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The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem.

The words. — Golden words, weighty, and worthy of all acceptation; grave and gracious apophthegms, or rather oracles, meet to be well remembered. Solomon’s sapiential sermon of the sovereign good, and how to attain to it; Solomon’s soliloquy, as some style it; others, his sacred retractations; others, his ethics, or tractate de summo bono, Serranus. of the chiefest good, compiled and composed with such a picked frame of words, with such pithy strength of sentences, with such a thick series of demonstrative arguments, that the sharp wit of all the philosophers, compared with this divine discourse, seems to be utterly cold, and of small account; their elaborate treatises of happiness to be learned dotages, and laborious loss of time. Tο του χρονου παραναλωμα . - Arist. How many different opinions there were among them concerning the chief good in Solomon’s days is uncertain. Various of them he confuteth in this book, and that from his own experience, the best school dame. Experientia optima magistra. But Varro, the most learned of the Romans, reckoneth up two hundred and eighty in his time; and no wonder, considering man’s natural blindness, not unlike that of the Syrians at Dothan, or that of the Sodomites at Lot’s door. Aug., De Civ. Dei, lib. xviii. What is an eye without the optic spirit but a dead member? and what is all human wisdom without divine illumination but wickedness of folly, yea, foolishness of madness? as our preacher, not without good cause, calleth it. "A spirit there is in man," saith Elihu - viz., the light of reason; and thus far the animal man goes, and there he makes a halt; Ecclesiastes 7:15 he cannot transcend his orb - but "the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding." Job 32:8 God had given Solomon wisdom above any man; Abulensis saith above Adam in his innocence, which I believe not. He was παιδαριογερων - as Macarius was called - a man at twelve years old. Niceph. His father, had taught him; Proverbs 4:3-4 his mother had lessoned him; Proverbs 31:1 the prophet Nathan had had the breeding of him. But besides, as he was Jedidiah, loved of God, so he was θεοδιδακτος , taught of God. And being now, when he penned this penitential sermon, grown an old man, he had experimented all this that he here affirmeth; so that he might better begin his speech to his scholars than once Augustus Caesar did to his soldiers, Audite senem iuvenes, quem iuvenem senes audierunt, Young men, hearken to me, an old man, whom old men hearkened unto when I was yet but young. "Have not I written for you excellent things in counsel and knowledge?" Proverbs 22:20 Or, have I not written three books for thee - so some read those words - proverbial, penitential, nuptial? See the note there.

“Nescis temerarie, nescis

Quem fugias, ideoque fugis.” - Ovid. Metam.

Surely, "if thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that speaketh unto thee," John 4:10 thou wouldst "incline thine ear and hear," Isaiah 55:3 thou wouldst listen as for life itself. Knowest thou not that I am a preacher, a prince, son of David, king in Jerusalem, and so do come multis nominibus tibi commendatissimus, much commended to thee in many respects? But "need I, as some others, epistles of commendation" 2 Corinthians 3:1 to my readers, or letters of commendation from them? Is it not sufficient to know that this book of mine, both for matter and words, is the very work of the Holy Ghost speaking in me, and writing by me? Regis epistolis acceptis, quo calamo scriptae sint, ridiculum est quaerere. - Greg. For "prophecy comes not by the will of man, but holy men of God speak it as they are moved by the Holy Ghost." 2 Peter 1:21 And albeit this be proof good enough of my true, though late, repentance, whereof some have doubted, some denied it. Bellarminus Solomonem inter reprobos numerat. Yet take another.

Of the Preacher. — Or, Of a preaching soul (for the Hebrew word koheleth, is of the feminine gender, and hath nephesh, soul, understood), or of a person reunited and reconciled to the church, Anima congregata, et cum ecclesia se colligens. - Cartwright. and in token of reconciliation to God, readmitted by him to this office in his Church; like as Christ sealed up his love to Peter, after his shameful fall, by bidding him "feed his lambs"; and to the rest of the apostles that had basely forsaken him, by saying to them, after his resurrection, "Peace be unto you: as my Father hath sent me, even so send I you. Receive ye the Holy Ghost." John 20:21-22 See the like mercy showed to St Paul. 1 Timothy 1:12 Howbeit, some learned men here observe, that it is no new thing in the Hebrew tongue to put feminine names upon men, as Ezra is called Sophereth, descriptrix, a she scribe, in the very same form as Solomon is here called Koheleth, a preacheress; and the gospel preachers, Mebaseroth , Psalms 68:11 Isaiah 52:7 either to set forth the excellence and elegance of the business, or else to teach ministers to keep themselves pure as virgins; whence they are also called Wisdom’s maids; Proverbs 9:3 and Christ’s paranymphs; John 3:29 to "present the church as a chaste virgin to Christ." 2 Corinthians 11:2

