--literally, "a devastating tempest."

from the Almighty--not from mere man; therefore irresistible. "Almighty," Hebrew, Shaddai.

7. faint . . . melt--So

Jer 50:43;

compare

Jos 7:5.

Babylon was taken by surprise on the night of Belshazzar's impious feast

(Da 5:30).

Hence the sudden fainting and melting of hearts.

8. pangs--The Hebrew means also a "messenger." HORSLEY, therefore, with the Septuagint translates, "The heralds (who bring word of the unexpected invasion) are terrified." MAURER agrees with English Version, literally, "they shall take hold of pangs and sorrows."

woman . . . travaileth--

(1Th 5:3).

amazed--the stupid, bewildered gaze of consternation.

faces . . . flames--"their visages have the livid hue of flame" [HORSLEY]; with anguish and indignation.