Comentario del capítulo
Proverbs Capítulo 28
1-28
Miscellaneous Maxims
日本語
Original en inglés
Miscellaneous Maxims
¹ The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bold as a lion.
See here, 1. What continual frights those are subject to that go on in wicked ways. Guilt in the conscience makes men a terror to themselves, so that they are ready to flee when none pursues; like one that absconds for debt, who thinks every one he meets a bailiff. Though they pretend to be easy, there are secret fears which haunt them wherever they go, so that they fear where no present or imminent danger is, Ps 53:5. Those that have made God their enemy, and know it, cannot but see the whole creation at war with them, and therefore can have no true enjoyment of themselves, no confidence, no courage, but a fearful looking for of judgment. Sin makes men cowards.
If they flee when none pursues, what will they do when they shall see God himself pursuing them with his armies? Job 20:24, Job 15:24. See De 28:25, Le 26:36. 2. What a holy security and serenity of mind those enjoy who keep conscience void of offence and so keep themselves in the love of God: The righteous are bold as a lion, as a young lion; in the greatest dangers they have a God of almighty power to trust to. Therefore will not we fear though the earth be removed. Whatever difficulties they meet with in the way of their duty, they are not daunted by them. None of those things move me.
² For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof: but by a man of understanding and knowledge the state thereof shall be prolonged.
Note, 1. National sins bring national disorders and the disturbance of the public repose: For the transgression of a land, and a general defection from God and religion to idolatry, profaneness, or immorality, many are the princes thereof, many at the same time pretending to the sovereignty and contending for it, by which the people are crumbled into parties and factions, biting and devouring one another, or many successively, in a little time, one cutting off another, as 1Ki 16:8, etc., or soon cut off by the hand of God or of a foreign enemy, as 2Ki 24:5, etc. As the people suffer for the sins of the prince,
so the government sometimes suffers for the sins of the people. 2. Wisdom will prevent or redress these grievances: By a man, that is, by a people, of understanding, that come again to themselves and their right mind, things are kept in a good order, or, if disturbed, brought back to the old channel again. Or, By a prince of understanding and knowledge, a privy-counsellor, or minister of state, that will restrain or suppress the transgression of the land, and take the right methods of healing the state thereof, the good estate of it will be prolonged. We cannot imagine what a great deal of service one wise man may do to a nation in a critical juncture.
³ A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain which leaveth no food.
See here, 1. How hard-hearted poor people frequently are to one another, not only not doing such good offices as they might do one to another, but imposing upon and over-reaching one another. Those who know by experience the miseries of poverty should be compassionate to those who suffer the like, but they are inexcusably barbarous if they be injurious to them. 2. How imperious and griping those commonly are who, being indigent and necessitous, get into power. If a prince prefer a poor man, he forgets that ever he was poor, and none shall be so oppressive to the poor as he, nor squeeze them so cruelly. The hungry leech and the dry sponge suck most. Set a beggar on horseback, and he will ride without mercy. He is like a sweeping rain, which washes away the corn in the ground, and lays and beats out that which has grown, so that it leaves no food. Princes therefore ought not to put those into places of trust who are poor, and in debt, and behind-hand in the world, nor any who make it their main business to enrich themselves.
⁴ They that forsake the law praise the wicked: but such as keep the law contend with them.
Note, 1. Those that praise the wicked make it to appear that they do themselves forsake the law, and go contrary to it, for that curses and condemns the wicked. Wicked people will speak well of one another, and so strengthen one another's hands in their wicked ways, hoping thereby to silence the clamours of their own consciences and to serve the interests of the devil's kingdom, which is not done by any thing so effectually as by keeping vice in reputation. 2. Those that do indeed make conscience of the law of God themselves will, in their places, vigorously oppose sin, and bear their testimony against it, and do what they can to shame and suppress it. They will reprove the works of darkness, and silence the excuses which are made for those works, and do what they can to bring gross offenders to punishment, that others may hear and fear.
⁵ Evil men understand not judgment: but they that seek the LORD understand all things.
Note, I. As the prevalency of men's lusts is owing to the darkness of their understandings, so the darkness of their understandings is very much owing to the dominion of their lusts: Men understand not judgment, discern not between truth and falsehood, right and wrong; they understand not the law of God as the rule either of their duty or of their doom; and, 1. Therefore it is that they are evil men; their wickedness is the effect of their ignorance and error, Eph 4:18. 2. Therefore they understand not judgment, because they are evil men; their corruptions blind their eyes, and fill them with prejudices, and because they do evil they hate the light. It is just with God also to give them up to strong delusions.
II. As men's seeking the Lord is a good sign that they do understand much, so it is a good means of their understanding more, even of their understanding all things needful for them. Those that set God's glory before them as their end, his favour as their felicity, and his word as their rule, and apply to him upon all occasions by prayer, they seek the Lord, and he will give them the spirit of wisdom. If a man do his will, he shall know his doctrine, Joh 7:17. A good understanding those have, and a better they shall have, that do his commandments, Ps 111:10, 1Co 2:12,15.
⁶ Better is the poor that walketh in his uprightness, than he that is perverse in his ways, though he be rich.
Here, 1. It is supposed that a man may walk in his uprightness and yet be poor in this world, which is a temptation to dishonesty, and yet may resist the temptation and continue to walk in his uprightness—also that a man may be perverse in his ways, injurious to God and man, and yet be rich, and prosper in the world, for a while, may be rich, and so lie under great obligations and have great opportunities to do good, and yet be perverse in his ways and do a great deal of hurt. 2. It is maintained as a paradox to a blind world that an honest, godly, poor man, is better than a wicked, ungodly, rich man, has a better character, is in a better condition, has more comfort in himself, is a greater blessing to the world, and is worthy of much more honour and respect. It is not only certain that his case will be better at death, but it is better in life. When Aristides was by a rich man upbraided with his poverty he answered, Thy riches do thee more hurt than my poverty does me.
⁷ Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son: but he that is a companion of riotous men shameth his father.
Note, 1. Religion is true wisdom, and it makes men wise in every relation. He that conscientiously keeps the law is wise, and he will be particularly a wise son, that is, will act discreetly towards his parents, for the law of God teaches him to do so. 2. Bad company is a great hindrance to religion. Those that are companions of riotous men, that choose such for their companions and delight in their conversation, will certainly be drawn from keeping the law of God and drawn to transgress it, Ps 119:115. 3. Wickedness is not only a reproach to the sinner himself, but to all that are akin to him. He that keeps rakish company, and spends his time and money with them, not only grieves his parents, but shames them; it turns to their disrepute, as if they had not done their duty to him. They are ashamed that a child of theirs should be scandalous and abusive to their neighbours.
