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1 Chronicles Capitolo 10
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Originale inglese
The design of Ezra, in these books of the Chronicles, was to preserve the records of the house of David, which, though much sunk and lessened in a common eye by the captivity, yet grew more and more illustrious in the eyes of those that lived by faith by the nearer approach of the Son of David. And therefore he repeats, not the history of Saul's reign, but only of his death, by which way was made for David to the throne. In this chapter we have, I. The fatal rout which the Philistines gave to Saul's army, and the fatal stroke which he gave himself, 1Ch 10:1-7. II. The Philistines' triumph therein, 1Ch 10:8-10. III. The respect which the men of Jabesh-Gilead showed the royal corpse, 1Ch 10:11,12. IV. The reason of Saul's rejection, 1Ch 10:13,14.
1-14
The Death of Saul (1400 BC)
简体中文
扫罗之死（主前1400年）
¹ 非利士人与以色列人争战；以色列人在非利士人面前逃跑，在基利波山被杀仆倒的甚多。 ² 非利士人紧追扫罗和他的儿子；非利士人杀了扫罗的儿子约拿单、亚比拿达、麦基舒亚。 ³ 扫罗被弓箭手追上，弓箭手射中了他，他受了重伤。 ⁴ 扫罗对拿兵器的人说：你拔出刀来，将我刺死，免得这些未受割礼的人来凌辱我。但拿兵器的人不肯，因为他甚惧怕。于是扫罗自己拔出刀来，伏在刀上。 ⁵ 拿兵器的人见扫罗已死，自己也伏在刀上，死了。 ⁶ 这样，扫罗和他的三个儿子，并他的全家都一同死亡。 ⁷ 住在山谷的以色列众人见以色列人逃跑，又见扫罗和他的儿子都死了，就弃城逃跑；非利士人便来住在其中。
这份关于扫罗之死的记述，与撒上31:1-13等处所记相同。我们不必重述其释义。只当观察：一、君王犯罪，百姓受苦。以色列人在非利士人面前逃跑，被杀仆倒（代上10:1），他们弃了自己的城，非利士人便来住在其中（代上10:7）——那时是以色列的坏日子。我们未见他们这时如从前士师时代、后来列王时代那样犯拜偶像的罪。撒母耳曾改革他们，他们也已被改革：然而他们仍如此被交于抢夺和抢劫之人。无疑他们中间有足够招致这审判的罪；但神圣公义所特别留意的，乃是扫罗的罪。当知：君王和大人物当特别防备惹动神的怒气；因为他们若点燃那火，不知有多少人会因他们的缘故被烧灭。二、父母犯罪，儿女受苦。当扫罗的罪孽满盈，他倾倒的日子来到（大卫早已预见，撒上26:10）时，他不仅亲自下到战场而灭亡，他的众子（除伊施波设外）也都与他一同灭亡，约拿单也在其中——那位恩慈慷慨的人；因为临到众人的事都是一样。 这样，父亲的罪孽便临到儿女身上，他们如同被定罪之父的一部分一样仆倒。当知：爱惜自己后裔的人，当离弃自己的罪，免得他们在自己的罪孽中不仅独自灭亡，更带同家族同遭毁灭，或在身后给他们留下咒诅。三、罪人犯罪，至终必自受其苦，虽然他们长久得着宽延；因为刑罚虽然不速速执行，至终必执行。扫罗正是如此；他倾倒的方式，在多方面与他所犯的罪相符。（一）他曾不止一次向大卫掷枪，未能掷中；如今弓箭手却射中了他，他被弓箭手所伤。（二）他曾吩咐多益杀耶和华的祭司；如今他在绝望中吩咐拿兵器的人*拔出刀来，将他刺死。（三）他曾违背神的命令，没有灭尽亚玛力人；如今拿兵器的人也违背他，不肯灭他。（四）他是杀害祭司的凶手，如今公义地被撇弃，成了自己的凶手；他剪除了祭司之城，他的家族也被剪除。请看哪，请说：耶和华是公义的。
⁸ 次日，非利士人来剥那被杀之人的衣服，看见扫罗和他的众子仆倒在基利波山， ⁹ 就剥了他的衣服，取了他的首级和军装，差人四围送到非利士地的各处，报告他们的偶像，又报告众民。 ¹⁰ 他们将扫罗的军装放在他们神的庙里，将他的首级钉在大衮庙中。 ¹¹ 雅比基列众人听见非利士人向扫罗所行的一切， ¹² 他们中间一切勇士就起身，取了扫罗和他众子的尸身，带到雅比，将他们的骨头葬在雅比的橡树下，禁食七日。 ¹³ 这样，扫罗因他所犯违背耶和华的罪而死；他没有遵守耶和华的命令，又因求问交鬼的妇人，向她寻问， ¹⁴ 又没有求问耶和华；所以耶和华使他被杀，把国归于耶西的儿子大卫。
此处：I. 从非利士人对扫罗尸体的夸胜，我们可以学得：一、人被升得越高，便越有跌入耻辱的危险。扫罗的尸体因他是王，比其他被杀的人受了更多的凌辱。高升使人成为恶毒的目标。二、我们若不把得胜的荣耀归给神，连非利士人也要起来审判我们、定我们的罪；因为当他们战胜扫罗之后，便把消息报告他们的偶像——可怜的偶像，几里之外所发生的事，他们一无所知，直到消息被送到他们那里；既送到，他们仍然一无所知！他们又把扫罗的军装放在他们神的庙里（代上10:10）。大衮可以在他们的得胜中得着如此尊荣的一份，真神永生神却在我们的得胜中被忘记吗？
II. 从雅比基列的人在抢救扫罗和他众子尸体一事上的得胜，我们学到：对死者的遗体——尤其已故君王的遗体——当有适当的尊敬。我们不必探问他们永远的结局；那要留给神：但我们当对待尸体如同记得它曾与不灭的灵魂联合，并且将来还要再联合的人。
III. 从神圣公义在扫罗灭亡中的夸胜，我们可以学得：一、罪人的罪迟早必把他们找出来：扫罗因他的过犯而死。 二、没有任何人的伟大能使他免受神的审判。三、悖逆是致死的。扫罗因没有遵守耶和华的话——就是命他灭尽亚玛力人的话——而死。四、求问交鬼的是与任何事一样快地把罪孽之杯装满。扫罗求问那有交鬼之灵的妇人，又没有求问耶和华，所以耶和华使他死（代上10:13-14）。扫罗杀了自己，但此处说神杀了他。 借恶手所作的，仍是借神所定的旨意和先见作的。凡自弃于魔鬼的，必被弃于魔鬼；这就是他们的结局。撒上28:6说扫罗曾求问耶和华，耶和华却不回答他；但此处说，扫罗没有求问神；因为他直到绝境才如此求问，那时已经太晚。
Originale inglese
The Death of Saul (1400 BC)
¹ Now the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa.
² And the Philistines followed hard after Saul, and after his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul.