The son of David. — So Christ also is said to be, Matthew 1:1 as if David had been his immediate father. "The glory of children are their fathers," Proverbs 17:6 to wit, if they be godly and pious. The Jews made great boasts that they were "the seed of Abraham"; Matthew 3:9 John 8:33 and that wretch, Elymas the sorcerer, had surnamed himself Barjesus, Acts 13:6 or the son of Jesus, as if he had been of nearest alliance to our Saviour, of whom "the whole family of heaven and earth is named." Ephesians 3:15 What an honour is it now accounted to be of the posterity of Latimer, Bradford, Ridley, …! How much more of David, that man of renown, the father of our princely Preacher, who himself took also not scorn to teach and do the office of a preacher, Psalms 32:9 ; Psalms 34:11 though he were the governor of God’s people, Psalms 78:71 and head of many heathen! Psalms 18:43 The like may be said of Joseph of Arimathea, who of a counsellor of state became a Preacher of the gospel. So did Chrysostom, a noble Antiochian; Ambrose, lieutenant and consul of Milan; George, prince of Anhalt; Earl Martinengus; John a Lasco, a noble Polonian; and various others of like quality and condition. The Psalmist Psalms 138:4-5 ; Psalms 119:72 shows by prophesying, that they that have tasted the joys of a crown shall leave the throne and palace to sing with the saints, and to publish the excelling glory of God and godliness.

King in Jerusalem. — And of Jerusalem. The Pope will allow the Duke of Milan to be king in Tuscany, but not King of Tuscany: Spec. Europ. Solomon was both Proverbs 1:1 See Trapp on " Proverbs 1:1 " Hither came the Queen of Sheba from the utmost parts of the earth to hear him: here he wrote his excellent book, these "words of delight," which he had learned from that one Shepherd, the Lord Christ, Ecclesiastes 12:10-11 and hath left them faithfully set down for the use of the Church; so honouring learning with his own labours, - as Sylverius said of Caesar. Here, lastly, it was that he sovereigned over God’s own peculiar, the people of his purchase, Israel, God’s firstborn, and in that respect "higher than the kings of the earth." Psalms 89:27 So that if Maximilian, the Emperor of Germany, could say, Rex hominum Hispanus, asinorum Gallus, regum ego Joh. Manlius. the Spaniard is king of men, the French is king of asses, and I am King of kings; how much better might Solomon have said so!

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Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all [is] vanity.

Vanity of vanities. — Or, Most vain vanity: therefore, no happiness here to be had but in the reverential fear of God, Ecclesiastes 12:13 and this is the sum of the whole sermon, the result of the discourse, the impartial verdict brought in by one that could best tell; and he tells it over and over, that men might the sooner believe him, without putting themselves to the fruitless pains of trying any further conclusions. Sin hath hurled confusion over the world, and brought a vanity on the creature. This our first parents found, and therefore named their second son Abel, or vanity. David comes after and confirms it, Psalms 144:4 "Adam is as Abel," Adam is Abel’s mate. or, "Man is like to vanity." There is an allusion in the original to their two names: yea, all-Adam is all-Abel, Omnis Adam est totus Abel. when he is best underlaid - so the Hebrew hath it Nitsub, fundatus, constitutus. - "Every man at his best estate," when he is settled upon his best bottom, "is altogether vanity: surely, Selah." It is so, it is so; you may seal to it. Psalms 39:5 But who, alas! hath believed our report? These outward things are so near to us, and so natural to us, that although we can say, nay swear, with the Preacher, "Vanity of vanities," a heap, a nest of vanities, - It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer, yet, when gone apart, we close with them; albeit, we know they are naught and will come to naught. 1 Corinthians 2:6 Neither will it ever be otherwise with us, till, with Fulgentius, we have found, after much trial, the vanity of all earthly triumph; Fulgentius triumphos Romanos ludosve cum spectarit appellavit vanitatem. till, with Gilimer, King of Vandals, led in triumph by Belisarius, we cry out, as here, "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity"; Procop., lib. ii., de bello Vand. till, with Charles V, Emperor of Germany (whom of all men the world judged most happy), we cry out with detestation to all our honours, pleasures, trophies, riches, Philip. Morn. Abite hinc, abite longe, Get you hence, let me hear no more of you.