⁸ He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.
Note, 1. That which is ill-got, though it may increase much, will not last long. A man may perhaps raise a great estate, in a little time, by usury and extortion, fraud, and oppression of the poor, but it will not continue; he gathers it for himself, but it shall prove to have been gathered for somebody else that he has no kindness for. His estate shall go to decay, and another man's shall be raised out of the ruins of it. 2. Sometimes God in his providence so orders it that that which one got unjustly another uses charitably; it is strangely turned into the hands of one that will pity the poor and do good with it, and so cut off the entail of the curse which he brought upon it who got it by deceit and violence. Thus the same Providence that punishes the cruel, and disables them to do any more hurt, rewards the merciful, and enables them to do so much the more good. To him that has the ten pounds give the pound which the wicked servant hid in the napkin; for to him that has, and uses it well, more shall be given, Lu 19:24. Thus the poor are repaid, the charitable are encouraged, and God is glorified.
⁹ He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, even his prayer shall be abomination.
Note, 1. It is by the word and prayer that our communion with God is kept up. God speaks to us by his law, and expects we should hear him and heed him; we speak to him by prayer, to which we wait for an answer of peace. How reverent and serious should we be, whenever we are hearing from and speaking to the Lord of glory! 2. If God's word be not regarded by us, our prayers shall not only not be accepted of God, but they shall be an abomination to him, not only our sacrifices, which were ceremonial appointments, but even our prayers, which are moral duties, and which, when they are put up by the upright, are so much his delight. See Isa 1:11,15. The sinner whose prayers God is thus angry at is one who wilfully and obstinately refuses to obey God's commandments, who will not so much as give them the hearing, but causes his ear to decline the law, and refuses when God calls; God will therefore justly refuse him when he calls. See Pr 1:24,28.
¹⁰ Whoso causeth the righteous to go astray in an evil way, he shall fall himself into his own pit: but the upright shall have good things in possession.
Here is, 1. The doom of seducers, who attempt to draw good people, or those who profess to be such, into sin and mischief, who take pride in causing the righteous to go astray in an evil way, in drawing them into a snare, that they may insult over them. They shall not gain their point; it is impossible to deceive the elect. But they shall fall themselves into their own pit; and having been not only sinners, but tempters, not only unrighteous, but enemies to the righteous, their condemnation will be so much the greater, Mt 23:14,15. 2. The happiness of the sincere. They shall not only be preserved from the evil way which the wicked would decoy them into, but they shall have good things, the best things, in possession, the graces and comforts of God's Spirit, besides what they have in reversion.
¹¹ The rich man is wise in his own conceit; but the poor that hath understanding searcheth him out.
Note, 1. Those that are rich are apt to think themselves wise, because, whatever else they are ignorant of, they know how to get and save; and those that are purse-proud expect that all they say should be regarded as an oracle and a law, and that none should dare to contradict them, but every sheaf bow to theirs; this humour is fed by flatterers, who, because (like Jezebel's prophets) they are fed at their table, cry up their wisdom. 2. Those that are poor often prove themselves wiser than they: A poor man, who has taken pains to get wisdom, having no other way (as the rich man has) to get a reputation, searches him out, and makes it to appear that he is not such a scholar, nor such a politician, as he is taken to be. See how variously God dispenses his gifts; to some he gives wealth, to others wisdom, and it is easy to say which of these is the better gift, which we should covet more earnestly.
¹² When righteous men do rejoice, there is great glory: but when the wicked rise, a man is hidden.
Note, 1. The comfort of the people of God is the honour of the nation in which they live. There is a great glory dwelling in the land when the righteous do rejoice, when they have their liberty, the free exercise of their religion, and are not persecuted, when the government countenances them and speaks comfortably to them, when they prosper and grow rich, and, much more, when they are preferred and employed and have power put into their hands. 2. The advancement of the wicked is the eclipsing of the beauty of a nation: When the wicked rise and get head they make head against all that is sacred, and then a man is hidden, a good man is thrust into obscurity, is necessitated to abscond for his own safety; corruptions prevail so generally that, as in Elijah's time, there seem to be no good men left, the wicked walk so thickly on every side.
¹³ He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy.
Here is, 1. The folly of indulging sin, of palliating and excusing it, denying or extenuating it, diminishing it, dissembling it, or throwing the blame of it upon others: He that thus covers his sins shall not prosper, let him never expect it. He shall not succeed in his endeavour to cover his sin, for it will be discovered, sooner or later. There is nothing hid which shall not be revealed. A bird of the air shall carry the voice. Murder will out, and so will other sins. He shall not prosper, that is, he shall not obtain the pardon of his sin, nor can he have any true peace of conscience. David owns himself to have been in a constant agitation while he covered his sins, Ps 32:3,4. While the patient conceals his distemper he cannot expect a cure. 2. The benefit of parting with it, both by a penitent confession and a universal reformation: He that confesses his guilt to God, and is careful not to return to sin again, shall find mercy with God, and shall have the comfort of it in his own bosom. His conscience shall be eased and his ruin prevented. See 1Jo 1:9, Jer 3:12,13. When we set sin before our face (as David, My sin is ever before me) God casts it behind his back.
¹⁴ Happy is the man that feareth alway: but he that hardeneth his heart shall fall into mischief.
Here is, 1. The benefit of a holy caution. It sounds strangely, but it is very true: Happy is the man that feareth always. Most people think that those are happy who never fear; but there is a fear which is so far from having torment in it that it has in it the greatest satisfaction. Happy is the man who always keeps up in his mind a holy awe and reverence of God, his glory, goodness, and government, who is always afraid of offending God and incurring his displeasure, who keeps conscience tender and has a dread of the appearance of evil, who is always jealous of himself, distrustful of his own sufficiency, and lives in expectation of troubles and changes, so that, whenever they come, they are no surprise to him. He who keeps up such a fear as this will live a life of faith and watchfulness, and therefore happy is he, blessed and holy. 2. The danger of a sinful presumption: He that hardens his heart, that mocks at fear, and sets God and his judgments at defiance, and receives not the impressions of his word or rod, shall fall into mischief; his presumption will be his ruin, and whatever sin (which is the greatest mischief) he falls into it is owing to the hardness of his heart.
¹⁵ As a roaring lion, and a ranging bear; so is a wicked ruler over the poor people.