³ And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him, and he was wounded of the archers.
⁴ Then said Saul to his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. So Saul took a sword, and fell upon it.
⁵ And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise on the sword, and died.
⁶ So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died together.
⁷ And when all the men of Israel that were in the valley saw that they fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, then they forsook their cities, and fled: and the Philistines came and dwelt in them.
This account of Saul's death is the same with that which we had, 1Sa 31:1-13, etc. We need not repeat the exposition of it. Only let us observe, 1. Princes sin and the people suffer for it. It was a bad time with Israel when they fled before the Philistines and fell down slain (1Ch 10:1), when they quitted their cities, and the Philistines came and dwelt in them, 1Ch 10:7. We do not find that they were at this time guilty of idolatry, as they had been before, in the days of the judges, and were afterwards, in the days of the kings. Samuel had reformed them, and they were reformed: and yet they are thus given to the spoil and to the robbers. No doubt there was enough in them to deserve this judgment; but that which divine Justice had chiefly an eye to was the sin of Saul. Note, Princes and great men should in a special manner take heed of provoking God's wrath; for, if they kindle that fire, they know not how many may be consumed by it for their sakes. 2. Parents sin and the children suffer for it. When the measure of Saul's iniquity was full, and his day came to fall (which David foresaw, 1Sa 26:10), he not only descended into battle and perished himself, but his sons (all but Ishbosheth) perished with him, and Jonathan among the rest, that gracious, generous man; for all things come alike to all. Thus was the iniquity of the fathers visited upon the children, and they fell as parts of the condemned father. Note, Those that love their seed must leave their sins, lest they perish not alone in their iniquity, but bring ruin on their families with themselves, or entail a curse upon them when they are gone. 3. Sinners sin and at length suffer for it themselves, though they be long reprieved; for, although sentence be not executed speedily, it will be executed. It was so upon Saul; and the manner of his fall was such as, in various particulars, answered to his sin. (1.) He had thrown a javelin more than once at David, and missed him; but the archers hit him, and he was wounded of the archers. (2.) He had commanded Doeg to slay the priests of the Lord; and now, in despair, he commands his armour-bearer to draw his sword and thrust him through. (3.) He had disobeyed the command of God in not destroying the Amalekites, and his armour-bearer disobeys him in not destroying him. (4.) He that was the murderer of the priests is justly left to himself to be his own murderer; and his family is cut off who cut off the city of the priests. See, and say, The Lord is righteous.
