Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary
Matthew Henry · 1714
Matthew Henry 사후(1714) 공개 도메인. 디지털판 CC0-1.0.
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Matthew Henry · 1714
Matthew Henry 사후(1714) 공개 도메인. 디지털판 CC0-1.0.
Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, David Brown · 1871
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871). CCEL expanded electronic edition states it is in the public domain.
Albert Barnes · 1834
Albert Barnes' Notes on Revelation Of St. John The Divine (New Testament, English original, public domain). Sourced from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL). Public domain. Retrieval mirror: biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes.
Adam Clarke · 1831
Public domain English commentary by Adam Clarke, normalized from Wikisource book pages for scripture.how. Public domain. Retrieval mirror: biblehub.com/commentaries/clarke.
John Gill · 1763
John Gill(1697-1771), Exposition of the Old and New Testament(1746-1763). Public domain. Retrieval mirror: biblehub.com/commentaries/gill.
John Calvin · 1850
종교개혁 신학 원천 (영역본 PD, 대부분 — 전권 아님)
Matthew Poole · 1685
간결 절별 전권 개혁주의 주석
ed. H.D.M. Spence & Joseph S. Exell · 1890
전권 강해·설교·예화 풍부 (항목 대량)
Carl F. Keil, Franz Delitzsch · 1866
구약 학술 표준 — 히브리어·문헌비평·고대근동 배경
ed. Charles J. Ellicott · 1878
학술+가독 균형 전권 주석
Cambridge (다저자) · 1900
준전권 준학술 (권별 저자·연도 확인)
Marvin R. Vincent · 1887
신약 헬라어 단어 연구
A.T. Robertson · 1933
헬라어 시제·문법 해설 결정판 (KR PD / US 1931+ 권별)
ed. W. Robertson Nicoll (다저자) · 1910
헬라어 신약 학술 (권별 저자 PD 확인 필요)
Heinrich A.W. Meyer · 1880
신약 학술 정밀주해 (독일 — K&D 대응)
John Wesley · 1755
간결 실용 전권(NT 1755 / OT 1765) 웨슬리안
Joseph Benson · 1815
웨슬리안 전권 주석
Charles H. Spurgeon · 1885
시편 주석 고전 (설교 자료 풍부)
Alexander Maclaren · 1910
설교형 강해 명저 (전권, 절별 가공 필요)
B.W. Johnson · 1891
평이 절별 신약 해설 (일반신자·모바일)
Thomas Coke · 1803
감리교 전권 주석
John Trapp · 1660
청교도 전권 주석 — Henry/Gill 보완
Charles Hodge · 1860
프린스턴 조직신학 관점 신약 정밀 주석 (롬·고전후·엡)
Paul defending himself before the high priest, he commands him to be smitten on the mouth, Acts 23:1, Acts 23:2. Paul sharply reproves him, and, being reproved for this by one of the attendants, accounts for his conduct, Acts 23:3-5. Seeing that the assembly was composed of Pharisees and Sadducees, and that he could expect no justice from his judges, he asserts that it was for his belief in the resurrection that he was called in question, on which the Pharisees declare in his favor, Acts 23:6-9. A great dissension arises, and the chief captain, fearing lest Paul should be pulled to pieces, brings him into the castle, Acts 23:10. He is comforted by a dream, Acts 23:11. More than forty persons conspire his death, Acts 23:12-15. Paul's sister's son, hearing of it, informs the captain of the guard, Acts 23:16-22. He sends Paul by night, under a strong escort of horse and foot, to Caesarea, to Felix, and with him a letter, stating the circumstances of the case, Acts 23:23-33. They arrive at Caesarea, and Felix promises him a hearing when his accusers shall come down, Acts 23:34, Acts 23:35.
CHAPTER 23
Acts 23:6. υἱὸς Φαρισαίων] approved by Griesb., adopted by Lachm. Tisch. Born., according to A B C א, min. Syr. Vulg. Tert. But Elz. and Scholz have υἱὸς Φαρισαίου. The sing. was inserted, because people thought only of the relation of the son to the father.
Acts 23:7. λαλήσαντος] Lachm. reads εἰπόντος, only according to A E א, min.
τῶν Σαδδ.] The article is to be deleted with Lachm. Tisch. Born, on preponderating evidence.