It is written indeed, Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people; but if he be a wicked ruler, that oppresses the people, especially the poor people, robbing them of the little they have and making a prey of them, whatever we may call him, this scripture calls him a roaring lion and a ranging bear. 1. In respect of his character. He is brutish, barbarous, and blood-thirsty; he is rather to be put among the beasts of prey, the wildest and most savage, than to be reckoned of that noble rank of beings whose glory is reason and humanity. 2. In respect of the mischief he does to his subjects. He is dreadful as the roaring lion, who makes the forest tremble; he is devouring as a hungry bear, and the more necessitous he is the more mischief he does and the more greedy of gain he is.
¹⁶ The prince that wanteth understanding is also a great oppressor: but he that hateth covetousness shall prolong his days.
Two things are here intimated to be the causes of the mal-administration of princes:—1. The love of money, that root of all evil; for hating covetousness here stands opposed to oppression, according to Moses's character of good magistrates, men fearing God and hating covetousness (Ex 18:21), not only not being covetous, but hating it, and shaking the hands from the holding of bribes. A ruler that is covetous will neither do justly nor love mercy, but the people under him shall be bought and sold. 2. Want of consideration: He that hates covetousness shall prolong his government and peace, shall be happy in the affections of his people and the blessing of his God. It is as much the interest as the duty of princes to reign in righteousness. Oppressors therefore and tyrants are the greatest fools in the world; they want understanding; they do not consult their own honour, ease, and safety, but sacrifice all to their ambition of an absolute and arbitrary power. They might be much happier in the hearts of their subjects than in their necks or estates.
¹⁷ A man that doeth violence to the blood of any person shall flee to the pit; let no man stay him.
This agrees with that ancient law, Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed (Ge 9:6), and proclaims, 1. The doom of the shedder of blood. He that has committed murder, though he flees for his life, shall be continually haunted with terrors, shall himself flee to the pit, betray himself, and torment himself, like Cain, who, when he had killed his brother, became a fugitive and a vagabond, and trembled continually. 2. The duty of the avenger of blood, whether the magistrate or the next of kin, or whoever are concerned in making inquisition for blood, let them be close and vigorous in the prosecution, and let it not be bought off. Those that acquit the murderer, or do any thing to help him off, come in sharers in the guilt of blood; nor can the land be purged from blood but by the blood of him that shed it, Nu 35:33.
¹⁸ Whoso walketh uprightly shall be saved: but he that is perverse in his ways shall fall at once.
Note, 1. Those that are honest are always safe. He that acts with sincerity, that speaks as he thinks, has a single eye, in every thing, to the glory of God and the good of his brethren, that would not, for a world, do an unjust thing if he knew it, that in all manner of conversation walks uprightly, he shall be saved hereafter. We find a glorious company of those in whose mouth was found no guile, Re 14:5. They shall be safe now. Integrity and uprightness will preserve men, will give them a holy security in the worst of times; for it will preserve their comfort, their reputation, and all their interests. They may be injured, but they cannot be hurt. 2. Those that are false and dishonest are never safe: He that is perverse in his ways, that thinks to secure himself by fraudulent practices, by dissimulation and treachery, or by an estate ill-got, he shall fall, nay, he shall fall at once, not gradually, and with warning given, but suddenly, without previous notice, for he is least safe when he is most secure. He falls at once, and so has neither time to guard against his ruin nor to provide for it; and, being a surprise upon him, it will be so much the greater terror to him.
¹⁹ He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread: but he that followeth after vain persons shall have poverty enough.
Note, 1. Those that are diligent in their callings take the way to live comfortably: He that tills his land, and tends his shop, and minds his business, whatever it is, he shall have plenty of bread, of that which is necessary for himself and his family and with which he may be charitable to the poor; he shall eat the labour of his hands. 2. Those that are idle, and careless, and company-keepers, though they indulge themselves in living (as they think) easily and pleasantly, they take the way to live miserably. He that has land and values himself upon that, but does not till it, but follows after vain persons, drinks with them, joins with them in their frolics and vain sports, and idles away his time with him, he shall have poverty enough, shall be satiated or replenished with poverty (so the word is); he takes those courses which lead so directly to it that he seems to court it, and he shall have his fill of it.
²⁰ A faithful man shall abound with blessings: but he that maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent.
Here, 1. We are directed in the true way to be happy, and that is to be holy and honest. He that is faithful to God and man shall be blessed of the Lord, and he shall abound with blessings of the upper and nether springs. Men shall praise him, and pray for him, and be ready to do him any kindness. He shall abound in doing good, and shall himself be a blessing to the place where he lives. Usefulness shall be the reward of faithfulness, and it is a good reward. 2. We are cautioned against a false and deceitful way to happiness, and that is, right or wrong, raising an estate suddenly. Say not, This is the way to abound with blessings, for he that makes haste to be rich, more haste than good speed, shall not be innocent; and, if he be not, he shall not be blessed of God, but rather bring a curse upon what he has; nor, if he be not innocent, can he long be easy to himself; he shall not be accounted innocent by his neighbours, but shall have their ill will and ill word. He does not say that he cannot be innocent, but there is all the probability in the world that he will not prove so: He that hasteth with his feet sinneth, stumbleth, falleth. Sed quæ reverentia legum, quis metus, aut pudor, est unquam properantis avari?—What reverence for law, what fear, what shame, was ever indicated by an avaricious man hasting to be rich?
²¹ To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread that man will transgress.
Note, 1. It is a fundamental error in the administration of justice, and that which cannot but lead men to abundance of transgression, to consider the parties concerned more than the merits of the cause, so as to favour one because he is a gentleman, a scholar, my countryman, my old acquaintance, has formerly done me a kindness, or may do me one, or is of my party and persuasion, and to bear hard on the other party because he is a stranger, a poor man, has done me an ill turn, is or has been my rival, or is not of my mind, or has voted against me. Judgment is perverted when any consideration of this kind is admitted into the scale, any thing but pure right. 2. Those that are partial will be paltry. Those that have once broken through the bonds of equity, though, at first, it must be some great bribe, some noble present, that would bias them, yet, when they have debauched their consciences, they will, at length, be so sordid that for a piece of bread they will give judgment against their consciences; they will rather play at small game than sit out.
²² He that hasteth to be rich hath an evil eye, and considereth not that poverty shall come upon him.
