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1 Timothy 1 Introduction
英語原文
Introduction to 1Timothy
Section 1. Notices of the Life of Timothy
Nearly all that can now be known of Timothy is to be learned from the New Testament. He was a native of either Derbe or Lystra, but it is not certainly known which Acts 16:1. Paul found him there on his visit to those places, and does not appear to have been acquainted with him before. His mother, whose name was Eunice, was a Jewess, and was pious, as was also his grandmother, Lois 2 Timothy 1:3. His father was a Greek, but was evidently not unfriendly to the Jewish religion, because Timothy had been carefully trained in the Scriptures 2 Timothy 3:15. Paul came to Derbe and Lystra. and became acquainted with Timothy, about 51 or 52 a.d., but there is no method now of ascertaining the exact age of Timothy at that time, though there is reason to think that he was then a youth 1 Timothy 4:12. It would seem, also, that he was a youth of uncommon hope and promise, and that there had been some special indications that he would rise to distinction as a religious man, and would exert an extended influence in favor of religion 1 Timothy 1:18. At the time when Paul first met with Timothy, he was a "disciple," or a Christian convert; but the means which had been used for his conversion are unknown. Timothy's mother had been before converted to the Christian faith Acts 16:1, and Timothy was well known to the Christians in the neighboring towns of Lystra and Iconium. The gospel had been preached by Paul and Barnabas, in Iconium, Derbe, and Lystra, some six or seven years before it is said that Paul met with Timothy Acts 16:1, and it is not improbable that this youth had been converted in the interval.
Several things appear to have combined to induce the apostle to introduce him into the ministry, and to make him a traveling companion. His youth; his acquaintance with the Holy Scriptures; the "prophecies which went before on him;" his talents; his general reputation in the church, and, it would seem also, his amiableness of manners, adapting himself to be an agreeable companion. attracted the attention of the apostle, and led Paul to desire that he might be a fellow-laborer with him. To satisfy the prejudices of the Jews, and to prevent any possible objection which might be made against his qualifications for the ministerial office, Paul circumcised him Acts 16:3, and Timothy was ordained to the office of the ministry by "the laying on of the hands of the presbytery" 1 Timothy 4:14. When this ordination occurred is not known, but it is most probable that it was before Timothy went on his travels with Paul, since it is known that Paul was present on the occasion, and took a leading part in the transaction 2 Timothy 1:6.
Having joined Paul and Silas, Timothy accompanied them on a visit to the congregations of Phrygia and Galatia, in which they delivered them the decrees to keep which had been ordained at Jerusalem; Acts 16:4 following. Having done this, they endeavored to go together into Bythinia, a province of Asia Minor, on the northwest, but were prevented; and they then went into Mysia, and to the towns of Troas; Acts 16:8. Here Luke appears to have joined them, and from this place, in obedience to a vision which appeared to Paul, they went into Macedonia, and preached the gospel first at Philippi, where they established a church. In this city Paul and Silas were imprisoned; but it is remarkable that nothing is said of Timothy and Luke, and it is not known whether they shared in the sufferings of the persecution there or not. Everything, however, renders it probable that Timothy was with them at Philippi, as he is mentioned as having started with them to go on the journey Acts 16:3; and, since we find Timothy at Berea, after the apostle had been released from prison, and had preached at Thessalonica and Berea Acts 17:14. From this place Paul was conducted to Athens, but left an injunction for Silas and Timothy to join him there as soon as possible. This was done; - but when Timothy had come to Athens, Paul felt it to be important that the church at Thessalonica should be visited and comforted in its afflictions, and being prevented from doing it himself, he sent Timothy, at great personal inconvenience, back to that church. Having discharged the duty there, he rejoined the apostle at Corinth Act 18:5, from which place the First Epistle to the Thessalonians was written; see the introduction to 1 Thessalonians nd the notes on 1 Thessalonians 1:1, and 1 Thessalonians 3:2. These transactions occurred about 52 ad.
Paul remained at Corinth for a year and a half Acts 18:11, and it is probable that Timothy and Silas continued with him; see 2 Thessalonians 1:1. From Corinth he sailed for Syria, accompanied by Priscilla and Aquila, whom he appears to have left on his way at Ephesus; Acts 18:18-19, Acts 18:26. Whether Timothy and Silas accompanied him is not mentioned, but we find Timothy again with him at Ephesus, after he had been to Caesarea and Antioch, and had returned to Ephesus; Acts 18:22; Acts 19:1, Acts 19:22. From Ephesus, he sent Timothy and Erastus to Macedonia Acts 19:22, but for what purpose, or how long they remained, is unknown. From 1 Corinthians 4:17, it appears that Paul expected that on this journey Timothy would stop at Corinth, and would give the church there instructions adapted to its situation. Paul continued in Ephesus until he was compelled to depart by the tumult caused by Demetrius, when he left and went to Macedonia; Acts 20.
Whether Timothy, during the interval, had returned to Ephesus from Macedonia, is not expressly mentioned in the history; but such a supposition is not improbable. Paul, during the early part of his residence in Ephesus, appears to have labored quietly Acts 19:9-10; and Timothy was sent away before the disturbances caused by Demetrius; Acts 19:22. Paul designed to follow him soon, and then to go to Jerusalem, and then to Rome; Acts 19:21. Paul Acts 20:31 was in Ephesus in all for about three years; and it is not unreasonable to suppose that he remained there after Timothy was sent to Macedonia long enough for him to go and to return to him again. If so, it is possible that when Paul himself went away, he left Timothy there in his place; compare 1 Timothy 1:3. It has been the general opinion that the First Epistle to Timothy was written at this time, either when the apostle was on his way to Macedonia, or while in Macedonia. But this opinion has not been unquestioned.
The departure of Paul for Macedonia occurred about 58 or 59 a.d. In Acts 20:4, Timothy is again mentioned as accompanying Paul, after he had remained in Greece three months, on the route to Syria through Macedonia. He went with him, in company with many others, into "Asia." Going before Paul, they waited for him at Troas Acts 20:5, and thence doubtless accompanied him on his way to Jerusalem. It was on this occasion that Paul delivered his farewell charge to the elders of the church of Ephesus at Miletus Acts 20:17. When in Macedonia, Paul wrote the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, and Timothy was then with him, for Paul unites in the salutations; 2 Corinthians 1:1. Timothy was also with the apostle on this journey at Corinth, when from that city he wrote his Epistle to the Romans; Romans 16:21.