Acts 23:9. οἱ γραμματεῖς τοῦ μέρους τῶν Φαρισ.] A E, min. Copt. Vulg. have τινὲς τῶν Φαρισ.; so Lachm. But B C א, min. vss. and Fathers have τινὲς τῶν γραμματέων τοῦ μέρ. τ. Φαρισ.; SO Born. Lastly, G H, min. Aeth. Oec. have γραμματεῖς τοῦ μέρ. τ. Φαρισ.; so Tisch. At all events, τινές is thus so strongly attested that it must be regarded as genuine. It was very easily passed over after ἀναστάντες. But with τινές the genitive τῶν γραμματ. κ.τ.λ. originally went together, so that the omission of τινές drew after it the conversion of τῶν γραμματ. into γραμματεῖς (Tisch.) and οἱ γραμματεῖς (Elz.). The reading of Lachm. is an abbreviation, either accidental (from homoeoteleuton) or intentional (from the deletion of the intervening words superfluous in themselves). We have accordingly, with Born., to read: τινὲς τῶν γραμματέων τοῦ μέρ. τω̄ν Φαρισ.
After ἅγγελος Elz. has, against greatly preponderating testimony, μὴ θεομαχῶμεν, which was already rejected by Erasm. and Mill as an addition from Acts 5:39, and, following Griesb., by all the more recent editors (except Reiche, I.c., p. 28).
Acts 23:10. εὐλαβηθείς] Preponderant witnesses have indeed φοβηθείς, which Griesb. has recommended and Lachm. adopted; but how easily was the quite familiar word very early substituted for εὐλαβ., which does not elsewhere occur in that sense in the N.T.!
Acts 23:11. After θάρσει Elz. has Παῦλε, in opposition to A BC*E א, min. vss. Theophyl. Oec. Cassiod. Ambrosiast. An addition for the sake of completeness. Acts 23:12. συστροφὴν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι] Elz. Rinck read τινὲς τῶν Ἰονδαίων συστρ., in opposition to A B C E א, min. Copt. Syr. p. Aeth. Arm. Chrys. Occasioned by Acts 23:13.
Acts 23:13. ποιησάμενοι is to be read instead of πεποιηκότες, with Lachm. Tisch. Born., on decisive testimony.
Acts 23:15. After ὅπως Elz. has αὔριον. An addition from Acts 23:20, against decisive evidence.
πρὸς ὑμᾶς] Lachm. Tisch. Born. read εἰς ὑμᾶς, following A B E א, loti. Sahid. Rightly; πρός is the more usual.
Acts 23:16. τὴν ἐνέδραν] B G H, min. Chrys. Theophyl. Oec. have τὸ ἔνεδρον, which Griesb. and Rinck have recommended, and Tisch. and Born. (not Lachm.) have adopted. But the preponderance of the Codd. is in favour of τὴν ἐνέδραν. The neuter was known to the transcribers from the LXX., therefore the two forms might easily be interchanged.
Acts 23:20. μέλλοντες] Lachm. Tisch. Born, read μέλλων, after A B E, min. Copt. Aeth. The very weakly attested Recepta is from Acts 23:15. א* has μέλλον, א**, μελλόντων.
Acts 23:25. περίεχουσαν] Lachm. Born. read ἔχονσαν, according to B E א, min. Neglect of the (not essential) compound.
Acts 23:27. αὐτόν] is wanting in A B E א, min. Chrys. Oec. Deleted by Lachm. and Born. But how easily was the quite unessential word passed over!
Acts 23:30. μέλλειν ἔσεσθαι] Lachm. Born. have only ἕσεσθαι, according to A B E א, min. But the future infinitive made μέλλειν appear as superfluous; there existed no reason for its being added.
After ἕσεσθαι Elz. Scholz have ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, which is deleted according to preponderant evidence as a supplementary addition. Instead of it, Lachm. and Born, have ἐξ αὐτῶν (with the omission of ἐξαυτῆς), following A E א, min. vss. But ἐξ αὐτῶν is also to be regarded as a marginal supplement (as the originators of the ἐπιβουλή are not mentioned), which therefore displaced the original ἐξαυτῆς.