Here again Solomon shows the sin and folly of those that will be rich; they are resolved that they will be so, per fas, per nefas—right or wrong; they will be so with all speed; they are getting hastily an estate. 1. They have no comfort in it: They have an evil eye, that is, they are always grieving at those that have more than they, and always grudging their necessary expenses, because they think the former keep them from seeming rich, the latter from being so, and between both they must needs be perpetually uneasy. 2. They have no assurance of the continuance of it, and yet take no thought to provide against the loss of it: Poverty shall come upon them, and the riches which they made wings for, that they might fly to them, will make themselves wings to fly from them; but they are secure and improvident, and do not consider this, that while they are making haste to be rich they are really making haste to be poor, else they would not trust to uncertain riches.
²³ He that rebuketh a man afterwards shall find more favour than he that flattereth with the tongue.
Note, 1. Flatterers may please those for a time who, upon second thoughts, will detest and despise them. If ever they come to be convinced of the evil of those sinful courses they were flattered in, and to be ashamed of the pride and vanity which were humoured and gratified by those flatteries, they will hate the fawning flatterers as having had an ill design upon them, and the fulsome flatteries as having had an ill effect upon them and become nauseous. 2. Reprovers may displease those at first who yet afterwards, when the passion is over and the bitter physic begins to work well, will love and respect them. He that deals faithfully with his friend, in telling him of his faults, though he may put him into some heat for the present, and perhaps have hard words, instead of thanks, for his pains, yet afterwards he will not only have the comfort in his own bosom of having done his duty, but he also whom he reproved will acknowledge that it was a kindness, will entertain a high opinion of his wisdom and faithfulness, and look upon him as fit to be a friend. He that cries out against his surgeon for hurting him when he is searching his wound will yet pay him well, and thank him too, when he has cured it.
²⁴ Whoso robbeth his father or his mother, and saith, It is no transgression; the same is the companion of a destroyer.
As Christ shows the absurdity and wickedness of those children who think it is no duty, in some cases, to maintain their parents (Mt 15:5), so Solomon here shows the absurdity and wickedness of those who think it is no sin to rob their parents, either by force or secretly, by wheedling them or threatening them, or by wasting what they have, and (which is no better than robbing them) running into debt and leaving them to pay it. Now, 1. This is commonly made light of by untoward children; they say, "It is no transgression, for it will be our own shortly, our parents can well enough spare it, we have occasion for it, we cannot live as gentlemen upon the allowance our parents give us, it is too strait for us." With such excuses as these they endeavour to shift off the conviction. But, 2. How lightly soever an ungoverned youth makes of it, it is really a very great sin; he that does it is the companion of a destroyer, no better than a robber on the highway. What wickedness will he scruple to commit who will rob his own parents?
²⁵ He that is of a proud heart stirreth up strife: but he that putteth his trust in the LORD shall be made fat.
Note, 1. Those make themselves lean, and continually unquiet, that are haughty and quarrelsome, for they are opposed to those that shall be made fat: He that is of a proud heart, that is conceited of himself and looks with a contempt upon all about him, that cannot bear either competition or contradiction, he stirs up strife, makes mischief, and creates disturbance to himself and every body else. 2. Those make themselves fat, and always easy, that live in a continual dependence upon God and his grace: He who puts his trust in the Lord, who, instead of struggling for himself, commits his cause to God, shall be made fat. He saves the money which others spend upon their pride and contentiousness; he enjoys himself, and has abundant satisfaction in his God; and thus his soul dwells at ease, and he is most likely to have plenty of outward good things. None live so easily, so pleasantly, as those who live by faith.
²⁶ He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool: but whoso walketh wisely, he shall be delivered.
Here is, 1. The character of a fool: He trusts to his own heart, to his own wisdom and counsels, his own strength and sufficiency, his own merit and righteousness, and the good opinion he has of himself; he that does so is a fool, for he trusts to that, not only which is deceitful above all things (Jer 17:9), but which has often deceived him. This implies that it is the character of a wise man (as before, Pr 28:25) to put his trust in the Lord, and in his power and promise, and to follow his guidance, Pr 3:5,6. 2. The comfort of a wise man: He that walks wisely, that trusts not to his own heart, but is humble and self-diffident, and goes on in the strength of the Lord God, he shall be delivered; when the fool, that trusts in his own heart, shall be destroyed.
²⁷ He that giveth unto the poor shall not lack: but he that hideth his eyes shall have many a curse.
Here is, 1. A promise to the charitable: He that gives to the poor shall himself be never the poorer for so doing; he shall not lack. If he have but little, and so be in danger of lacking, let him give out of his little, and that will prevent it from coming to nothing; as the bounty of the widow of Sarepta to Elijah (for whom she made a little cake first) saved what she had, when it was reduced to a handful of meal. If he have much, let him give much out of it, and that will prevent its growing less; he and his shall not want what is given in pious charity. What we gave we have. 2. A threatening to the uncharitable: He that hides his eyes, that he may not see the miseries of the poor nor read their petitions, lest his eye should affect his heart and extort some relief from him, he shall have many a curse, both from God and man, and neither causeless, and therefore they shall come. Woeful is the condition of that man who has the word of God and the prayers of the poor against him.
²⁸ When the wicked rise, men hide themselves: but when they perish, the righteous increase.
This is to the same purport with what we had, Pr 28:12. 1. When bad men are preferred, that which is good is clouded and run down. When power is put into the hands of the wicked, men hide themselves; wise men retire into privacy, and decline public business, not caring to be employed under them; rich men get out of the way, for fear of being squeezed for what they have; and, which is worst of all, good men abscond, despairing to do good and fearing to be persecuted and ill-treated. 2. When bad men are disgraced, degraded, and their power taken from them, then that which is good revives again, then the righteous increase; for, when they perish, good men will be put in their room, who will, by their example and interest, countenance religion and righteousness. It is well with a land when the number of good people increases in it; and it is therefore the policy of all princes, states, and potentates, to encourage them and to take special care of the good education of youth.