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What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun?

What profit hath a man? — What durable profit? Quid residui? what excess? what more than will serve to satisfy back and belly? Our life is called, "the life of our hands," Isaiah 57:10 because it is maintained by the labour of our hands. Si ventri bene, si lateri, as he in Horace saith, If the belly may be filled, the back fitted, that’s all that can here be had, and that most men care to have; which if they have (some have but prisoners’ pittance, so much as will keep life and soul together), yet quid amplius? as the Vulgate renders this text, what have they more to pay them for their pains? Surely, when all the account is subducted, such a labouring man’s happiness resolved into its final issue and conclusion, there resteth nothing but ciphers. This should make us more moderate in our desires and endeavours after earthly things, since we do but "labour in the very fire, and weary ourselves for very vanity." Hebrews 2:13 They that seek after the philosopher’s stone, they must use so much gold, and spend so much gold, and then they can turn as much into gold by it as they have spent in making of it; and so they have their labour for their pains. Quid emolumenti? What profit hath a man? Do we not see many take a great deal of pains to go to hell? whereinto at length they are turned as a sumpter horse is at night, after all his hard travail, with his back full of galls and bruises.

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[One] generation passeth away, and [another] generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever.

One generation passeth away, … — Therefore, no happiness here, because no assurance of life or long continuance: -

“ Omnia sunt hominum tenui pendentia filo:

Et subito casu, quae valuere ruunt. ”

Xerxes, looking upon his huge army, wept to think that, within less than a hundred years, not one of those many should be left alive. Mortality is the stage of mutability; mere man is but the dream of a dream, but the generation of a fancy, but an empty vanity, but the curious picture of nothing, a poor feeble, unable, dying flash. How then can he here work out unto himself a happiness worth having? Why should he lay up and "load himself with thick clay," Habakkuk 2:6 as if his life were riveted upon eternity?

But the earth endureth for ever. — As a stage, whereon the several generations act their parts and go off; as the centre of the world and seat of living creatures, it stands firm and unmovable. That was an odd conceit of Plato’s that the earth was a kind of living creature, having stones for bones, rivers for veins, trees for hairs, … And that was worse of Aristotle, teaching the world’s eternity; which some smatterers in philosophy fondly strive to maintain out of this text, not rightly understanding the force of the Hebrew phrase for ever, which ofttimes, and here, signifies a periodical perpetuity, a long indefinite time, not an infinite. see 2 Peter 1:3 ; 2 Peter 1:10 The whole engine shall be changed. By ever then is meant, till the end of all things.

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The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.

The sun also ariseth. — That sweet and swift creature (the Persians deified it); so sweet that Eudoxus professed himself willing to be burnt up by the sun presently, so he might be admitted to come so near it as to learn the nature of it; Plutarch. so swift that the Persians dedicated a horse to their god the sun, as the swiftest on earth to the swiftest in heaven. ωσπερ το ταχιστον, τω ταχυτατω θεων . - Paus. He courseth about the world with incredible speed, and "rejoiceth as a giant to run a race." Psalms 19:5 He exceedeth the eagle’s flight more than it goes beyond the slow motion of a snail. Whether it run nearer the earth now by 9976 German miles than it did in Ptolemy’s days, as some mathematicians affirm, I know not; but that, being of a fiery nature, it should, contrary to the nature of fire (which is to fly upward), send down its beams, its heat, light, and influence, this I admire, with Chrysostom, Hom. 8 Ad. Pop. Antioch. as a gracious work of God, in making this great servant of the world - as his name in Hebrew שׁîשׁ . signifies - so sweetly serviceable.

