Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary
Matthew Henry · 1714
Matthew Henry 사후(1714) 공개 도메인. 디지털판 CC0-1.0.
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Matthew Henry · 1714
Matthew Henry 사후(1714) 공개 도메인. 디지털판 CC0-1.0.
Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, David Brown · 1871
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871). CCEL expanded electronic edition states it is in the public domain.
Albert Barnes · 1834
Albert Barnes' Notes on Revelation Of St. John The Divine (New Testament, English original, public domain). Sourced from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL). Public domain. Retrieval mirror: biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes.
Adam Clarke · 1831
Public domain English commentary by Adam Clarke, normalized from Wikisource book pages for scripture.how. Public domain. Retrieval mirror: biblehub.com/commentaries/clarke.
John Gill · 1763
John Gill(1697-1771), Exposition of the Old and New Testament(1746-1763). Public domain. Retrieval mirror: biblehub.com/commentaries/gill.
John Calvin · 1850
종교개혁 신학 원천 (영역본 PD, 대부분 — 전권 아님)
Matthew Poole · 1685
간결 절별 전권 개혁주의 주석
ed. H.D.M. Spence & Joseph S. Exell · 1890
전권 강해·설교·예화 풍부 (항목 대량)
Carl F. Keil, Franz Delitzsch · 1866
구약 학술 표준 — 히브리어·문헌비평·고대근동 배경
ed. Charles J. Ellicott · 1878
학술+가독 균형 전권 주석
Cambridge (다저자) · 1900
준전권 준학술 (권별 저자·연도 확인)
Marvin R. Vincent · 1887
신약 헬라어 단어 연구
A.T. Robertson · 1933
헬라어 시제·문법 해설 결정판 (KR PD / US 1931+ 권별)
ed. W. Robertson Nicoll (다저자) · 1910
헬라어 신약 학술 (권별 저자 PD 확인 필요)
Heinrich A.W. Meyer · 1880
신약 학술 정밀주해 (독일 — K&D 대응)
John Wesley · 1755
간결 실용 전권(NT 1755 / OT 1765) 웨슬리안
Joseph Benson · 1815
웨슬리안 전권 주석
Charles H. Spurgeon · 1885
시편 주석 고전 (설교 자료 풍부)
Alexander Maclaren · 1910
설교형 강해 명저 (전권, 절별 가공 필요)
B.W. Johnson · 1891
평이 절별 신약 해설 (일반신자·모바일)
Thomas Coke · 1803
감리교 전권 주석
John Trapp · 1660
청교도 전권 주석 — Henry/Gill 보완
Charles Hodge · 1860
프린스턴 조직신학 관점 신약 정밀 주석 (롬·고전후·엡)
第13章から第23章までの前の諸章は、主として、ユダヤ人に敵対した諸国民の滅亡、あるいは彼らの上に臨むであろう大きな悲嘆に満ちた災いの描写に費やされてきた。預言者はこのようにして、バビロン、ダマスコ、モアブ、ヌビヤ、エジプト、ドマ、ツロの上に臨む災いを次々と描いてきた。しかし Isaiah 22 では、セナケリブの侵略によってユダヤとエルサレムの上に臨む災いを描いていた。
この章において預言者は、神の民自身の上に臨むであろう災いへと話を戻している。この章と続く三章、すなわち第27章の終わりまでは、ほぼ同時に語られたものであり、おそらく一つの幻、あるいは一つの預言を構成しているとみなすことができる。ノイエス、ロース、ローゼンミュラーもそのようにみなしている。これらの章がこの預言に含まれるとすれば、この預言は次のものから成る。
(1) Isaiah 24 における災いの描写。
(2) Isaiah 25:1-12 における、それらの災いからの救い、およびそれに伴う真の宗教の広がりを表す賛美の歌。
(3) Isaiah 26 における、真の宗教の勝利を祝うのにふさわしい賛美の歌。
(4) Isaiah 27:1-13 における、ユダヤ人をきよめるこの救いの効果。
この預言がいつ語られたのかはまったく知られていない。それが関係する出来事については意見の大きな相違があり、二人の解釈者が一致していることはほとんどない。グロチウスは、これがシャルマネセルによる十部族の捕囚に関係するとみなす。ヘンスラーは、これがセナケリブの侵略を指すと考える。ヴィトリンガは、これがマカベオ一族の時代、およびアンティオコス・エピファネスによる試練と迫害に関係すると考える。ノイエスは、これがネブカデレザルによるその地の滅亡と、捕囚からのユダヤ人の帰還を描いたものであるとみなす。カルヴィンは、これら四章の記述を、バビロン、モアブ、エジプトなどに関する以前の預言において預言者が述べたことの総括ないし要約であり、さらにこれらの全般的で広範に及んだ荒廃の後に続く繁栄と真の宗教の広がりであると考える。