諸々の格言
ここに次の二つのことが見られる。一、悪の道に進む者がどれほど絶えず恐怖にさいなまれているか。良心の咎めは人を自分自身への恐怖とし、追う者がいなくても逃げるようにさせる。負債を避けて隠れる者が、出会う人すべてを執行吏とみなすのと同じである。彼らは平気なふりをしても、どこへ行ってもつきまとう秘密の恐怖があり、現在の差し迫った危険もないのに恐れる(詩53:5)。神を敵とし、それを知っている者は、全被造物が自分と戦っていると見ないわけにはいかない。それゆえ真の自己享受も、確信も、勇気も持てず、ただ恐るべき裁きの期待を抱くのみである。罪は人を臆病にする。
彼らが追う者もないのに逃げるなら、神ご自身がその軍勢を率いて彼らを追うのを見るとき、彼らは何をするであろうか(ヨブ20:24、ヨブ15:24。申28:25、レビ26:36参照)。二、良心を汚さず、自らを神の愛にとどめておく者が享受する、聖なる安心と穏やかな心の状態。正しい者は獅子のように雄々しく、若い獅子のように雄々しい。最大の危険の中でも、彼らは全能の力の神に依り頼むことができる。それゆえ地が移されても我々は恐れない。義務の道で出会うどんな困難にも、彼らはひるまない。これらの事のうち、何一つ私を動かすものはない。
ここで、一。国民の罪は国民の混乱と公的平穏の攪乱をもたらす、ということに注意せよ。国のとがにより、神と宗教から偶像礼拝・不敬虔・不道徳への全般的な離反が生じると、その君たちは数が多くなる。同時に多数の者が主権を主張して争い、民は党派と分派に砕け、互いに食い込み、食い荒らし合う。あるいは短期間に次々と、一人が他を断ち、列王上16:8等のように、あるいは列王下24:5等のように神の手や外敵の手によって早々に断たれる。民が君の罪のために苦しむように、ときには政府も民の罪のために苦しむ。二。知恵はこれらの害を防ぎ、あるいは是正する。悟りある人、すなわち悟りある民――本来の自分と正気に立ち返る者――によって、物事は良き秩序に保たれ、あるいは乱れていても古い流れに戻される。あるいは、悟りと知識ある君、枢密顧問官や国務大臣が国のとがを抑え、正しい方法で国の状態を癒すなら、その良い状態は長く保たれる。危機の岐路にあって、一人の知恵ある人が国家にどれほど大きな奉仕をなしうるかは、私たちには想像すらできない。
ここに、一。貧しい人々が互いにどれほど冷酷であるかが見られる。互いにできる善行をなすばかりか、互いに欺き、出し抜く。貧困の惨めさを経験で知る者は同じ苦しみにあう者に同情すべきであるのに、彼らに損害を与えるなら、言い訳のつかない野蛮さである。二。欠乏し窮乏している者が権力を握ると、通例どれほど横柄で強欲になるか。君が貧しい者を取り立てれば、彼はかつて貧しかったことを忘れ、貧しい者を彼ほど虐げ、残酷に搾りする者はいない。飢えた蛭と乾いた海綿が最も多く吸い取る。物乞いを馬に乗せれば、彼は容赦なく乗り回すであろう。彼は地中の穀物を洗い流し、成長した穀物を打ち倒して実を落とし、食物を残さない大あらしのようである。それゆえ君たちは、貧しく、借財を負い、世に遅れをとった者や、自分を富ませることを主たる仕事とする者を、信頼すべき地位につけてはならない。
ここで、一。悪者をほめる者は、自ら律法を捨て、それに背いていることを現す。律法は悪者をのろい、罪に定めるからである。悪者は互いに褒め称え、互いの手を悪の道において強め、それによって自分の良心の声を静め、悪魔の国の利益に仕えようとする。それは悪徳を名誉あるものに保つことほど効果的にはなし得ない。二。神の律法を本当に良心として守る者は、その持ち場で力強く罪に反対し、それに対する証しを立て、罪を恥じ入れ、これを鎮圧するためにできることをするであろう。彼らは暗やみのわざを責め、それらのわざのためになされる言い訳を封じ、重い犯罪者を罰に引き渡して、他の者が聞いて恐れるように努めるであろう。
ここで、一、人の欲情の優越がその理解の暗さに帰せられるように、その理解の暗さは欲情の支配に大きく帰せられる。人はさばきを悟らず、真偽、是非の区別がつかない。神の律法を、義務の規準としても運命の規準としても悟らない。そして一、それゆえ彼らは悪い人である。その悪行は無知と迷いの結果である(エペソ4:18)。二、それゆえ彼らはさばきを悟らない。彼らは悪い人だからである。その堕落は目を盲目にし、偏見で満たし、悪を行うゆえに光を憎む。神が彼らを強い迷いに引き渡されるのも正しいことである。
二、人が主を求めることは、その人が多くを悟っている良いしるしであると同時に、さらに悟るための良い手段でもある。必要なすべてのことを悟るための手段である。神の栄光を目的として、その恵みを幸福として、そのみことばを規準として自分の前に置き、すべての機会に祈によって神に近づく者、すなわち主を求める者には、神は知恵の霊を与えられる。人がみこころを行うなら、その教えを知るであろう(ヨハネ7:17)。その戒めを行う者には良い理解力があり、さらに良い理解力を持つようになる(詩111:10、コリント第一2:12,15)。
ここに、一。人が正しく歩みながらも、この世では貧しいことがありうる。貧困は不正直への誘惑であるのに、なおその誘惑に抗して正しく歩み続けることができる。また、人が道の曲がった者、すなわち神にも人にも損害を与える者でありながら富み、しばらくは世で栄えることがありうる。富んで大きな義務を負い、善を行う大きな機会を持ちながら、なお道の曲がった者であって多くの害をなすことがありうる。二。盲目の世には逆説的な真理として、正直で信心ある貧しい人は、悪で不敬虔な富める人よりも勝っている、ということ主張される。より良い品性を持ち、より良い状態にあり、内により多くの慰めを持ち、世への祝福としてより大いなるものであり、はるかに大きな誉れと尊敬とに価する。その人の状態が死後により良いことは確かであるだけでなく、生前においてもより良いのである。アリステイデスが富める者から貧困によって非難されたとき、彼は答えた。*『お前の富はお前を害するが、私の貧困は私を害しない』*と。