The subsequent events of the life of Timothy are less known. It does not appear from the Acts of the Apostles, that Timothy was with Paul during his two years' imprisonment at Caesarea, nor during his voyage to Rome. It is certain, however, that he was at Rome with the apostle when he wrote the epistles to the Philippians, to the Colossians, and to Philemon; Philippians 1:1; Colossians 1:1; Plm 1:1; From Hebrews 13:23 it appears also, that Timothy had been with the apostle there, but that when the Epistle was written he was absent on some important embassy, and that Paul was expecting his speedy return; see notes on that verse. Between the first and second imprisonment of Paul at Rome, no mention is made of Timothy, nor is it known where he was, or whether he accompanied him in his travels or not. When he was imprisoned there the second time, he wrote the Second Epistle to Timothy, in which he desires him to come to Rome, and bring with him several things which he had left at Troas; 2 Timothy 4:9-13, 2 Timothy 4:21. If Timothy went to Rome, agreeably to the request of the apostle, it is probable that he was a witness there of his martyrdom.
In regard to the latter part of the life of Timothy, there is nothing which can be depended upon. It has been the current opinion, derived from tradition, that he was "Bishop" of Ephesus; that he died and was buried there; and that his bones were subsequently removed to Constantinople. The belief that he was "Bishop" of Ephesus rests mainly on the "subscription" to the Second Epistle to Timothy - which is no authority whatever (see notes on that subscription). On the question whether he was an episcopal prelate at Ephesus, the reader may consult my "Enquiry into the Organization and Government of the Apostolic Church," pp. 88-107. The supposition that he died at Ephesus, and was subsequently removed to Constantinople, rests on no certain historical basis.
Timothy was long the companion and the friend of the apostle Paul, and is often mentioned by him with affectionate interest. Indeed there seems to have been not one of his fellow-laborers to whom he was so warmly attached; see 1 Timothy 1:2, 1 Timothy 1:18; 2 Timothy 1:2; 2 Timothy 2:1; 1 Corinthians 4:17, where he calls him "his own son," and "his beloved son" 2 Timothy 1:4, where he expresses his earnest desire to see him, and makes a reference to the tears which Timothy shed at parting from him; - 1 Corinthians 16:10-11, where he bespeaks for him a kind reception among the Corinthians; - 1 Corinthians 16:10; Romans 16:21; 1 Thessalonians 3:2, where he speaks of his fidelity, of his usefulness to him in his labors, and of the interest which he took in the churches which the apostle had established.
Section 2. When and Where the Epistle Was Written
The subscription at the close of the epistle states that it was written from Laodicea. But these subscriptions are of no authority, and many of them are false; see notes at the end of 1 Corinthians. here has been much diversity of opinion in regard to the time when this epistle was written, and of course in regard to the place where it was composed. All that is certain from the epistle itself is, that it was addressed to Timothy at Ephesus, and that it was soon after Paul had left that city to go to Macedonia; 1 Timothy 1:3. Paul is mentioned in the Acts as having been at Ephesus twice: Acts 18:19-23; Acts 19:1-41. After his first visit there, he went directly to Jerusalem, and of course it could not have been written at that time. The only question then is, whether it was written when Paul left the city, having been driven away by the excitement caused by Demetrius Acts 20:1, or whether he visited Ephesus again on some occasion after his first imprisonment at Rome, and of course after the narrative of Luke in the Acts of the Apostles closes. If on the former occasion, it was written about the year 58 or 59; if the latter, about the year 64 or 65 a.d. Critics have been divided in reference to this point, and the question is still unsettled, and it may be impossible to determine it with entire certainty.
Those who have maintained the former opinion, among others, are Theodoret, Benson, Zachariae, Michaelis, Schmidt. Koppe, Planck, Grotius Lightfoot, Witsius, Lardner, Hug, and Prof. Stuart. The latter opinion, that it was written subsequently to the period of Paul's first imprisonment at Rome, is maintained by Paley, Pearson, L'Enfant, LeClerc, Cave, Mill, Whitby, Macknight, and others.
An examination of the reasons in favor of each of these opinions in regard to the date of the epistle, may be found in Paley's Horae Paul.; Macknight; Hug's Intro., and Koppe, Prolegomena.
The theory of Eichhorn, which is unique, and which is supported by some ingenious and plausible, but not conclusive reasoning, may be seen in his Einleitung in das neue Test. 3 B. 314-352.
In the diversity of opinion which prevails about the time when the epistle was written, it is impossible to determine the question in such a manner as to leave no room for doubt. After the most careful examination which I have been able to give to the subject, however, it seems to me that the former opinion is correct, that it was written soon after Paul was driven from Ephesus by the tumult caused by Demetrius, as recorded in Acts 19; Acts 20:1. The reasons for this opinion are briefly these:
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This is the only record that occurs in the New Testament of the apostle's having gone from Ephesus to Macedonia; see above. It is natural, therefore, to suppose that this is referred to in 1 Timothy 1:3, unless there is some insuperable difficulty in the way.
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There is no certain evidence that Paul visited the church at Ephesus after his first imprisonment at Rome. It is certainly possible that he did, but there is no record of any such visit in the New Testament, nor any historical record of it elsewhere. If there had been such a visit after his release, and if this epistle was written then, it is remarkable that the apostle does not make any allusion to his imprisonment in this epistle, and that he does not refer at all to his own escape from this danger of death at Rome; compare 2 Timothy 4:16-17.
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The supposition that the epistle was written at the time supposed, agrees better with the character of the epistle, and with the design for which Timothy was left at Ephesus, than the others. It is manifest from the epistle that the church was in some respects in an unsettled condition, and it would seem also that one part of the duty of Timothy there was to see that it was placed under a proper organization. This Paul had evidently proposed to accomplish himself, but it is clear from 1 Timothy 1:3, that he left his work unfinished, and that he gave what he had proposed to do into the hands of Timothy to be perfected. After the first imprisonment of Paul at Rome, however, there is every reason to suppose that the church was completely organized. Even when Paul went from Macedonia to Jerusalem Acts 20, there were "elders" placed over the church at Ephesus, whom Paul assembled at Miletus, and to whom he gave his parting charge, and his final instructions in regard to the church.
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At the time when Paul wrote this epistle, Timothy was a young man - a youth; 1 Timothy 4:12. It is true, that if he was somewhere about twenty years of age when he was introduced into the ministry, as has been commonly supposed, this language would not he entirely inappropriate, even after the imprisonment of Paul, but still the language would more properly denote one somewhat younger than Timothy would be at that time.