And hasteth to the place. — Heb., Panteth, as if tired, and even breathless, A figurative speech, like that in Daniel 9:21 , where the angel Gabriel is said to "fly swiftly," or with weariness of flight, to inform Daniel. For use hereof, hear the poet: -

“The sun doth set and rise,

But we contrariwise,

Sleep after one short light,

An everlasting night.” Soles occidere et redire possuat,

Nobiscum semel! occidit brevis lux,

Nox est perpetua una dormienda. - Catull

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The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits.

The wind goeth toward the south, … — It is a little very small thing at first, a vapour rising out of the earth; but, by circuiting and whirling about, it gathers strength - now rushing toward the south, and anon toward the north, …; the original is very lively in expressing the manner of it. Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt, … Virg., Aeneid. The restlessness of these insensible creatures, and diligence in doing their duties, as it taxeth our dulness and disaffection, so it reminds us of the instability of our states, and that we should seek and set up our rest in God alone. All earthly things are to the soul but as the air to the stone, - can give it no stay till it come to God the centre.

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All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea [is] not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.

All the rivers run into the sea. — And the nearer they come to the sea, the sooner they are met by the tide; sent out, as it were, to take their tribute due to the sea, that seat and source of waters. Surely as the rivers lead a man to the sea, so do all these creatures carry him to God by their circular motion. A circle, we say, is the most perfect figure, because it begins and ends; the points do meet together; the last point meets in the first from whence it came; so shall we never come to perfection or satisfaction till our souls come to God, till he make the circle meet. A wise philosopher could say, that man is the end of all things in a semicircle; that is, all things in the world are made for him, and he is made for God, to whom he must therefore hasten.

Unto the place from whence the rivers come. — Sc., From the sea, through the pores and passages of the earth, where they leave their saltness. This is Solomon’s opinion, as it was likewise the opinion of the ancient philosophers, which yet Aristotle finds fault with, and assigns another cause of the perennity of rivers, of their beginning and origin - viz., that the air thickened in the earth by reason of cold, doth resolve and turn into water, … Hinc poetae fingunt Inachum fluvium ex Oceano genitum. This agrees not with that which Solomon here saith by the instinct of the Holy Ghost. And therefore Averroes is by no means to be hearkened unto in that excessive commendation he gives Aristotle - viz., that there was no error in his writings, that his doctrine was the chiefest truths, and that his understanding was the utmost that was by any one attainable; himself the rule and pattern that Nature invented to show her most perfect skill, … Alsted. Chronol., p. 460.

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All things [are] full of labour; man cannot utter [it]: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.

All things are full of labour. — Labor est etiam ipsa voluptas. Molestation and misery meet us at every turn. The whole world is a "sea of glass" (for its vanity), "mingled with fire" (for its vexation), -. Revelation 4:6 Vota etiam post usum, fastidio sunt: All things are sweeter in the ambition than in the fruition. There is a singular vanity in this splendid misery. One well compares it to a beautiful picture, drawn with white and red colours in sackcloth, which afar off is very lovely, but near by it is like the filthy matter of a sore or wound, purulent rottenness, or the back of a galled horse. No man ever yet found any constant contentation in any state; Chiron, cum ob iustitiam Dii permitterent ut perpetuo viveret, maluit mori, quod offenderetur taedio rerum semper eodem tenore recurrentium. yet may his outward appearance deceive others, and another’s him.

Man cannot utter it. — If Solomon cannot, no man can; for "what can the man do that cometh after the king?" Ecclesiastes 2:12

The eye is not satisfied with seeing. — Though these be the two ‘learned senses,’ as Aristotle calls them, whereby learning is let into the soul, yet no man knows so much but he would know more. Herillus, therefore, and those other philosophers that placed the happiness of a man in the knowledge of natural causes and events, were not in the right. There is a curse of dissatisfaction which lies upon the creature. The soul, that acts in and by the outward senses, flickers up and down, as Noah’s dove did, but finds no firm footing; sharks and shifts from one thing to another for contentment, as the bee doth from flower to flower for honey, and desires still more things in number, and new things for manner. Hence the particles in the Hebrew that signify and and or, come of a word that signifieth to desire, å and, à of àåä . because the desires of man would have this and that, and that and another; and doth also tire itself, not knowing whether to have this or that or that or the other, so restless it is, after utmost endeavours of plenary satisfaction, which this life affords not.

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