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1 Chronicles Capitolo 10
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Originale inglese
The design of Ezra, in these books of the Chronicles, was to preserve the records of the house of David, which, though much sunk and lessened in a common eye by the captivity, yet grew more and more illustrious in the eyes of those that lived by faith by the nearer approach of the Son of David. And therefore he repeats, not the history of Saul's reign, but only of his death, by which way was made for David to the throne. In this chapter we have, I. The fatal rout which the Philistines gave to Saul's army, and the fatal stroke which he gave himself, 1Ch 10:1-7. II. The Philistines' triumph therein, 1Ch 10:8-10. III. The respect which the men of Jabesh-Gilead showed the royal corpse, 1Ch 10:11,12. IV. The reason of Saul's rejection, 1Ch 10:13,14.
1-14
The Death of Saul (1400 BC)
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掃羅之死（主前 1400 年）
¹ 非利士人與以色列人爭戰；以色列人在非利士人面前逃跑，在基利波山有被殺仆倒的。 ² 非利士人緊追掃羅和他的兒子，就殺了掃羅的兒子約拿單、亞比拿達、麥基舒亞。 ³ 攻勢轉向掃羅，弓箭手射中了他，他被弓箭手射傷甚重。 ⁴ 掃羅對拿兵器的人說：你拔出刀來，將我刺死，免得那未受割禮的人來凌辱我。但拿兵器的人甚懼怕，不敢拔刀。於是掃羅自己拔刀伏在刀上。 ⁵ 拿兵器的人見掃羅已死，自己也伏在刀上死了。 ⁶ 這樣，掃羅和他三個兒子，並他的全家都一同死亡。 ⁷ 住在平原的以色列眾人見以色列軍兵逃跑，掃羅和他的兒子都死了，也就棄城逃跑；非利士人便來住在其中。
此處關於掃羅之死的記載，與我們在撒上三十一1-13等處所見的相同。我們不必重複它的講解。只要留意，1. 君王犯罪，百姓受害。那時以色列人的景況極為淒慘：「在非利士人面前逃跑」，「被殺仆倒」（代上十1），又棄了城邑，「非利士人便來住在其中」（代上十7）。我們看不出他們在此時犯了偶像崇拜的罪，不像他們從前在士師時代、後來在列王時代所行的那樣。撒母耳已經改革了他們，他們也確實改革了；然而他們卻仍「被交給搶奪的和強盜」。無疑他們裏面有足夠招致這個判決的罪；但神公義所特別注視的，乃是掃羅的罪。請注意，君王和掌權的人當格外警惕，不可惹動神的怒氣；因為他們若點起那火，便不知有多少人會因他們的緣故而被燒滅。2. 父母犯罪，兒女受害。當掃羅的罪孽滿盈、他傾覆之日來到之時（大衛早已預見，撒上二十六10），他不僅親自上陣而滅亡，他的兒子們（除伊施波設之外）也都與他一同滅亡，連約拿單──那位滿有恩惠、心地寬宏的人──也在其中；因為「眾人遭遇都是一樣」。如此，列祖的罪孽便臨到兒女身上，他們作為受定罪之父親的一部分而仆倒。請注意，愛自己後裔的人，必須撇下自己的罪，免得他們不是獨自在自己的罪孽中滅亡，而是與自己一同將毁滅帶給家族，或在他們離世之後給家族留下咒詛。3. 罪人犯罪，至終自己也必受罰，即使長久蒙寬容；因為判決雖然不速速執行，卻終必執行。掃羅便是如此；他傾覆的方式，在許多方面都與他的罪相稱。（1）他曾不止一次向大衛擲槍，未能命中；如今弓箭手卻射中了他，他被弓箭手射傷。（2）他曾吩咐多益去殺耶和華的祭司；如今他在絕望中吩咐拿兵器的人「拔出刀來將他刺死」。（3）他曾違背神的命令，沒有滅盡亞瑪力人；如今他的拿兵器之人也違背他，不肯將他殺死。（4）他這位殺祭司的凶手，公義地被撇下任憑自己作自己的凶手；他那滅了祭司之城的家族，也被剪除。請觀看，並要說：「耶和華是公義的。」