災いに関するこれらの予告のそれぞれの後で、預言者は繁栄と真理の前進を予告していた。そしてカルヴィンは、これが、前の諸章でより詳しく述べられたことの単なる圧縮ないし総括であると考える。ロースは、これが、シャルマネセル、ネブカデレザル、またローマ人によるこの国のすべての大荒廃に、特にローマ人による荒廃に、言及している可能性があると考える。彼によれば、その一部は特にローマ人によるものに当てはまるように見えるという。預言者が全般的な言葉を用いていることは確かであり、語られた時期や状況について確かな指示を何も与えていないので、そのいずれかを決定することもきわめて困難である。しかし、この預言の全体的な流れは明らかである。それは、一連の抑圧的な裁きがその地に臨んだ後の、繁栄と真の宗教の普及の予告である。それゆえこれは、差し迫った災いの下にあるユダヤ人を慰め、彼らが虐げられるとしても、その苦しみの後には感謝と喜びの時が続くであろうという確信を伝えることを目的としている。この点において、この預言は、神の民が守られるであろうこと、その名と国民が完全に消し去られるのではないこと、試練の最も暗い季節の後には救いと喜びが続くであろうという、イザヤの預言の全般的な基調に一致している。
全体として見れば、この預言は、ネブカデレザルの侵略とバビロンへの連行によって国民の上に臨む災い、その後の抑圧的な束縛からの救い、およびそれに伴う喜びに関係していると私には思われる。この解釈によれば、第24章は主として、ネブカデレザルの侵略によってその地に臨む災いの描写に費やされている。第25章は、その抑圧的な束縛からの救いと、シオンの山における真の宗教の再確立を、バビロンの束縛からの救いによって示唆された、メシアの下での宗教の最終的な普及への簡潔な一目とともに描いている。第26章は、この顕著な救いに対する喜びを表す歌である ― その言葉は主としてきわめて全般的であるため、バビロンからの救いにも、メシアの下での贖いにも等しく当てはまる。そして第27章は、ヤコブをきよめること Isaiah 27:6-9、および国民を義へと回復させることにおける、この捕囚とそれに続く救いの効果を描いている。
第24章は三つの部分から成る。
1Isa 24:1-12 には、全土に臨む災いの描写、すなわち広く及ぶ広大な荒廃に達する災いの描写が含まれている ― 住民への影響 Isaiah 24:2、地への影響 Isaiah 24:3-6、ぶどう酒、娯楽、歌などへの影響 Isaiah 24:7-12 の生き生きとした描写とともにあり、それはすべての陽気さと繁栄を終わらせる。
2Isa 24:13-17 には、全般的な荒廃の中で少数の者たちがその地に残されるであろうこと、また彼らが逃れたことを喜びで満たされるであろうという預言者の陳述が含まれている。彼らは自分たちの隠れ場と避け所、要塞と安全な場所から、守られたことを賛美の歌を上げるであろう。
3Isa 24:18-23 には、その地に臨む増大した裁きのさらなる描写が含まれている ― より厳しく、より長く続く災いが国を覆い、地震のようにそれを揺り動かす。しかし、ここにおいてさえ Isaiah 24:22-23、救いがあること、万軍の主がシオンの山で治められるであろうことの示唆がある ― この描写は次の章を通して延長されており、その章の範囲と実質を構成している。
この預言を章に分割するにあたっては、その章は同一の預言の一部として、また同一の主題の続きとして、この章に結びつけられるべきであった。実際、この預言の長さのためでなければ、これらの四章は一つにまとめられるべきであった。あるいは、この預言が章に分割されたのであれば、それらが一つの預言ないし幻を構成しているという何らかの指示が欄外にあれば、その正しい理解にとって重要な助けとなったであろう。
Dreadful judgments impending over the people of God, Isaiah 24:1-4. Particular enumeration of the horrid impieties which provoked the Divine vengeance, Isaiah 24:5, Isaiah 24:6. Great political wretchedness of the transgressors, Isaiah 24:7-12. The calamities shall be so great that only a small remnant shall be left in the land, as it were the gleanings of the vintage, Isaiah 24:13. The rest, scattered over the different countries, spread there the knowledge of God, Isaiah 24:14-16. Strong figures by which the great distress and long captivity of the transgressors are set forth, Isaiah 24:17-22. Gracious promise of a redemption from captivity; and of an extension of the kingdom of God in the latter days, attended with such glorious circumstances as totally to eclipse the light and splendor of the previous dispensation, Isaiah 24:23.
From the thirteenth chapter to the twenty-third inclusive, the fate of several cities and nations is denounced: of Babylon, of the Philistines, Moab, Damascus, Egypt, Tyre. After having foretold the destruction of the foreign nations, enemies of Judah, the prophet declares the judgments impending on the people of God themselves for their wickedness and apostasy, and the desolation that shall be brought on their whole country.