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To this may be added the declaration of Paul in 1 Timothy 3:14, that he "hoped to come to him shortly." This is an expression which agrees well with the supposition that he had himself been driven away before he had intended to leave; that he had left something unfinished there which he desired to complete, and that he hoped that affairs would soon be in such a state that he would be permitted to return. It may he also suggested, as a circumstance of some importance, though not conclusive, that when Paul met the elders of the church of Ephesus at Miletus, he said that he had no expectation of ever seeing them again. "And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more;" Acts 20:25. I do not think that this is to be understood as an inspired prediction, affirming with absolute certainty that he never would see them again, but that he rather expressed his apprehensions that it would be so from the circumstances which then existed; Acts 20:22-23. Still, this passage shows that when he uttered it he did not expect to visit Ephesus again, as he manifestly did when he wrote the epistle to Timothy.
These considerations seem so clear that they would leave no doubt on the mind, were it not for certain things which it seems to many impossible to reconcile with this supposition. The difficulties are the following:
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That before Paul went to Macedonia, he had sent Timothy with Erastus before him Acts 19:22, purposing to follow them at no distant period, and to pass through Macedonia and Achaia, and then to go to Jerusalem, and afterward to visit Rome; Acts 19:21. As he had sent Timothy before him but so short a time before he left Ephesus, it is asked how Timothy could be left at Ephesus when Paul went himself to Macedonia? To this objection we may reply, that it is not improbable by any means that Timothy may have accomplished the object of his journey to Macedonia, and may have returned to the apostle at Ephesus before he was driven away. It does not appear, from the narrative, that Timothy was entrusted with any commission which would require a long time to fulfil it, nor that Paul expected that he would remain in Macedonia until he himself came. The purpose for which he sent Timothy and Erastus is not indeed mentioned, but it seems probable that it was with reference to the collection which he proposed to take up for the poor saints at Jerusalem; see notes on Acts 19:21-22; compare 1 Corinthians 16:1-6. If it was the purpose to prepare the churches for such a collection, it could not have required any considerable time, nor was it necessary that Timothy should remain long in a place; and it was natural also that he should return to the apostle at Ephesus and apprize him of what he had done, and what was the prospect in regard to the collection. It has been clearly shown by Hug (Introduction to the New Testament, sections 104, 109), that such a journey could easily have been made during the time which the apostle remained at Ephesus after he had sent Timothy and Erastus to Macedonia.
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The next objection - and one which is regarded by Paley as decisive against the supposition that the epistle was written on this occasion - is, that from the Second Epistle to the 1 Corinthians 2 1 Corinthians 1:1, it is evident that at the time in which this epistle is supposed to have been written, Timothy was with the apostle in Macedonia. The second epistle to the Corinthians was undoubtedly written during this visit of Paul to Macedonia, and at that time Timothy was with him; see the Introduction to 2 Corinthians, section 3. How then can it be supposed that he was at Ephesus? Or how can this fact be reconciled with the supposition that Timothy was left there, and especially with the declaration of Paul to him 1 Timothy 3:14, that he "hoped to come to him shortly?" That Paul expected that Timothy would remain at Ephesus, at least for some time, is evident from 1 Timothy 3:15, "But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God;" and from 1 Timothy 4:13, "Till I come, give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine." The only solution of this difficulty is, that Timothy had left Ephesus, and had followed the apostle into Macedonia; and the only question here is, whether, since the apostle designed that he should remain at Ephesus, and expected himself to return and meet him there, Timothy would be likely to leave that place and go to Macedonia. It is certain that the history in the Acts does not make this record, but that is no material objection - since it cannot be supposed that every occurrence in the travels of the apostles was recorded. But there are two or three circumstances which may render the supposition that Timothy, either by the concurrence, or by the direction of Paul, privately communicated to him, may have left Ephesus sooner than was at first contemplated, and may have rejoined him in Macedonia.
(1) one is, that the main business which Timothy was appointed to perform at Ephesus - to give a solemn charge to certain persons there to teach no other doctrine but that which Paul taught 1 Timothy 1:3 - might have been speedily accomplished. Paul was driven away in haste, and as he had not the opportunity of doing this himself as he wished, he left Timothy in charge of it. But this did not require, of necessity, any considerable time.
(2) another is, that the business of appointing suitable officers over the church there, might also have been soon accomplished. In fact, the church there is known to have been supplied with proper officers not long after this, for Paul sent from Miletus for the elders to meet him there on his way to Jerusalem. This remark is made in accordance with the opinion that a part of the work which Timothy was expected to perform there was to constitute proper officers over the church. But there is no proof that that was a part of his business. It is not specified in what Paul mentions, in 1 Timothy 1:3, as the design for which he was left there, and it is hardly probable that the apostle would have spent so long a time as he did in Ephesus nearly three years Acts 20:31 - without having organized the church with proper officers. Besides, the address of Paul to the elders at Miletus implies that they had received their appointment before he left them; see Acts 20:18-35, particularly Acts 20:35. The instructions to Timothy in this Epistle about the proper qualifications of the officers of the church, do not prove that he was then to appoint officers at Ephesus, for they are general instructions, having no particular reference to the church there, and designed to guide him in his work through life. There is, therefore, nothing in the duties which Timothy was to perform at Ephesus which would forbid the supposition that he may have soon followed the apostle into Macedonia.
(3) It appears that though Paul may have intended, if possible, to visit Ephesus on his way to Jerusalem, in accordance with 1 Timothy 3:14-15; 1 Timothy 4:13, yet, if that had been his intention, he subsequently changed his mind, and found it necessary to make other arrangements. Thus it is said Acts 20:16, that "Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not spend the time in Asia:" that is, he had resolved to sail past Ephesus without visiting it. It would seem probable also, that this resolution had been formed before he left Macedonia, for it is said that he "had determined" it (ἔκρινεν ekrinen), and if so, there is no improbability in supposing that he had in some way caused it to be intimated to Timothy that he wished him to leave Ephesus and join him before he left Macedonia.
(4) in fact, and in accordance with this supposition, we find Timothy with Paul when he went on that occasion into "Asia;" Acts 20:4-5. These considerations render it probable that the epistle was written to Timothy soon after Paul left Ephesus to go into Macedonia after the tumult excited by Demetrius. As Paul was driven away unexpectedly, and when he had not completed what he designed to do there, nothing is more natural than the supposition that he would embrace the earliest opportunity to give suitable instructions to Timothy, that he might know how to complete the work.
Section 3. The Occasion and Design of the Epistle
This is specified in 1 Timothy 1:3. Paul had gone into Macedonia, having been suddenly driven away from Ephesus, before he had entirely done what he had designed to do there. He left Timothy there to "charge some that they teach no other doctrine;" that is, no other doctrine than that which he had himself taught when there. It is clear, from this, that there were certain errors prevailing there which Paul thought it of the highest importance to have corrected. In regard to those errors, see the introduction to the Epistle to the Ephesians, and the Epistle to the Colossians. Some of the circumstances which gave occasion to this epistle can be gathered from the history in the Acts of the Apostles; others can be derived from the epistle itself. From these sources of information we learn the following things in reference to the state of the church in Ephesus, which made it proper that Timothy should be left there, and that these instructions should be given him to regulate his conduct.