⁸ 第二天，非利士人來剝那被殺之人的衣服，看見掃羅和他的兒子仆倒在基利波山。 ⁹ 他們就剝了他的衣服，割下他的首級和軍裝，打發人到非利士地的四方，報信給他們的偶像和眾民。 ¹⁰ 他們將他的軍裝放在他們神的廟裏，將他的首級釘在大袞廟中。 ¹¹ 基列的雅比人聽見非利士人向掃羅所行的一切事， ¹² 他們中間所有的勇士就起身，取了掃羅和他兒子們的屍首，帶到雅比，將他們的骸骨葬在雅比的橡樹下，禁食七日。 ¹³ 這樣，掃羅死了，因為他干犯耶和華──沒有遵守耶和華的命令；又因他求問交鬼的婦人， ¹⁴ 沒有求問耶和華，所以耶和華使他被殺，把國歸於耶西的兒子大衛。
此處：
一、從非利士人對掃羅屍首的誇勝中，我們可以學到，1. 人的地位越高，便越有落入更大羞辱的危險。掃羅的屍首正因他是王，比其他被殺的人受了更多的凌辱。高升使人成為惡意的箭靶。2. 我們若不將得勝的榮耀歸給神，連非利士人也要起來定我們的罪；因為他們勝了掃羅之後，竟「報信給他們的偶像」──可憐的偶像，在幾里之外所發生的事它們一無所知，直到報信的人把消息帶來，就是到了那時它們仍是一無所知！他們又將掃羅的軍裝放在「他們神的廟中」（代上十10）。大袞尚且在他們的誇勝中得著如此尊榮的分，難道那又真又活的神倒在我們的誇勝中被遺忘嗎？
二、從基列的雅比人營救掃羅和他眾子屍首的作為中，我們學到：對死者的遺骸當存敬意，尤其是對已故的君王。我們不當追究他們永遠的結局；那當交託給神：但我們對待屍首，當記得它曾與一個不滅的靈魂聯合，並且將來還要如此聯合。
三、從神公義在掃羅滅亡中的誇勝裏，我們可以學到，1. 罪人的罪遲早必追上他們：「掃羅因他的過犯而死」。2. 人的偉大不能使他免受神的審判。3. 不順服是致死的。掃羅因「沒有遵守耶和華的命令」而死──那命令原是吩咐他滅盡亞瑪力人的。4. 求問行巫術的人，是一樣快使人罪孽滿盈的罪。掃羅「求問交鬼的婦人」，卻「沒有求問耶和華，所以耶和華使他被殺」（代上十13、14）。掃羅是自殺的，然而經上卻說：「神使他被殺」。藉著惡人之手所行的事，仍是「按著神的定旨和先見」所行的。凡將自己交給魔鬼的，必被交給魔鬼；這便是他們的結局。撒上二十八6說掃羅「曾求問耶和華」，耶和華卻「不回答他」；但此處卻說：「掃羅沒有求問神」；因為他直到被逼到絕境才求問，那時已經太遲了。
Originale inglese
The Death of Saul (1400 BC)
¹ Now the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa.
² And the Philistines followed hard after Saul, and after his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul.
³ And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him, and he was wounded of the archers.
⁴ Then said Saul to his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. So Saul took a sword, and fell upon it.
⁵ And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise on the sword, and died.
⁶ So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died together.
⁷ And when all the men of Israel that were in the valley saw that they fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, then they forsook their cities, and fled: and the Philistines came and dwelt in them.