ここで、一。宗教は真の知恵であり、あらゆる関係において人を知恵ある者とする。良心的に律法を守る者は知恵ある者であり、とりわけ知恵ある子となる。すなわち両親に対して分別深く振る舞う。神の律法がそのように教えるからである。二。悪い仲間は宗教の大きな妨げである。放蕩者の仲間、すなわち彼らを仲間として選び、その交わりを喜ぶ者は、確かに神の律法を守ることから引き離され、それに背くように引き入れられる(詩119:115)。三。悪は罪人自身への非難であるだけでなく、縁者のすべてへの非難である。放蕩仲間と付き合い、彼らと時間と金を費やす者は、両親を悲しめるだけでなく、恥じ入らせる。両親が彼に対して義務を果たさなかったかのように、彼らの不名誉となる。自分の子が不品行で近隣を悩ませるなら、彼らは恥じるのである。
ここで、一。不正に得たものは、いくら増えても長くは続かない。人は利息と搾取、詐欺と貧しい者への虐げによって、わずかな時に大きな財産を作り上げるかもしれないが、それは続かない。自分のために集めるが、結局は自分の好意を持たない他者のために集めたことになるであろう。その財産は衰え、別の者の財産がその廃墟から起こるであろう。二。ときとして神は摂理のうちに、ある者が不正に得たものを別の者が慈善的に用いるように計られる。それは不思議にも貧しい者をあわれみ、それで善を行う者の手に転じ、欺きと暴力によってそれを得た者がその上にもたらしたのろいの連鎖を断ち切る。かくして同じ摂理が、残酷な者を罰してこれ以上の害を及ぼす力を奪い、慈悲深い者に報いて、さらに多くの善を行う力を与える。十ミナを持つ者に、悪い仆が手ぬぐいに包んで隠した一ミナを与えよ。持っている者がそれを良く用いるなら、さらに与えられるからである(ルカ19:24)。かくして貧しい者は報いられ、慈悲深い者は励まされ、神は栄えられる。
ここで、一。神との交わりは、みことばと祈りによって保たれる。神はその律法によって私たちに語り、私たちが聞き、注意することを期待される。私たちは祈りによって神に語り、平和の答えを待つ。栄光の主から聞き、主に語る時、私たちはどれほど畏れ多く、真剣であるべきであろうか。二。もし神のことばが私たちによって重んじられないなら、私たちの祈りは神に受け入れられないだけでなく、神にとって忌み嫌われるものとなる。儀式的な制定である供え物だけでなく、道徳的な義務である祈りでさえもそうである。祈りは正しい者から捧げられるとき、神の大きな喜びであるのに(イザヤ1:11,15参照)。神がその祈りに怒られる罪人は、神の戒めに従うことを頑固に拒む者である。聞くことすらせず、耳を律法から背け、神が呼ばれるときに拒む者である。それゆえ神は、彼が呼ぶときに正当に彼を拒まれる(箴言1:24,28参照)。
ここに、一。誘惑者の運命。良い人、あるいはそのように告白する者を罪と害とに引き入れようとする者、正しい者を悪い道に迷わせることを誇りとし、彼らをわなに引き入れてあざけろうとする者である。彼らは目的を達し得ない。選民を惑わすことは不可能である。しかし彼らは自分たちの穴にみずから落ちる。罪人であるだけでなく誘惑者であり、不正であるだけでなく正しい者の敵であるだけに、その罪定めはさらに重い(マタイ23:14,15)。二。誠実な者の幸福。彼らは悪者が彼らを誘い込もうとする悪の道から守られるだけでなく、最上のもの、すなわち神の霊の恵みと慰めを所有する。後に受け継ぐもののほかにも。
ここで、一。富む者は自分を知恵ある者と思い込みがちである。ほかに何を知らなくても、金を得て貯める方法を知っているからである。そして富を誇る者は、自分の言うことすべてが神託のように、律法のように取り扱われることを期待し、だれも反論できないと思い、すべての束が自分の束に頭を下げることを求める。この気質は、イゼベルの預言者のように彼らの食卓で養われている阿諛追従者たちによって助長される。彼らはその知恵を褒め称える。二。貧しい者はしばしば自分たちが彼らよりも知恵があることを証明する。貧しい者が、ほかに方法(富める者のように)がないため、知恵を得るために苦労してきた者は、彼を調べ尽くし、彼が世間で思われているような学者でも政治家でもないことを明らかにする。神がその賜物を様々に分け与えられることを見よ。ある者には富を、ある者には知恵を与えられる。これらのうちどちらがより良い賜物であり、私たちがさらに切に求めるべきものかは容易に言える。
ここで、一。神の民の慰めは、彼らが住む国の誉れである。正しい者が喜ぶとき、すなわち彼らが自由を持ち、宗教の自由な実践を許され、迫害されず、政府が彼らを後押しし、優しい言葉をかけ、彼らが繁栄して富み、さらに取り立てられ、用いられ、権力を手にするとき、その地には大いなる栄光が宿る。二。悪者の昇進は国の美しさを曇らせる。悪者がのし上がり、勢力を得ると、彼らはすべての聖なるものに向かって攻め立ち、そのとき人は隠れる。良い人は暗やみに追いやられ、自分の安全のために身を隠さざるを得なくなる。堕落が一般に広がり、エリヤの時代のように、良い人がもはやだれも残っていないように見え、悪者が四方から厚く歩き回る。
ここに、一。罪を大目に見、言い訳し、否定し、軽くし、偽装し、責任を他人に転嫁する愚かさ。このように自分の罪を隠す者は繁栄しない。決して期待してはならない。彼は罪を隠そうとする努力において成功しない。それは遅かれ早かれ発見されるからである。隠されたもので現わされないものはない。空の鳥が声を運ぶ。殺人は発覚し、他の罪も同様である。彼は繁栄しない。すなわち罪の赦しを得ず、真の平安な良心を持てない。ダビデは自分の罪を隠していた間、絶えず心の動揺にあったことを認めている(詩32:3,4)。病人が病気を隠す間は、治癒を期待できない。二。罪と別れる益。悔い改めの告白と全面的な改革の両方によって。罪の責めを神に告白し、再び罪に戻らないように注意する者は、神にあわれみを見出し、自分の胸のうちにその慰めを持つ。良心は安らぎ、滅びは防がれる(ヨハネ第一1:9、エレミヤ3:12,13参照)。私たちが罪を自分の顔の前に置くとき(ダビデのように私の罪は常に私の前にあります)、神はそれを御背後に投げ捨てられる。
ここに、一。聖なる慎重さの益。奇妙に聞こえるが、非常に真実である。常に恐れる人はさいわいである。多くの人は、決して恐れない者がさいわいであると思う。しかし、ある種の恐れは、苦痛を含むどころか、最大の満足をそのうちに持っている。常に心に神のご栄光、その善さ、その支配に対する聖なる畏敬と恐れを保つ者、常に神を怒らせ、その不興を買うことを恐れる者、良心を敏感に保ち、悪に見えるものを恐れる者、常に自分を疑い、自分の十分さを信ぜず、悩みと変化を予期して生きる者――それらが来ても驚かない。このような恐れを保つ者は信仰と目を覚ましている生活を送り、それゆえさいわいであり、祝福され、聖である。二。罪的な思い上がりの危険。心をかたくなにする者、すなわち恐れをあざけり、神とその裁きを無視し、そのみことばやむちの印象を受け入れない者は、災に陥る。その思い上がりがその滅びであり、彼が陥るどんな罪(それは最大の災であるが)も、心のかたくなさに帰せられる。