(1) there was much opposition to the apostle Paul from the Jews who resided there; Acts 19:8-9.
(2) there were in the church teachers who endeavored to enforce the maxims of the Jewish law, and to represent that law as binding on Christians; 1 Timothy 1:6-7.
(3) some of the Jews residing there were addicted to exorcism, and endeavored to make use of Christianity and the name of Jesus to promote their selfish ends; Acts 19:14; compare 1 Timothy 1:4.
(4) the Jewish teachers laid great stress on genealogies and traditions. and were much given to debates about various questions connected with the law; 1 Timothy 1:4-6,
(5) There were erroneous views prevailing respecting the rights of women, and the place which they ought to occupy in the church: 1 Timothy 2:8-15.
(6) the organization of the officers of the church had not been effected as Paul wished it to be. It is probable that some of the officers had been appointed, and that some instructions had been given to them in regard to their duties, but the whole arrangement had not been completed; 1 Timothy 3:4;
(7) There were certain questions in regard to the proper treatment of widows which had not yet been determined; 1 Timothy 5.
(8) the apostle in his preaching had inculcated benevolent principles, and had asserted the natural equality of all men, and it would seem that certain persons had taken occasion from this to excite a spirit of discontent and insubordination among those who were servants.
The doctrine seems to have been advanced, that, as all men were equal, and all had been redeemed by the same blood, therefore those who had been held in bondage were free from all obligation to serve their masters. There were those evidently who sought to excite them to insurrection; to break down the distinctions in society, and to produce a state of insubordination and disorder; 1 Timothy 6; compare Ephesians 6:5-10; Colossians 3:22; Colossians 4:2.
Such appears to have been the state of things when the apostle was compelled suddenly to leave Ephesus. He had hitherto directed the affairs of the church there mainly himself, and had endeavored to correct the errors then prevailing, and to establish the church on a right foundation. Matters appear to have been tending to the desired result; religion was acquiring a strong hold on the members of the church Acts 19:18-20; error was giving way; the community was becoming more and more impressed with the value of Christianity; the influence of idolatry was becoming less and less Acts 19:23, and the arrangements for the complete organization of the church were in progress. Such was the promising state of things in these respects that the apostle hoped to be able to leave Ephesus at no very distant period, and had actually made arrangements to do it; Acts 19:21. But his arrangements were not quite finished, and before they were completed, he was compelled to leave by the tumult excited by Demetrius. He left Timothy, therefore, to complete the arrangements, and, in this first epistle, gave him all the instructions which were necessary to guide him in that work.
This view of the state of things in Ephesus at the time when the apostle was constrained to leave it, will enable us to understand the drift of the epistle, and the reasons why the various topics found in it were introduced. At the same time, the instructions are of so general a character that they would be an invaluable guide to Timothy not only at Ephesus, but through his life; and not only to him, but to all the ministers of the gospel in every age and land. A more detailed view of these topics will be furnished in the analysis prefixed to the several chapters of the epistle.
The Epistles to Timothy and Titus occupy a very important place in the New Testament, and without them there would be a manifest and most material defect in the volume of inspiration. Their canonical authority has never been questioned by the great body of the church, and there is no doubt that they are the productions of the apostle Paul. If the various epistles which he wrote, and the various other books of the New Testament; be attentively examined, it will be found that each one is designed to accomplish an important object, and that if anyone were removed a material chasm would be made. Though the removal of anyone of them would not so impair the volume of the New Testament as to obscure any essential doctrine, or prevent our obtaining the knowledge of the way of salvation from the remainder, yet it would mar the beauty and symmetry of the truth, and would render the system of instruction defective and incomplete.
This is true in regard to the epistles to Timothy and Titus, as it is of the other epistles. They fill a department which nothing else in the New Testament would enable us to supply, and without which instructions to man respecting redemption would be incomplete. They relate mainly "to the office of the ministry;" and though there are important instructions, of the Saviour himself respecting the office (Matthew 10; Mark 16, add elsewhere), and though in the address of Paul to the elders of Ephesus Acts 20, and in the Epistles to the Corinthians, there are invaluable suggestions respecting it, yet such is its importance in the organization of the church, that more full and complete instructions seem to be imperiously demanded. Those instructions are furnished in these epistles. They are as full and complete as we could desire in regard to the nature of the office, the qualifications for it, and the duties which grow out of it.
They are fitted not only to direct Timothy and Titus in the work to which they were specifically appointed, but to counsel the ministry in every age and in every land. It is obvious that the character and welfare of the church depend greatly, if not entirely, on the character of the ministry. The office of the ministry is God's great appointment for the preservation of pure religion, and for spreading it abroad through the world. The church adheres to the truth; is built up in faith; is distinguished for love, and purity, and zeal, in proportion as the ministry is honored, and shows itself qualified for its work. In every age corruption in the church has commenced in the ministry; and where the gospel has been spread abroad with zeal, and the church has arisen in her strength and beauty, it has been pre-eminently where God has sent down his Spirit in copious measures on those who have filled the sacred office. So important, then, is this office to the welfare of the church and the world, that it was desirable that full instructions should be furnished in the volume of revelation in regard to its nature and design. Such instructions we have in these epistles, and there is scarcely any portion of the New Testament which the church could not better afford to part with than the Epistles to Timothy and Titus. Had the ministry always been such as these epistles contemplate; had they who have filled the sacred office always had the character and qualifications here described, we may believe that the church would have been saved from the strifes that have torn it, and that the pure gospel would long before this have been spread through the world.
But it is not to the ministry only that these Epistles are of so much value. They are of scarcely less importance to the church at large. Its vitality; its purity; its freedom from strife; its zeal and love and triumph in spreading the gospel, depend on the character of the ministry. If the church will prosper from age to age, the pulpit must be filled with a pious, learned, laborious, and devoted ministry, and one of the first cares of the church should be that such a ministry should be secured. This great object cannot better be attained than by keeping the instructions in these Epistles steadily before the minds of the members of the church; and though a large part of them is particularly adapted to the ministers of the gospel, yet the church itself can in no better way promote its own purity and prosperity than by a prayerful and attentive study of the Epistles to Timothy and Titus.
Analysis Of The Chapter
This chapter 1 Timothy 1 comprises the following subjects:
(1) The salutation to Timothy, in the usual manner in which Paul introduces his epistles; 1 Timothy 1:1-2.