The twenty-fourth and the three following chapters seem to have been delivered about the same time: before the destruction of Moab by Shalmaneser; see Isaiah 25:10, consequently, before the destruction of Samaria; probably in the beginning of Hezekiah's reign. But concerning the particular subject of the twenty-fourth chapter interpreters are not at all agreed: some refer it to the desolation caused by the invasion of Shalmaneser; others to the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar; and others to the destruction of the city and nation by the Romans. Vitringa is singular in his opinion, who applies it to the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes. Perhaps it may have a view to all of the three great desolations of the country, by Shalmaneser, by Nebuchadnezzar, and by the Romans; especially the last, to which some parts of it may seem more peculiarly applicable. However, the prophet chiefly employs general images; such as set forth the greatness and universality of the ruin and desolation that is to be brought upon the country by these great revolutions, involving all orders and degrees of men, changing entirely the face of things, and destroying the whole polity, both religious and civil; without entering into minute circumstances, or necessarily restraining it by particular marks to one great event, exclusive of others of the same kind. - L.
INTRODUCTION TO Isaiah 24
This chapter contains a prophecy of calamities that should come upon the whole world, and the inhabitants of it, for their sins; of the preservation of a remnant; of the visitation of the kings of the earth; and of the appearance of Christ in his glory and majesty. The miserable condition of the world, and its inhabitants, especially all within the Romish jurisdiction, is set forth by various phrases, Isaiah 24:1 the causes of which are the transgression and mutation of the laws and ordinances of Christ, Isaiah 24:5 the effects of which are the cursing and burning of the inhabitants, Isaiah 24:6 cessation of all joy among them, Isaiah 24:7 and the destruction of their chief city, Rome, Isaiah 24:10 then follows a prophecy of a remnant that shall escape, and be brought into a very comfortable condition, and sing for joy, and glorify God in the midst of the earth, and in the uttermost parts of it, Isaiah 24:13 but it is intimated it shall go ill with others for their perfidy and treachery; fear and danger shall attend them everywhere, Isaiah 24:16 yea, in the issue, the world shall be shaken, and moved and removed, and be utterly dissolved, fall and not rise more, Isaiah 24:19 when the kings and great ones of the earth shall be taken prisoners, and punished by the Lord, Isaiah 24:21 and then Christ shall take to himself his great power, and reign with his people gloriously in the New Jerusalem state, Isaiah 24:23.