確かに、あなたの民の支配者を悪く言ってはならないと書かれている。しかし彼が悪い支配者であり、民、とりわけ貧しい民を虐げ、彼らのわずかなものを奪い、彼らを餌食とするなら、私たちが彼を何と呼ぼうとも、この聖句は彼をほえる獅子や飢えた熊と呼ぶ。一。その品性に関して。彼は野獣的で、野蛮で、血に飢えている。彼は獲物をあさる獣、最も野性で残忍な獣の中に数えられるべきで、理性と人間性を栄光とする高貴な存在の位に数えられるべきではない。二。その国民に対する害に関して。彼は森を震わせるほえる獅子のように恐ろしく、飢えた熊のように人を食い尽くす。そして彼がいかに窮乏しているか、それだけ彼は害をなし、利得に対して貪欲になる。
ここに、君たちの悪政の二つの原因が示される。一。金銭を愛すること、すなわちすべての悪の根。貪欲を憎むことがここではしえたげと対比されている。モーセの良い官の品性、すなわち神を恐れ、貪欲を憎む人々(出エジプト18:21)に従うものである。貪欲でないだけでなく、それを憎み、賄賂を取る手から揺り払う。貪欲な支配者は正義を行わず、慈悲を愛さない。その下の民は売買される。二。思慮の欠如。貸欲を憎む者はその支配と平和を長らえさせ、民の愛情と神の祝福においてさいわいである。義をもって治めることは、君たちの義務であると同じて利益でもある。それゆえ圧制者と暴君は世で最大の愚か者である。彼らは悟りを持たない。自分の誉れ、安息、安全を顧みず、すべてを絶対的で恣意的な権力への野心に捧げる。彼らは臣民の首や財産よりも、臣民の心の中にいる方がはるかに幸福であり得たのに。
これは古い律法、だれでも人の血を流す者は、人によってその血を流される(創世記9:6)と一致し、次のことを宣言する。一。血を流す者の運命。殺人を犯した者は、命からがら逃げても、絶えず恐怖に追われ、自ら穴に逃げ込み、自らを裏切り、自らを苦しめる。カインのように、彼が弟を殺したとき、逃亡者と放浪者となり、絶えず震えた。二。血の復讐者の義務。官であれ、近親者であれ、血について尋問する関係者であれ、彼らは密接に、力強く追及し、それを買い取られてはならない。殺人者を無罪とする者、あるいは彼を助けるために何かをする者は、血の罪の共犯者となる。そして彼を流した者の血によらなければ、地は血から清められない(民数35:33)。
ここで、一。正直な者は常に安全である。誠実に振る舞い、心に思うことを語り、すべてにおいて神の栄光と兄弟の善に単一の目を持つ者、不義なことを知っていながら、どんな代償を払ってもしない者、あらゆる振る舞いにおいて正しく歩む者は、後に救われる。その口には偽りが見出されなかった栄光ある群れがいる(黙示14:5)。彼らは今も安全である。誠実と正しさは人を守り、最悪の時にも聖なる安全を与える。それが彼らの慰め、評判、すべての利益を守るからである。彼らは傷つけられても、損なわれない。二。偽りで不正直な者は決して安全ではない。道の曲がった者、すなわち詐欺的な慣行、偽装と裏切り、あるいは不正に得た財産によって自分を守ろうとする者は、倒れる。いや、一度に倒れる。徐々に、警告を与えられながらではなく、突然、予告なしに。最も安全だと思っているときに最も安全でないからである。彼は一度に倒れ、それゆえ滅びを防ぐ時間も、それに備える時間もない。そして突然であるだけに、彼にとってはさらに大きな恐怖となる。
ここで、一。自分の召しにおいて勤勉な者は、快適に生きる道を歩む。自分の地を耕し、店を世話し、自分の仕事――それが何であれ――に心を留める者は、パンを豊かに持つ。自分自身と家族のために必要なものを持ち、貧しい者に慈善を行うことができる。彼は自分の手の労働を食べる。二。怠け者、不注意な者、付き合い好きの者は、(自分では)楽に楽しく生きていると思っても、惨めに生きる道を歩む。地を持ってそれを誇りとしながら耕さず、空虚な者に従い、彼らと飲み、彼らの浮かれ騒ぎや空虚なスポーツに加わり、彼らと時間を無駄に過ごす者は、貧困に飽きる。貧困で満たされ、満ちる(へブル語はそうである)。彼はそれほど直接に貧困に至る道を選ぶので、貧困を求めているように見え、それを満腹するまで味わう。
ここに、一。幸福になる真の道が示される。それは聖く正直であることである。神と人に忠実な者は主から祝福され、上の泉、下の泉の祝福を豊かに得る。人は彼を褒め、彼のために祈り、いつでも親切を行う用意をする。彼は善を行うことに豊かになり、彼自身が住む場所の祝福となる。有用性が忠実さの報酬であり、それは良い報酬である。二。幸福への偽りで欺きの道について警告される。それは是非に関わらず、急いで財産を作ることである。これが祝福を豊かに得る道だと思ってはならない。急いで富もうとする者――急ぐことが良い速さを上回る者――は罰を免れない。もしそうでなければ、神から祝福されず、かえって自分の持つものにのろいをもたらす。また、罰を免れないなら、長く自分で安心してはいられない。隣人からも無罪と認められず、悪意と悪口を持たれる。彼は無罪ではあり得ないとは言わない。しかし世の中では彼がそうであることが証明されない可能性が圧倒的である。足の速い者は罪を犯す、つまずき、倒れる。Sed quæ reverentia legum, quis metus, aut pudor, est unquam properantis avari?(貪欲者が急いで富もうとするとき、法への畏敬、恐れ、恥など、かつて示されたことがあっただろうか)。
ここで、一。司法における根本的な誤りであり、必然的に多くの罪に導くものは、訴訟の功績よりも関係する当事者を考慮することである。ある者を、紳士であるから、学者であるから、同胞であるから、旧知の友人であるから、以前に親切をしてくれた、あるいはしてくれるかもしれないから、私の党派や信条であるからという理由でひいきし、もう一方の当事者を、見知らぬ人であるから、貧しい人であるから、損害を与えたから、私のライバルであるかあったから、私と意見が合わないから、私に反対票を投じたからという理由で冷たく扱うことである。純粋な正義以外の何かが尺度に持ち込まれるなら、裁きは曲げられる。二。偏る者は卑しくなる。一度公平の絆を破った者は、最初は何か大きな賄賂、気前のよい贈り物でなければ偏らされなかったであろうが、良心が堕落すると、ついにはパン一切のために良心に反して裁きを下すほど卑しくなる。彼らは小さな賭けにも参加する方が、座して見過ごすよりましだと思う。