(2) the purpose for which he had left him at Ephesus; 1 Timothy 1:3-4. It was that he might correct the false instructions of some of the teachers there, and especially, as it would seem, in regard to the true use of the law. They gave undue importance to somethings in the laws of Moses; they did not understand the true nature and design of his laws; and they mingled in their instructions much that was mere fable.
(3) the true use and design of the law; 1 Timothy 1:5-11. It was to produce love not vain jangling. It was not made to fetter the conscience by vain and troublesome austerities and ceremonies; it was to restrain and bind the wicked. The use of the law, according to these teachers, and according to the prevailing Jewish notions, was to prescribe a great number of formalities, and to secure outward conformity in a great variety of cumbrous rites and ceremonies. Paul instructs Timothy to teach them that love, out of a pure heart and a good conscience, was the elementary principle of religion, and that the "law" was primarily designed to restrain and control the wicked, and that the gospel brought to light and enforced this important truth.
(4) the mention of the gospel in this connection, leads Paul to express his thanks to God that he had been entrusted with this message of salvation; 1 Timothy 1:12-17. Once he had the same views as others. But he had obtained mercy, and he was permitted to publish that glorious gospel which had shed such light on the law of God, and which had revealed a plan of salvation that was worthy of universal acceleration.
(5) this solemn duty of preaching the gospel he commits now to Timothy, 1 Timothy 1:18-20. He says that he had been called to the work in accordance with the prophecies which had been uttered of him in anticipation of his future usefulness in the church, and in the expectation that he would not, like some others, make shipwreck of his faith.
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1 Timothy 1:1
キリスト・イエスの使徒パウロ——Romans 1:1 の注解を参照せよ。
神の命令によって——1 Corinthians 1:1 の注解を参照せよ。
私たちの救い主——「救い主」という名は、主イエス・キリストに適用されるのと同じように、父なる神にも適用できる。神は救いの偉大な作者であられるからである。Luke 1:47 の注解を参照せよ。1 Timothy 4:10; Titus 2:10; Jde 1:25 と比較せよ。
また、主イエス・キリスト——使徒パウロは、自分の任務を直接この方から受けたのである。Galatians 1:11-12 の注解を参照せよ。
私たちの望みである方——Colossians 1:27 の注解を参照せよ。
英語原文
Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ; - see the notes on Romans 1:1.
By the commandment of God - See the notes at 1 Corinthians 1:1.
Our Saviour - The name Saviour is as applicable to God the Father as to the Lord Jesus Christ, since God is the great Author of salvation; see the notes, Luke 1:47; compare 1 Timothy 4:10; Titus 2:10; Jde 1:25.
And Lord Jesus Christ - The apostle Paul had received his commission directly from him; see the notes, Galatians 1:11-12.
Which is our hope - See the notes at Colossians 1:27.
2
1 Timothy 1:2
テモテへ——テモテに関する説明は、序論第1節を参照せよ。
信仰による私の真の子——私の働きを手段としてクリスチャン信仰へ回心した者であり、私が父の愛情をもって見る者である、ということである(1 Corinthians 4:15 の注解を参照せよ)。パウロには実の子がなく、彼はテモテを子として迎え、一貫してそのように見なし、そのように扱った。テトスに対しても同じ感情を抱いていた(Titus 1:4。Galatians 4:19 の注解、1 Thessalonians 2:7 および 1 Thessalonians 2:11 の注解、また Plm 1:10 の注解と比較せよ)。
恵みとあわれみと平和。……——Romans 1:7 の注解を参照せよ。
英語原文
Unto Timothy - For an account of Timothy, see Intro. Section 1.
My own son in the faith - Converted to the Christian faith by my instrumentality, and regarded by me with the affection of a father; see notes, 1 Corinthians 4:15. Paul had no children of his own, and he adopted Timothy as a son, and uniformly regarded and treated him as such. He had the same feeling also toward Titus; Titus 1:4; compare Galatians 4:19 note; 1 Thessalonians 2:7, 1 Thessalonians 2:11 notes; and Plm 1:10 note.
Grace, mercy, and peace, ... - See the notes, Romans 1:7.
3
1 Timothy 1:3
私があなたに、エペソに留まるように頼んだのは——これから明らかなのは、パウロとテモテがエペソでともに働いていたことである。またこの表現は、パウロがそこで行おうと計画していたことを完成しないうちに、立ち去らざるを得なかったという想定とも調和する。序論第2節を参照せよ。
私がマケドニヤに行ったとき——デメテリオとその同職者たちが引き起こした騒動のために追い出された後のことである(Acts 20:1)。序論第2節、第3節を参照せよ。
あなたがある人々に命じるため——ここの「命じる」παραγγειλης parangeilēs は、私たちが通常この語に込める以上の意味を持つと思われる。それが単発の指示や命令を意味するのであったなら、パウロ自身が出発前に与えることができたはずである。むしろこれは、さまざまな誤りにある者たちを説得し、真の教理のみを教え込むように導く、継続的な教えを指すと考えられる。彼らは多数であったかもしれず、さまざまな形の誤りを抱いていたかもしれず、自分たちの信仰についてもっともらしい根拠を持っていたかもしれないので、これは明らかに時間を要する仕事であり、それゆえテモテはこれをゆっくりと成し遂げるために残されたのである。パウロに対して燃え上がった怒りはテモテには及ばなかったようであり、彼は妨げられることなく留まって働くことを許されたようである。これらの教師たちがだれであったかは確実には知られていないが、ユダヤ的な出身者であり、律法に関するユダヤ人たちの特殊な見解を教え込んでいたと思われる。
ほかの教えを教えないように——すなわち、使徒たちが教えたもの以外の教えを教えないように、ということである。ここで用いられているギリシア語は古典の著述家たちには見いだされず、新約聖書においても、この手紙の 1 Timothy 6:3 で「異なることを教える」と訳されている箇所以外には出てこない。ここから私たちは、テモテがエペソに残された目的が何であったかを学ぶことができる。
(1) それは一時的な目的のためであって、恒久的な取り決めとしてのものではなかった。そこに広まっていたある種の誤りを正すためであり、パウロが留まることを許されていたなら、まもなくみずから正すことができたであろう誤りである。パウロはまもなく再び彼のもとに戻ると期待しており、そのとき彼らは一体となってその仕事を進めるはずであった(1 Timothy 4:13; 1 Timothy 3:15)。
(2) それは、テモテをエペソの「監督」とするためではなかった。第二の手紙の付記が宣言するように、彼がそこで「按手された」という証拠は全くない(その付記に関する注解を参照せよ)。また、彼が行うことになっていた機能は、監督制の監督の機能ではなかった。彼は「教区」を任されるため、あるいは「第二の等級」の聖職者たちを任じるため、堅信の儀式を執り行うため、懲戒の行為を行うために残されたのではない。彼は明示されたある目的のためにそこに残されたのであり、それは、今日 監督制の監督に固有の機能と見なされているものから、できる限り遠いものである。テモテが「エペソの監督」であったと主張する主張ほど、論証の外観をほとんど持たないものは、おそらく他にない。この句の検討については、著者の『使徒教会の組織と統治に関する研究』84-107ページを参照せよ。
英語原文
As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus - It is clear from this, that Paul and Timothy had been laboring together at Ephesus, and the language accords with the supposition that Paul had been compelled to leave before he had completed what he had designed to do there. See the Intro. Section 2.