Chapters 24–27
It is admitted on all hands that this interesting and difficult group of chapters, although without a heading, forms a distinct section of the book of Isaiah. They consist of a single connected prophecy, interspersed with lyrical and devotional passages, which appear in some instances to interrupt the sequence of thought. The general theme is one of the most familiar in prophecy; it is the “day of Jehovah” in its terrors, and with its blessed consequences for Israel and for humanity. But the treatment of that theme is in many respects unique in the prophetic literature. That the writer had a definite historical situation in view is abundantly manifest; but its features are designedly veiled by the use of mysterious and symbolical language, the precise significance of which frequently eludes our grasp. This is one characteristic of the class of writings known as apocalypses, and the strongly-marked apocalyptic character of the ideas and imagery has impressed nearly all commentators. There has perhaps been a tendency to exaggerate this feature; if we compare the passage with a typical apocalypse, like the book of Daniel, the differences are certainly more striking than the resemblances. In religious importance and depth the chapters are second to nothing in the prophets. Two great truths in particular, the universality of salvation and the hope of immortality, stand out with a clearness and boldness of conception nowhere surpassed in the Old Testament.
The critical questions which arise in connexion with these chapters are so intricate, and depend so much on the explanation of obscure allusions, that it will be convenient to economise space by postponing the consideration of them until the detailed exposition is finished.
Ch. 24. The day of Judgment and its premonitory signs
The chapter is mainly an announcement of the last judgment, but partly also a gloomy survey of the actual state of the world. The writer feels that he is living in the last days, and in the universal wretchedness and confusions of the age he seems to discern the “beginning of sorrows.” His thoughts glide almost imperceptibly from the one point of view to the other, now describing the distress and depression which exist, and now the more terrible visitation which is imminent. It is only at Isaiah 24:21 that the transition is finally made to the absolute language of prophecy. The line of thought is as follows:
Isaiah 24:1-3. The prophecy opens with a “word” of Jehovah,—the announcement of an imminent and sweeping catastrophe affecting the whole earth, and involving all ranks and classes of society in a common destruction.
Isaiah 24:4-9. The earth is described as withering under a curse, because of the universal depravity and guilt of its inhabitants (4–6). Wine and music, the customary tokens of social enjoyment, have ceased; life has lost its zest; the world is profoundly unhappy (7–9).
Isaiah 24:10-12 depict the desolation and misery of an unnamed city, which, however, is but typical of the state of things everywhere.
Isaiah 24:13. Resuming the language of prophecy, the writer foretells, under an image borrowed from Isaiah, the almost complete extermination of the race of men (cf. Isaiah 24:6).
Isaiah 24:14-16. Here for a moment, “the vision of ruin is interrupted: borne from afar, over the western waters, the chorus of praise rising from the lips of the redeemed, falls upon the prophet’s ear” (Driver). Yet, under the influence of his immediate surroundings, he feels that such rejoicing is premature; and the response of his heart is a cry of agony. For he knows that judgment has not yet had its perfect work; and accordingly, in
Isaiah 24:17-20, he returns to his main theme, accumulating images of destruction, in order to set forth the appalling magnitude of the catastrophe about to overwhelm the earth.
Isaiah 24:21-23. Here the prophecy reaches its climax in the announcement of Jehovah’s appearance to vanquish the powers of evil in heaven and in the high places of the world, and to establish His everlasting throne in visible splendour on Mount Zion.
Concluding Note on Ch. 24–27
The above exposition has left some general questions in suspense; and for the most part they are such as cannot be adequately discussed in this commentary. There are two, however, on which a few additional observations are necessary, viz., (1) the unity and (2) the date, of the prophecy.