The conclusion of the letter ἕῤῥωσο is wanting in A B 13, Copt. Aeth. Sahid. Vulg. ms. Deleted by Lachm. Tisch. Born.; and rightly, as it is evidently an addition from Acts 15:29, from which passage H, min. have even ἕῤῥωσθε.
Acts 23:34. After ἀναγν δέ Elz. has ὁ ἡγεμών, against decisive testimony.
Acts 23:35. ἐχέλευσέ τε] Lachm. Tisch. Born. read κελεύσας, after A B E א** (א* has χελεύσαντος, min. Syr. p. The Recepta is a stylistic emendation.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
Ac 23:1-10.
パウロのサンヘドリンにおける弁明が対立する両派を分裂させ、その暴虐から千人隊長が使徒を要塞に移す。
1. パウロは議会を見つめて――自覚のある誠実さと揺るぎない勇気のまなざしで、おそらく彼の初期の学友の何人かをも見分けて。
私は今日まで、神の前にあって全く良い良心にしたがって生きてきました――この言葉は「国」あるいは「イスラエルの国制」に間接的に言及しており、彼が、かつてそうであったように、その時まで、誠実で神を恐れる一員であったことを示そうとしたのである。
「パウロは…真剣に見つめて」――ἀτενίσας atenisas。議会を熱心に見つめること。この語は「固定された真剣な注視、綿密な観察」を意味する。Luke 4:20を参照せよ。Acts 3:4の注解とも比較せよ。パウロが鋭く注意深い観察をもって議会を見つめたのは自然なことであった。彼は彼らの前に召喚されており、裁判官たちの様子を観察し、その人物を確かめようとするのは当然であった。さらに、キリスト者を迫害する任務を彼に与えたのは、かつてこの議会であった(Acts 9:1-2)。あの任務が与えられて以来、彼は彼らに会っていなかった。それゆえ、注意深い目で彼らを見るのも自然であった。また、その結果から、彼が、そこに集まった人々がどのような人物であるか、またファリサイ派とサドカイ人の比率がどの程度であるかを見るために彼らに目を向けたことも分かる(Acts 23:6)。
「議会」――ギリシャ語ではサンヘドリン(Acts 22:30)。七十人の長老から成り、国民の事柄が委ねられていた大議会のことである。Matthew 1:4の注解を参照せよ。
「人々、兄弟たちよ」――ギリシャ語では「人々、兄弟たちよ」。ユダヤ人の間で演説を始める際の通常の形式である。Acts 2:29を参照せよ。パウロは今なお彼らを兄弟として扱っていた。
「私は今日まで、ひたすら正しい良心をもって生きてまいりました」――良い良心を保つように自分を導いてきた、ということである。自分が正しいと信じたことを行ってきた、ということである。これは、前日の騒動、訴え、告発ののちの大胆な宣言であり(Acts 22)、しかも厳密に真実であった。キリスト者への彼の迫害は、良心に従って行われていたのである(Acts 26:9)。「私は、ナザレのイエスの名に反対する多くのことを当然すべきだと、自分では本当に思っていた」と彼は言っている。彼らの奉仕における彼の良心と誠実さについては、彼ら自身が証言することができた。それ以降の彼の良心についても、彼は同様の宣言をすることができた。迫害において良心に従ってきたのと同様に、回心においても、その後の歩みにおいてもそうであった、と彼が言おうとしたことは疑いない。そして、彼らは彼の以前の生活が良い良心とともにあったことを知っていたのであるから、彼が今も同じ性格を保っていると推定すべきであった。これは、訴えられた人間によってなされた注目すべきほど大胆な訴えであり、パウロが自分の無実について抱いていた強い意識を示している。これを証明する彼の演説がどのような方向へ進んだであろうかは、推測するしかない。彼は遮られた(Acts 23:2)。しかし、自分の無実を確立する方向に向かうそのような論法を追求したであろうことは、疑い得ない。
「神の前に」――ギリシャ語では「神に」――τῷ Θεῷ tō Theō。彼は神に向かって、すなわち神の戒めを念頭に置いて生きてきたのであり、神の御前で純潔な良心を保つようにしてきたのである。同じ行動の原理を、彼はActs 24:16でより詳しく述べている。「このことのため、私自身も、神に対しても人に対しても、責められることのない良心をいつも保つように、努めています」。
「今日まで」――キリスト教への回心以前と以後の両方の時期を含む。どちらの状態においても彼は良心に従っていた。一方では、迫害と誤りの中で、それを正しいとみなしながら良心に従っており、他方では、真理の中で良心に従っていた。人が良心に従うという単なる事実は、その人が正しいこと、無実であることの証明にはならない。John 16:2の注解を参照せよ。
I have lived in all good conscience - Some people seem to have been unnecessarily stumbled with this expression. What does the apostle mean by it? Why, that, while he was a Jew, he was one from principle of conscience; that what he did, while he continued Jew, he did from the same principle; that, when God opened his eyes to see the nature of Christianity, he became a Christian, because God persuaded his conscience that it was right for him to become one; that, in a word, he was sincere through the whole course of his religious life, and his conduct had borne the most unequivocal proofs of it. The apostle means, therefore, that there was no part of his life in which he acted as a dishonest or hypocritical man; and that he was now as fully determined to maintain his profession of Christianity as he ever was to maintain that of Judaism, previously to his acquaintance with the Christian religion.