When I went into Macedonia - Having been driven away by the excitement caused by Demetrius and his fellow-craftsmen; Acts 20:1. See the Intro. Section 2, 3.
That thou mightest charge some - The word charge here - παραγγειλης parangeilēs - seems to mean more than is commonly implied by the word as used by us. If it had been a single direction or command, it might have been given by Paul himself before he left, but it seems rather to refer to that continuous instruction which would convince these various errorists and lead them to inculcate only the true doctrine. As they may have been numerous - as they may have embraced various forms of error, and as they might have had plausible grounds for their belief, this was evidently a work requiring time, and hence Timothy was left to effect this at leisure. It would seem that the wrath which had been excited against Paul had not affected Timothy, but that he was permitted to remain and labor without molestation. It is not certainly known who these teachers were, but they appear to have been of Jewish origin, and to have inculcated the special sentiments of the Jews respecting the law.
That they teach no other doctrine - That is, no other doctrine than that taught by the apostles. The Greek word here used is not found in the classic writers, and does not elsewhere occur in the New Testament, except in 1 Timothy 6:3 of this Epistle, where it is rendered "teach otherwise." We may learn here what was the design for which Timothy was left at Ephesus.
(1) it was for a temporary purpose, and not as a permanent arrangement. It was to correct certain errors prevailing there which Paul would have been able himself soon to correct if he had been suffered to remain. Paul expected soon to return to him again, and then they would proceed unitedly with their work; 1 Timothy 4:13; 1 Timothy 3:15.
(2) it was not that he might be the "Bishop" of Ephesus. There is no evidence that he was "ordained" there at all, as the subscription to the Second Epistle declares (see the notes on that subscription), nor were the functions which he was to perform, those of a prelatical bishop. He was not to take the charge of a "diocese," or to ordain ministers of the "second rank," or to administer the rite of confirmation, or to perform acts of discipline. He was left there for a purpose which is specified, and that is as far as possible from what are now regarded as the appropriate functions of a prelatical bishop. Perhaps no claim which has ever been set up has had less semblance of argument than that which asserts that Timothy was the "Bishop of Ephesus." See this clause examined in my "Inquiry into the Organization and Government of the Apostolic Church," pp. 84-107.
4
1 Timothy 1:4
作り話に心を留めないように——すなわち、彼らが作り話に注意を向けたり、そのようなささいなものを重要なものと見なしたりしないように、ということである。ここで言及される「作り話」は、おそらくユダヤのラビたちの空虚で幼稚な迷信と空想であった。「作り話」と訳されている語(μῦθος muthos)は、本来「ことば」または「話」を意味し、次に寓話や虚構、あるいは神秘的な話を意味するようになった。このようなものはギリシア人たちの中にも、またユダヤ人たちの中にも豊富にあったが、ここでは特に後者が意図されていると思われる。それらは軽薄で根拠のない物語から成り、彼らはそれをきわめて重要なものと見なしており、それをクリスチャン教の教えの中に組み入れたいと望んでいたようである。これらの迷信の中で育ったパウロは、それらがいかに心を真理から引き離し、真の宗教を腐敗させる傾向があるかを、ただちに見抜いた。たましいの敵が最も成功してきた術策の一つは、作り話を真理に混ぜることである。直接の反対によって真理を倒すことができないときには、偽りで軽薄なものを多く混ぜて、真理を無力化しようとするのである。
終わりのない系図に——これもユダヤ人の教えを指す。ヘブル人たちは系図の記録を注意深く保っていた。彼らの部族の区別を維持するためにそれが必要であったからである。もちろん、数世紀の経過の中で、これらの表は非常に多数となり、複雑となり、長く伸びて、「終わりのない」と呼んでも大きな誇張ではないほどになった。ユダヤ人たちはそれらをきわめて重んじ、注意深く保存されるべきだと主張した。しかし、メシアが今や来られ、ユダヤ人の政治体制は終わりに至ろうとしており、彼らと異邦人との隔てはもはや必要でなく、部族の区別も今や無用となったので、クリスチャンがこれらの区別を重視すべき適切な理由はなかった。そのうえ、その体系全体は、クリスチャン教の精神に反するものであった。それは血統と出生の誇りを保ち続けることに役立ったからである。
これらは論争を生み出すのであり——それらは、厄介で激しい議論の種を提供するだけである。そのような問題はしばしば、解決も理解も困難であった。それらは複雑で紛らわしいものとなった。広範な系図の表を解きほぐすことほど難しいことはほとんどない。それゆえ、これをしようとすればしばしば争いが生じ、また解決されたとしても、地位や優先権に関するさらに多くの問いを生じさせることになる。
信仰の中にある神の摂理を成し遂げることよりも——これらの探究は、たましいの中の真の宗教を促進する点で何の役にも立たない。それらは永続的な真理の原理を確立せず、人々の救いに実際に関わる何ものも決定しない。人が一生それらを追い求めても、一人のたましいもそれによって回心しないかもしれず、それらが最も正確に解決されたとしても、一つの心も良くならないかもしれない。教会における多くの論争や言葉合戦について、これは今日もなお真実ではないだろうか。どちらの方向に解決されても、たましいを罪から立ち返らせること、また真の宗教を促進するある重要な原理を確立することに役立たない論争点は、大きな労苦をかけるほどの価値はない。「そのようにせよ」。この言葉は私たちの翻訳者たちが補ったものであるが、意味の上で必要である。その意味は、テモテがエペソに留まり、そこで果たすために残された務めを忠実に遂行する、ということである。
英語原文
Neither give heed to fables - That is, that they should not bestow their attention on fables, or regard such trifles as of importance. The "fables" here referred to were probably the idle and puerile superstitions and conceits of the Jewish rabbies. The word rendered "fable" (μῦθος muthos) means properly "speech" or "discourse," and then fable or fiction, or a mystic discourse. Such things abounded among the Greeks as well as the Jews, but it is probable that the latter here are particularly intended. These were composed of frivolous and unfounded stories, which they regarded as of great importance, and which they seem to have desired to incorporate with the teachings of Christianity. Paul, who had been brought up amidst these superstitions, saw at once how they would tend to draw off the mind from the truth, and would corrupt the true religion. One of the most successful arts of the adversary of souls has been to mingle fable with truth; and when he cannot overthrow the truth by direct opposition, to neutralize it by mingling with it much that is false and frivolous.