(1) The question of unity, as raised by the recent criticisms of Duhm and Cheyne, relates principally to the lyrical passages already marked off in the notes (Isaiah 25:1-5; Isaiah 25:9-12, Isaiah 26:1-19, Isaiah 27:2-6), although it is acknowledged that the section Isaiah 27:7-11 presents difficulties almost as great. As has been hinted above, the commonly accepted view has been that the lyrics represent flights of the author’s imagination, depicting the feelings of the redeemed community after the great judgment is past. The chief considerations urged against this view are as follows. (a) If we read consecutively 24, Isaiah 25:6-8, Isaiah 26:20 to Isaiah 27:1, Isaiah 27:7-13, we have a series of conceptions which readily fit into a consistent picture of the future, and (at least up to Isaiah 27:1) a very natural sequence of thought. (b) the songs are distinguished from the main prophecy in poetic structure and rhythm, as well as in the point of view they represent. (c) They do not occur at places where their insertion would be natural if due to the literary plan of the composition, while one of them (Isaiah 25:1-5) appears to interrupt a close connexion of thought. (d) The most important of all (Isaiah 26:1-19) is written in a vein of mingled exultation and despondency inappropriate to the supposed situation. Although the reader is naturally averse to entertaining the idea of interpolation if it can possibly be avoided, it can hardly be denied that these arguments have a considerable cumulative force. (b) counts for little or nothing by itself, while the others may involve merely subjective differences of critical judgment. The crucial case is probably (d), where the ‘ideal standpoint’ theory could only be maintained by assuming that the writer’s imagination lacks the strength of wing needful to bear him triumphantly away from the discouraging outlook of his actual present. It must be pointed out, however, that the demarcation of the lyrics given in the notes is adopted from Duhm and Cheyne, and to discuss the question of unity on this basis necessarily does some injustice to the views of other critics, who might prefer a different division.
(2) The question of the date of the prophecy is of course influenced by the view held as to its unity, although to a less extent than might be imagined, since both the critics named agree in regarding the whole series of compositions as belonging to the literature of a single general period. Duhm assigns them to the reign of John Hyrcanus, and finds allusions to the Parthian campaign of Antiochus Sidetes (b.c. 129) and the destruction of Samaria (c. 107). But there is really nothing to warrant these precise determinations, and the theory is negatived by well-established conclusions as to the close of the O.T. Canon. Cheyne’s view is free from this objection and is in itself very attractive. The historical background of the prophecy is found in the events which preceded the dissolution of the Persian Empire (say 350–330). The gloomy survey of ch. 24 is explained by the “desolating and protracted wars” of the period, in which the Jews are known to have suffered severely and during which Jerusalem was not improbably laid waste by Persian armies. The premature songs of triumph referred to in ch. Isaiah 24:16 are supposed to have been called forth by rumours of the expedition of Alexander the Great, whilst the interspersed lyrical passages celebrate the Jewish deliverance achieved by the Macedonian victories. Perhaps the least convincing part of the hypothesis is the identification of the conquered city of Isaiah 25:2, Isaiah 26:5, with Tyre or Gaza, destroyed by Alexander; but in spite of that Cheyne’s view is probably the one which best harmonises the varied indications of the prophecy (see his Introduction, pp. 155 ff., and the refs. there).
Of rival theories there is perhaps but one that deserves careful examination, that, viz., which seeks the occasion of the prophecy in the age immediately succeeding the Exile, particularly the Babylonian troubles under Darius Hystaspis. There is, indeed, a surprising number of coincidences between the phenomena of this prophecy and the circumstances of that time or the contemporary literature. The expectation of a great overturning of existing political conditions occurs in the writings of Haggai (Isaiah 2:6-7; Isaiah 2:21-22) and Zechariah (Isaiah 1:11 ff.); the idea of a world-judgment in Isaiah 13:6 ff.; the universalism of Isaiah 25:6-8 finds nowhere a more sympathetic response than in Isaiah 40-55; and even the ‘songs of the righteous’ (Isaiah 24:16) have a certain resemblance to Isaiah 45:10. The allusion to recent idolatry in Isaiah 27:9 is amply accounted for; and the “city” (although too much has been made of this point) of Isaiah 24:10 ff., Isaiah 27:10 f., Isaiah 25:2, Isaiah 26:5 might be Babylon, the “world-city,” now humbled and soon to be utterly destroyed.