ここでもソロモンは、富もうとする者の罪と愚かさを示す。彼らは是非の是非に関わらず(per fas, per nefas)、富もうと決心し、全速力でそうしようとする。彼らは急いで財産を得ている。一。彼らはそれに慰めを持たない。彼らは悪い目を持つ。すなわち自分より多く持つ者に常に心を痛め、必要な出費を常に惜しむ。前者が自分を富んでいるように見せないようにし、後者がそうならないようにすると思い、両者の間で絶えず不快である。二。彼らはその継続の確信を持たず、しかもその喪失に備える考えも持たない。貧しさが彼らの上に来る。彼らが飛びつくために翼を作った富は、彼らから飛び去るために自ら翼を作る。しかし彼らは安全で思慮がなく、これを考えない。急いで富もうとしている間に、実は急いで貧しくなろうとしていることを。さもなければ不確かな富に頼ることはなかったであろう。
ここで、一。へつらう者は、しばらくは喜ばせるかもしれないが、反省すれば憎み、軽蔑する者を喜ばせる。彼らがへつられていた罪の道の悪に気づき、そのへつらいによって助長された高慢と虚栄を恥じるようになれば、悪意の企みを持っていたとしてへつらう者を憎み、悪い効果を持っていたとしてへつらいそのものを嫌悪するようになる。二。責める者は、最初は怒らせるかもしれないが、後になって感情が収まり、苦い薬がよく効き始めると、愛し、尊敬するようになる。友人に忠実に接し、その欠点を告げる者は、当面は彼を怒らせ、感謝の代わりに厳しい言葉を受けるかもしれないが、後には自分の義務を果たしたという胸の慰めを持つだけでなく、責められた者もそれが親切であったことを認め、その知恵と忠実さについて高い評価を抱き、友人としてふさわしい者とみなす。傷口を探るときに医者を怒鳴りつける者も、傷が癒えれば、よく報酬を払い、感謝するであろう。
キリストが、ある場合には両親を養う義務ではないと考える子どもの不条理と悪しさを示されたように(マタイ15:5)、ソロモンはここで、力ずくであれ密かにあれ、両親を甘く言いくるめたり脅したりして奪うこと、あるいは彼らの持つものを浪費し、(奪うのに等しい)借財をして彼らに支払いを残すことが罪ではないと考える者の不条理と悪しさを示す。さて一。これは不届きな子どもによって通常軽く見られる。彼らは言う。『それは罪ではない』と。やがて自分たちのものになるのだから、両親はそれを十分に惜しみなく分け与えられる、自分たちには必要だ、両親のくれる暮らし向きでは紳士のように生きられない、きつすぎると。このような言い訳で彼らは有罪の確信を逃れようとする。しかし二。不届きな青年がそれをどれほど軽く見ようとも、それは実際には非常に大きな罪である。それをする者は滅ぼす者の仲間*であり、街道の強盗と変わらない。自分の両親を奪う者は、どんな悪を行うのをためらうであろうか。
ここで、一。高慢で争い好きな者は自分をやせ細らせ、絶えず不安にする。肥え太る者と対比される。高ぶる心のある者、すなわち自分を過大評価し、周囲のすべてを軽蔑して見る者、競争にも反対にも耐えられない者は、争いを起こし、自分自身と他のすべての人に迷惑と攪乱をもたらす。二。神とその恵みに絶えず依存して生きる者は、自分を肥え太らせ、常に安らかである。主に信頼する者、すなわち自分のために戦う代わりに、自分の訴えを神に委ねる者は、肥え太る。彼は他の者が高慢と争いに費やす金銭を節約し、自分自身を楽しみ、自分の神において豊かな満足を持つ。かくしてそのたましいは安息し、最も多く外的な良いものを持つ可能性が高い。信仰によって生きる者ほど、容易に、楽しく生きる者はない。
ここに、一。愚か者の品性。自分の心に頼む者、すなわち自分の知恵と助言、自分の力と十分さ、自分の功績と義、自分に対する良い評価に頼む者。それをする者は愚か者である。すべてに偽る(エレミヤ17:9)だけでなく、しばしば自分を欺いてきたものに頼むからである。これは賢い者の品性(前述、箴言28:25)が主に信頼し、その力と約束に頼り、その導きに従うことであることを意味する(箴言3:5,6)。二。賢い者の慰め。賢く歩む者、すなわち自分の心に頼まず、へりくだって自己疑念を持ち、主なる神の力において進む者は、救われる。自分の心に信頼する愚か者が滅ぼされるときに。
ここに、一。慈悲深い者への約束。貧しい者に与える者は、そうすることで決して貧しくならない。彼は欠けることがない。もしわずかしか持ち、欠ける危険にあるなら、そのわずかから与えよ。それはそれが無に帰するのを防ぐ。サレプタのやもめがエリヤのために(まず小さな菓子を作った)その寛大さが、一握りの粉に減じたとき、彼女の持っていたものを救ったように。もし多く持つなら、その多くから多くを与えよ。それは減るのを防ぐ。彼とその者は、敬虔な慈善として与えたものを欠かない。私たちが与えたものは、私たちが持つものである。二。無慈悲な者への脅し。目を隠す者、すなわち貧しい者の惨めさを見ないように、彼らの嘆願を読まないようにする者。自分の目が心に影響し、何らかの救済を強い引き出すのを恐れて。彼は神と人の両方から多くののろいを受ける。どちらも理由がないわけではない。それゆえそれらは来る。神のことばと貧しい者の祈りが自分に反对している者の状態は悲惨なものである。
これは箴言28:12で見たのと同じ趣旨である。一。悪者が取り立てられると、良いものは曇らされ、踏みにじられる。悪者に権力が渡されると、人は身を隠す。知恵ある者は私生活に退き、公務を避ける。彼らの下で雇われることを好まないからである。富める者は、自分の持つものを搾り取られるのを恐れて道を避ける。そして最も悪いことに、良い人は身を隠し、善を行う望みを失い、迫害され、虐待されるのを恐れる。二。悪者が恥をかき、格下げされ、その権力を奪われると、良いものが再び生き返り、そのとき正しい者が増し加わる。彼らが滅びると、良い人がその場に置かれ、その模範と影響力によって宗教と義を助長する。良人の数が増えるとき、その地は良き状態にある。それゆえすべての君、国家、権力者は、彼らを奨励し、若者の良い教育に特別の配慮を払うことが方策である。