And endless genealogies - This also refers to Jewish teaching. The Hebrews kept careful genealogical records, for this was necessary in order that the distinction of their tribes might be kept up. Of course, in the lapse of centuries these tables would become very numerous, complicated, and extended - so that they might without much exaggeration be called "endless." The Jews attached great importance to them, and insisted on their being carefully preserved. As the Messiah, however, had now come - as the Jewish polity was to cease - as the separation between them and the pagan was no longer necessary, and the distinction of tribes was now useless, there was no propriety that these distinctions should be regarded by Christians. The whole system was, moreover, contrary to the genius of Christianity, for it served to keep up the pride of blood and of birth.
Which minister questions - Which afford matter for troublesome and angry debates. It was often difficult to settle or understand them. They became complicated and perplexing. Nothing is more difficult than to unravel an extensive genealogical table. To do this, therefore, would often give rise to contentions, and when settled, would give rise still further to questions about rank and precedence.
Rather than godly edifying which is in faith - These inquiries do nothing to promote true religion in the soul. They settle no permanent principle of truth; they determine nothing that is really concerned in the salvation of people. They might be pursued through life, and not one soul be converted by them; they might be settled with the greatest accuracy, and yet not one heart be made better. Is not this still true of many controversies and logomachies in the church? No point of controversy is worth much trouble, which, if it were settled one way or the other, would not tend to convert the soul from sin, or to establish some important principle in promoting true religion. "So do." These words are supplied by our translators, but they are necessary to the sense. The meaning is, that Timothy was to remain at Ephesus, and faithfully perform the duty which he had been left there to discharge.
5
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:5
Now the end of the commandment - see the notes on Romans 10:4. In order that Timothy might fulfil the design of his appointment, it was necessary that he should have a correct view of the design of the law. The teachers to whom he refers insisted much on its obligation and importance; and Paul designs to say that he did not intend to teach that the law was of no consequence, and was not, when properly understood, obligatory. Its nature and use, however, was not correctly understood by them, and hence it was of great importance for Timothy to inculcate correct views of the purpose for which it was given. The word "commandment" here some have understood of the gospel (Doddridge), others of the particular command which the apostle here gives to Timothy (Benson, Clarke, and Macknight); but it seems more naturally to refer to all that God had commanded - his whole law. As the error of these teachers arose from improper views of the nature and design of law, Paul says that that design should be understood. It was not to produce distinctions and angry contentions, and was not to fetter the minds of Christians with minute and burdensome observances, but it was to produce love.
Is charity - On the meaning of this word, see notes on 1 Corinthians 13:1.
Out of a pure heart - The love which is genuine must proceed from a holy heart. The commandment was not designed to secure merely the outward expressions of love, but that which had its seat in the heart.
And of a good conscience - A conscience free from guilt. Of course there can be no genuine love to God where the dictates of conscience are constantly violated, or where a man knows that he is continually doing wrong. If a man wishes to have the evidence of love to God, he must keep a good conscience. All pretended love, where a man knows that he is living in sin, is mere hypocrisy.
And of faith unfeigned - Undissembled confidence in God. This does seem to be intended specifically of faith in the Lord Jesus, but it means that all true love to God, such as this law would produce, must be based on confidence in him. How can anyone have love to him who has no confidence in him? Can we exercise love to a professed friend in whom we have no confidence? Faith, then, is as necessary under the law as it is under the gospel.
6
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:6
From which some having swerved - Margin, "not aiming at." The word here used - ἀστοχέω astocheō - means properly, to miss the mark; to err; and then, to swerve from compare 1 Timothy 6:21; 2 Timothy 2:18. It does not mean that they had ever had that from which they are said to have swerved - for it does not follow that a man who misses a mark had ever hit it - but merely that they failed of the things referred to, and had turned to vain talk. The word "which" ὧν hōn, in the plural, refers not to the law, but to the things enumerated - a pure heart, a good conscience, and unfeigned faith.
Have turned aside unto vain jangling - Vain talk, empty declamation, discourses without sense. The word here used does not mean contention or strife, but that kind of discourse which is not founded in good sense. They were discourses on their pretended distinctions in the law; on their traditions and ceremonies; on their useless genealogies, and on the fabulous statements which they had appended to the law of Moses.
7
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:7
Desiring to be teachers of the law - That is, to have the credit and reputation of being well versed in the law of Moses, and qualified to explain it to others. This was a high honor among the Jews, and these teachers laid claim to the same distinction.
Understanding neither what they say - That is, they do not understand the true nature and design of that law which they attempt to explain to others. This was true of the Jewish teachers, and equally so of those in the church at Ephesus, who attempted to explain it. They appear to have explained the law on the principles which commonly prevailed among the Jews, and hence their instructions tended greatly to corrupt the faith of the gospel. They made affirmations of what they knew nothing of, and though they made confident observations, yet they often pertained to things about which they had no knowledge. One needs only a slight acquaintance with the manner of teaching among Jewish rabbies, or with the things found in their traditions, to see the accuracy of this statement of the apostle. A sufficient illustration of this may be found in Allen's "Modern Judaism."
8
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:8
But we know that the law is good - We admit this; it is that which we all concede. This declaration is evidently made by the apostle to guard against the supposition that he was an enemy of the law. Doubtless this charge would be brought against him, or against anyone who maintained the sentiments which he had just expressed. By speaking thus of what those teachers regarded as so important in the law, it would be natural for them to declare that he was an enemy of the law itself, and would be glad to see all its claims abrogated. Paul says that he designs no such thing. He admitted that the law was good. He was never disposed for one moment to call it in question. He only asked that it should be rightly understood and properly explained. Paul was never disposed to call in question the excellency and the utility of the law, however it might bear on him or on others; compare Romans 7:12 note, and Acts 21:21-26 notes.
If a man use it lawfully - In a proper manner; for the purposes for which it was designed. It is intended to occupy a most important place, but it should not be perverted. Paul asked only that it should be used aright, and in order to this, he proceeds to state what is its true design.