⁸ And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his sons fallen in mount Gilboa.
⁹ And when they had stripped him, they took his head, and his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to carry tidings unto their idols, and to the people.
¹⁰ And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastened his head in the temple of Dagon.
¹¹ And when all Jabesh-gilead heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul,
¹² They arose, all the valiant men, and took away the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and brought them to Jabesh, and buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh, and fasted seven days.
¹³ So Saul died for his transgression which he committed against the LORD, even against the word of the LORD, which he kept not, and also for asking counsel of one that had a familiar spirit, to enquire of it;
¹⁴ And enquired not of the LORD: therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto David the son of Jesse.
Here, I. From the triumph of the Philistines over the body of Saul we may learn, 1. That the greater dignity men are advanced to the greater disgrace they are in danger of falling into. Saul's dead body, because he was king, was abused more than any other of the slain. Advancement makes men a mark for malice. 2. That, if we give not to God the glory of our successes, even the Philistines will rise up in judgment against us and condemn us; for, when they had obtained a victory over Saul, they sent tidings to their idols—poor idols, that knew not what was done a few miles off till the tidings were brought to them, nor then either! They also put Saul's armour in the house of their gods, 1Ch 10:10. Shall Dagon have so honourable a share in their triumphs and the true and living God be forgotten in ours?
II. From the triumph of the men of Jabesh-Gilead in the rescue of the bodies of Saul and his sons we learn that there is a respect due to the remains of the deceased, especially of deceased princes. We are not to enquire concerning the eternal state; that must be left to God: but we must treat the dead body as those who remember it has been united to an immortal soul and must be so again.
III. From the triumphs of divine Justice in the ruin of Saul we may learn, 1. That the sin of sinners will certainly find them out, sooner or later: Saul died for his transgression. 2. That no man's greatness can exempt him from the judgments of God. 3. Disobedience is a killing thing. Saul died for not keeping the word of the Lord, by which he was ordered to destroy the Amalekites. 4. Consulting with witches is a sin that fills the measure of iniquity as soon as any thing. Saul enquired of one that had a familiar spirit, and enquired not of the Lord, therefore he slew him, 1Ch 10:13,14. Saul slew himself, and yet it is said, God slew him. What is done by wicked hands is yet done by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God. Those that abandon themselves to the devil shall be abandoned to him; so shall their doom be. It is said (1Sa 28:6) that Saul did enquire of the Lord and he answered him not: but here it is said, Saul did not enquire of God; for he did not till he was brought to the last extremity, and then it was too late.
以斯拉在历代志这两卷书中的旨意，是要保存大卫家的记录；这家系虽因被掳而在世人眼中大见衰落，然而由于大卫子孙的日渐临近，在凭信心而活的人眼中却愈发荣耀。因此，他并未重述扫罗作王的全部历史，而只记述了他的死亡——正是借此为大卫登上王位开辟了道路。本章内容包括：I. 非利士人给扫罗军队造成的致命溃败，以及扫罗自尽的致命一击，代上10:1-7。II. 非利士人因此夸胜，代上10:8-10。III. 基列的雅比居民对王遗骸所表达的敬意，代上10:11-12。IV. 扫罗被弃绝的缘由，代上10:13-14。