The ultimate decision probably turns on certain general features of the prophecy, which are thought to point to a very late age. These are (a) its apocalyptic colouring and imagery (see, however, the caveat on p. 179 above), (b) the advanced form in which it presents the doctrines of immortality (Isaiah 25:8) and the resurrection (Isaiah 26:19); and (possibly) (c) the belief in tutelary genii of the nations. With regard to these phenomena many will agree with Cheyne that they “become the more intelligible the later we place this composition in the Persian period.”
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
イザ 24:1-23。
一般的な世界の終わりの時、および特にユダと教会の終わりの時。
四章(第24章から第27章)は一つの連続した詩的な預言をなす。ユダヤ人の離散と相次ぐ災い
(イザ 24:1-12);
最初のヘブル人改宗者たちによる世界中での福音の宣教
(イザ 24:13-16);
教会の敵対者へのさばきとその最終的勝利
(イザ 24:16-23);
背教的な一派の打倒への感謝
(イザ 25:1-12)、
および義なる者たちの永続する平のうちの確立
(イザ 26:1-21);
レビヤタンのさばきと教会の完全な清め
(イザ 27:1-13)
を描写する。特定の諸国——バビロン、ペリシテ、モアブ、シリヤ、イスラエル、エジプト、エドム、ツロ(すべての王国がそこに集まったため、すべての縮図的代表)——を論じた後、彼は広く世界と諸教会の代表かつ未来のかしらであるユダの終わりの時に移る。
1. 地——むしろユダの「地」(したがって
イザ 24:3, 5, 6; ヨエル 1:2)。
ネブカデネザルの下での荒廃はテイトゥスの下でのものを予型した。
「地を荒して」− すなわち、これを住民のいないものとし、その住民と富とを取り去るということである。ここでの「地」という語(ארץ 'ārets)は、明らかに全世界を指して用いられているのではなく、預言者が特に念頭に置いている地、すなわちユダヤの地を指している。「その地」と訳されるべきであった(Joel 1:2 を参照せよ)。しかし、この語がここで、パレスチナを取り囲んでいた諸国民のうち、それと同盟していた部分、あるいはネブカデネザルの下での荒廃においてそれと結び付いていた部分までも含める意図で用いられている可能性もある。
「これを転倒させて」− 欄注には「その面を歪める」とある。すなわち、すべてのものが混乱に陥り、市民的・宗教的制度はその秩序を失い、いたるところで混乱が支配しているということである。
「散らして…」− これは、カルデヤ人の侵入のとき、住民たちが長く苦しい捕囚へと連れ去られることによってなされた。
Behold, the Lord maketh the earth empty,.... Some, by the "earth", only understand the land of Israel or Judea, and interpret the prophecy of the captivity of the ten tribes by Shalmaneser, as Kimchi, and other Jewish writers; and others, of the destruction of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar; but some take in along with them the neighbouring nations who suffered by the same princes at the same time. Vitringa interprets the whole of the times of the Maccabees, as also the three following chapters Isaiah 25:1; though it is best to understand it of the Papal world, and all the antichristian states; and there are some things in it, at the close of it, which respect the destruction of the whole world. The Septuagint version uses the word by which Luke intends the whole Roman empire, Luke 2:1 and the Arabic version here renders it, "the whole world": the "emptying" of it is the removal of the inhabitants of it by wars and slaughters, which will be made when the seven vials of God's wrath will be poured upon all the antichristian states; see Revelation 16:1 and this being a most remarkable and wonderful event, is prefaced with the word "behold":
and maketh it waste; or desolate; the inhabitants and fruits of it being destroyed. R. Joseph Kimchi, from the use of the word in the Arabic language, renders it, "and opened it" (n); and explains it of the opening of the gates of a city to the enemy, so as that men may go out of it; to which the Targum inclines paraphrasing it,
"and shall deliver it to the enemy:''
and turneth it upside down; or, "perverteth the face of it" (o); so that it has not the form it had, and does not look like what it was, but is reduced to its original chaos, to be without form and void; cities being demolished, towns ruined, fields laid waste, and the inhabitants slain; particularly what a change of the face of things will there be in the destruction of the city of Rome! see Revelation 18:7. The Targum is,
"and shall cover with confusion the face of its princes, because they have transgressed the law:''
and scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof; who will be obliged to fly from place to place from the sword of their victorious enemies. All is spoken in the present tense, though future, because of the certainty of it.