And Paul earnestly beholding the council,.... Fastening his eyes upon them, looking wistly and intently at them, and thereby discovering a modest cheerfulness, and a becoming boldness, confidence, and intrepidity, as being not conscious of any guilt, and well assured of the goodness of his cause:
said, men and brethren; see Acts 22:1.
I have lived in all good conscience before God until this day; not only from the time of his conversion, but throughout the whole of his life; for though, strictly speaking, there is no good conscience but what is awakened by the Spirit of God, and is unprincipled by his grace, and is purged from sin by the blood of Christ; in which sense he could only have a good conscience, since he believed in Christ; yet whereas in his state of unregeneracy, and even while he was a blasphemer, and persecutor, he did not act contrary to the dictates of his conscience, but according to them, in which his view was to the glory of God, and the honour of his law; he therefore says he lived before God, or unto God, in all good conscience, though an erroneous and mistaken one; he thought he ought to do what he did; and what he did, he did with a zeal for God though it was not according to knowledge: besides, the apostle has here respect to his outward moral conversation, which, before and after conversion, was very strict, and even blameless, at least unblemished before men; nobody could charge him with any notorious crime, though he did not live without sin in the sight of the omniscient God.
前の章の終わりは、パウロを大祭司の法廷に残していた。千人隊長が(それがパウロの益になったかどうかは私は知らないが)、群衆から彼の事件をこの席に移したのである。そして、彼の敵たちがそこで彼に立ち向かって行なうことが、騒ぎは少なくても、その狡猾さはかえって増していた。さて、ここで私たちは次の内容を見る。一、パウロが自分自身の誠実さを弁明し、突然大祭司に向かって激しく語ったとはいえ(それは正当であったが)、彼に対して市民としての礼儀を保ったことを擁護したこと(使徒の働き23:1-5)。二、パリサイ人とサドカイ人を互いに争わせることによって、彼らの手から自らを逃れさせたパウロの賢明な策略(使徒の働き23:6-9)。三、同様に彼らの手から彼を救い出すための、総督(千人隊長)の折節ある介入(使徒の働き23:10)。四、彼の前に横たわる困難に立ち向かって彼を励まし、また彼が何を期待すべきかを告げるため、キリストがさらに慰めに満ちて彼に現れたこと(使徒の働き23:11)。五、ある必死のユダヤ人たちが、パウロを殺すために企てた血なまぐさい陰謀と、彼らが大祭司たちや長老たちを引き入れて、その共謀者・援助者としたこと(使徒の働き23:12-15)。六、この陰謀がパウロに、そして彼を通じて千人隊長に知らされたこと。千人隊長はパウロに対する彼らの根深い悪意を十分に悟ったので、その陰謀が真実であると信じるに足る理由を持っていた(使徒の働き23:16-22)。七、パウロの安全に対する千人隊長の配慮。これによって彼はその計画の実行を防いだ。すなわち強力な護衛の下にパウロをエルサレムからカイザリヤへ即座に送り出した。カイザリヤはその時、ローマ総督フェリックスの居住地であり、彼はそこに無事に到着した(使徒の働き23:23-35)。