This account of Saul's death is the same with that which we had, 1Sa 31:1-13, etc. We need not repeat the exposition of it. Only let us observe, 1. Princes sin and the people suffer for it. It was a bad time with Israel when they fled before the Philistines and fell down slain (1Ch 10:1), when they quitted their cities, and the Philistines came and dwelt in them, 1Ch 10:7. We do not find that they were at this time guilty of idolatry, as they had been before, in the days of the judges, and were afterwards, in the days of the kings. Samuel had reformed them, and they were reformed: and yet they are thus given to the spoil and to the robbers. No doubt there was enough in them to deserve this judgment; but that which divine Justice had chiefly an eye to was the sin of Saul. Note, Princes and great men should in a special manner take heed of provoking God's wrath; for, if they kindle that fire, they know not how many may be consumed by it for their sakes. 2. Parents sin and the children suffer for it. When the measure of Saul's iniquity was full, and his day came to fall (which David foresaw, 1Sa 26:10), he not only descended into battle and perished himself, but his sons (all but Ishbosheth) perished with him, and Jonathan among the rest, that gracious, generous man; for all things come alike to all. Thus was the iniquity of the fathers visited upon the children, and they fell as parts of the condemned father. Note, Those that love their seed must leave their sins, lest they perish not alone in their iniquity, but bring ruin on their families with themselves, or entail a curse upon them when they are gone. 3. Sinners sin and at length suffer for it themselves, though they be long reprieved; for, although sentence be not executed speedily, it will be executed. It was so upon Saul; and the manner of his fall was such as, in various particulars, answered to his sin. (1.) He had thrown a javelin more than once at David, and missed him; but the archers hit him, and he was wounded of the archers. (2.) He had commanded Doeg to slay the priests of the Lord; and now, in despair, he commands his armour-bearer to draw his sword and thrust him through. (3.) He had disobeyed the command of God in not destroying the Amalekites, and his armour-bearer disobeys him in not destroying him. (4.) He that was the murderer of the priests is justly left to himself to be his own murderer; and his family is cut off who cut off the city of the priests. See, and say, The Lord is righteous.
⁸ And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his sons fallen in mount Gilboa.
⁹ And when they had stripped him, they took his head, and his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to carry tidings unto their idols, and to the people.
¹⁰ And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastened his head in the temple of Dagon.
¹¹ And when all Jabesh-gilead heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul,
¹² They arose, all the valiant men, and took away the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and brought them to Jabesh, and buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh, and fasted seven days.
¹³ So Saul died for his transgression which he committed against the LORD, even against the word of the LORD, which he kept not, and also for asking counsel of one that had a familiar spirit, to enquire of it;
¹⁴ And enquired not of the LORD: therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto David the son of Jesse.
Here, I. From the triumph of the Philistines over the body of Saul we may learn, 1. That the greater dignity men are advanced to the greater disgrace they are in danger of falling into. Saul's dead body, because he was king, was abused more than any other of the slain. Advancement makes men a mark for malice. 2. That, if we give not to God the glory of our successes, even the Philistines will rise up in judgment against us and condemn us; for, when they had obtained a victory over Saul, they sent tidings to their idols—poor idols, that knew not what was done a few miles off till the tidings were brought to them, nor then either! They also put Saul's armour in the house of their gods, 1Ch 10:10. Shall Dagon have so honourable a share in their triumphs and the true and living God be forgotten in ours?
II. From the triumph of the men of Jabesh-Gilead in the rescue of the bodies of Saul and his sons we learn that there is a respect due to the remains of the deceased, especially of deceased princes. We are not to enquire concerning the eternal state; that must be left to God: but we must treat the dead body as those who remember it has been united to an immortal soul and must be so again.
III. From the triumphs of divine Justice in the ruin of Saul we may learn, 1. That the sin of sinners will certainly find them out, sooner or later: Saul died for his transgression. 2. That no man's greatness can exempt him from the judgments of God. 3. Disobedience is a killing thing. Saul died for not keeping the word of the Lord, by which he was ordered to destroy the Amalekites. 4. Consulting with witches is a sin that fills the measure of iniquity as soon as any thing. Saul enquired of one that had a familiar spirit, and enquired not of the Lord, therefore he slew him, 1Ch 10:13,14. Saul slew himself, and yet it is said, God slew him. What is done by wicked hands is yet done by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God. Those that abandon themselves to the devil shall be abandoned to him; so shall their doom be. It is said (1Sa 28:6) that Saul did enquire of the Lord and he answered him not: but here it is said, Saul did not enquire of God; for he did not till he was brought to the last extremity, and then it was too late.
以斯拉在歷代志上下這兩卷書中的用意，是要保存大衛家的記錄。大衛家雖因被擄而在世人眼中大為衰微、式微，卻因大衛的子孫日益臨近，在憑信心而活的人眼中愈發輝煌。因此，他所重述的，不是掃羅作王的歷史，而只是他的死—藉著他的死，大衛才得以上登寶座。本章我們讀到：一、非利士人對掃羅軍隊致命的擊潰，以及掃羅自己所給自己的致命一擊（代上十1–7）。二、非利士人對此的誇勝（代上十8–10）。三、基列雅比人對王遺體所表示的敬意（代上十11–12）。四、掃羅被棄的原因（代上十13–14）。