(n) So "aperuit totam portam", Golius, col. 321. (o) "et pervertet faciem ejus", Piscator.
ここから新たな説教が始まることは一致して認められている。それは Isa 24:1-27:13 の終わりまで続く。そしてその中で預言者は、受けた指示に従って、多くの尊い約束において「正しい者に、あなたがたはしあわせである」と語り、多くの恐るべき脅しにおいて「悪者にはわざわい、災いである」と告げる(Isa 3:10,11)。そしてこれらは互いに説明し合うように織り交ぜられている。この章は大部分が脅しである。そして脅かされている審判が非常に激しく重いものであるように、それらの審判で脅かされている民も非常に多い。それは前のもののように特定の都市や王国の重荷ではなく、全地の重荷である。その言葉は実際には単に「地」を意味する。私たち自身の地が私たちには通常全地に等しいからである。しかし、それはここではそれほど限定されない別の言葉によって説明されている。それは「世界」である(Isa 24:4)。したがって少なくとも一国の周辺の諸国民を含まなければならない。1. ある人々は(そしてかなり可能性があると)これは、セナケリブとそのアッシリヤの軍勢が間もなくその地方世界の多くの国々に加える大きな破壊の預言であると考える。2. 他の人々は、約百年後にネブカデレザルとその軍勢が同じ諸国において加える同様の破壊を指すとする。一つの王国から別の王国へと向かい、それらを征服するだけでなく、破壊して荒廃させるためであった。それが東方の国々が戦争においてとった方法であったからである。脅しに混じっている約束は、そのような極めて災い多い時代における神の民の支えと慰めのために意図されたものである。そして、それらの荒廃をもたらす者としても、もたらされる者としても、特定の国が名指されていないので、私はこれが両方の出来事を指していると見て差し支えないと思う。いや、聖書は多くの成就を持つのであり、私たちはそれに十分な広がりを与えるべきである。それゆえ私は、預言者が特別に心を留めていたこれらの事や類似の事から、ここで人類の災いに満ちた状態と、人のいのちが陥りやすい多くの悲惨、とりわけ国々の戦争に伴う悲惨を一般的に描き出そうとしていると考える傾向がある。確かに預言者たちは、特定の出来事を予告するためだけでなく、人々の心を徳と敬虔に鍛えるために遣わされたのであり、その目的のために彼らの預言は書き記され、私たちの学びのために保存された。それゆえ私的解釈と見なされるべきではない。さて、この世のむなしさと、それが私たちを幸せにすることができないという十分な確信は、私たちを神に導き、私たちの思いをもう一つの世界に向かわせる上で大いに役立つので、預言者はここで、私たちが決してそれらに安息を置かず、神を楽しむことに及ばない限りどこにも満足を期待しないように、これらの事において心の悩みに会うことを期待しなければならないことを示す。この章で私たちは次のことを持つ。I. 罪のための荒廃させる審判の脅し(Isa 24:1-12)。それに、その中にあって良い人々が慰められるという確言が加えられる、Isa 24:13-15。II. 同様の荒廃のさらなる脅し(Isa 24:16-22)。それに、すべての中にあって神が栄光を受けられるという確言が加えられる。