9
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:9
Knowing this - That is, "If anyone knows, or admits this, he has the prover view of the design of the law." The apostle does not refer particularly to himself as knowing or conceding this, for then he would have uses the plural form of the participle (see the Greek), but he means that anyone who had just views of the law would see that that which he proceeds to specify was its real purpose.
The law is not made for a righteous man - There has been great variety in the interpretation of this passage. Some suppose that the law here refers to the ceremonial laws of Moses (Clarke, Rosenmuller, Abbot); others to the denunciatory part of the law (Doddridge and Bloomfield); and others that it means that the chief purpose of the law was to restrain the wicked. It seems clear, however, that the apostle does not refer merely to the ceremonial law, for he specifies that which condemns the unholy and profane; the murderers of fathers and mothers; liars and perjured persons. It was not the ceremonial law which condemned these things, but the moral law. It cannot be supposed, moreover, that the apostle meant to say that the law was not binding on a righteous man, or that he was under no obligation to obey it - for he everywhere teaches that the moral law is obligatory on all mankind.
To suppose also that a righteous man is released from the obligation to obey the law, that is, to do right, is an absurdity. Nor does he seem to mean, as Macknight supposes, that the law was not given for the purpose of justifying a righteous man - for this was originally one of its designs. Had man always obeyed it, he would have been justified by it. The meaning seems to be, that the purpose of the law was not to fetter and perplex those who were righteous, and who aimed to do their duty and to please God. It was not intended to produce a spirit of servitude and bondage. As the Jews interpreted it, it did this, and this interpretation appears to have been adopted by the teachers at Ephesus, to whom Paul refers. The whole tendency of their teaching was to bring the soul into a state of bondage, and to make religion a condition, of servitude. Paul teaches, on the other hand, that religion was a condition of freedom, and that the main purpose of the law was not to fetter the minds of the righteous by numberless observances and minute regulations, but that it was to restrain the wicked from sin. This is the case with all law. No good man feels himself lettered and manacled by wholesome laws, nor does he feel that the purpose of law is to reduce him to a state of servitude. It is only the wicked who have this feeling - and in this sense the law is made for a man who intends to do wrong.
For the lawless - To bind and restrain them. The word here used means, properly, those who have no law, and then those who are transgressors - the wicked. It is rendered transgressors in Matthew 15:28; Luke 22:37, and wicked, Acts 2:23; 2 Thessalonians 2:8.
And disobedient - Those who are insubordinate, lawless, refractory. The word properly means those who are under no subjection or authority. It occurs in the New Testament only here, and Titus 1:6, Titus 1:10, where it is rendered unruly, and Hebrews 2:8, where it is translated not put under; that is, under Christ.
For the ungodly - Those who have no religion; who do not worship or honor God. The Greek word occurs in the following places, in all of which it is rendered ungodly; Romans 4:5; Romans 5:6; 1 Timothy 1:9; 1 Peter 4:18; 2 Peter 2:5; 2 Peter 3:7; Jde 1:15. The meaning is, that the law is against all who do not worship or honor God.
And for sinners - The word used here is the common word to denote sinners. It is general, and includes sins of all kinds.
For unholy - "Those who are regardless of duty to God or man," Robinson, Lexicon. The word occurs in the New Testament only here, and in 2 Timothy 3:2. It has particular reference to those who fail of their duty toward God, and means those who have no piety; who are irreligious.
And profane - This does not necessarily mean that they were profane in the sense that blasphemed the name of God, or were profane swearers - though the word would include that - but it means properly those who are impious, or who are scoffers; notes, Hebrews 12:16. The word occurs only in the following places, in all of which it is rendered profane: 1 Timothy 1:9; 1 Timothy 4:7; 1 Timothy 6:20; 2 Timothy 2:16; Hebrews 12:16. A man who treats religion with contempt. mockery, or scorn, would correspond with the meaning of the word.
For murderers of fathers - The Greek properly means a "smiter of a father" (Robinson), though here it undoubtedly means a parricide. This was expressly forbidden by the law of Moses, and was a crime punishable by death; Exodus 21:15. It is said to have been a crime which the Roman law did not contemplate as possible, and hence that there was no enactment against it. It is, indeed, a crime of the highest order; but facts have shown that if the Romans supposed it would never be committed, they did not judge aright of human nature. There is no sin which man will not commit if unrestrained, and there is in fact no conceivable form of crime of which he has not been guilty.
Murderers of mothers - A still more atrocious and monstrous crime, if possible, than the former. We can conceive nothing superior to this in atrocity, and yet it has been committed. Nero caused his mother to be murdered, and the annals of crime disclose the names of not a few who have imbrued their own hands in the blood of those who bare them. This was also expressly forbidden by the law of Moses; Exodus 21:15.
For manslayers - This word occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. It means a homicide - a murderer. The crime is expressly forbidden by the law; Exodus 20:13; Genesis 9:6.
10
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:10
For whoremongers - Leviticus 19:29; Leviticus 20:5.
For them that defile themselves with mankind - Sodomites. See the evidence that this crime abounded in ancient times, in the notes on Romans 1:27. It was forbidden by the law of Moses, and was punishable with death; Leviticus 20:13.
For menstealers - The word here used - ἀνδρᾶποδιστής andrapodistēs - occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. It properly means one who steals another for the purpose of making him a slave - a kidnapper. This is the common way in which people are made slaves. Some, indeed, are taken in war and sold as slaves, but the mass of those who have been reduced to servitude have become slaves by being kidnapped. Children are stolen from their parents, or wives from their husbands, or husbands from their wives, or parents from their children, or whole families are stolen together. None become slaves voluntarily, and consequently the whole process of making slaves partakes of the nature of theft of the worst kind. What theft is like that of stealing a man's children, or his wife, or his father or mother? The guilt of manstealing is incurred essentially by those who purchase those who are thus stolen - as the purchaser of a stolen horse, knowing it to be so, participates in the crime. A measure of that criminality also adheres to all who own slaves, and who thus maintain the system - for it is a system known to have been originated by theft. This crime was expressly forbidden by the law of God, and was made punishable with death; Exodus 21:16; Deuteronomy 24:7.
For liars - Leviticus 6:2-4; Leviticus 19:11.
For perjured persons - Those who swear falsely; Leviticus 19:12; Leviticus 6:3; Exodus 20:7.
And if there be any other thing that is contrary to sound doctrine - To sound or correct teaching - for so the word doctrine means. The meaning is, if there is anything else that is opposed to the instruction which the law of God gives.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:11
According to the glorious gospel - The gospel is a system of divine revelation. It makes known the will of God. It states what is duty, and accords in its great principles with the law, or is in harmony with it. The law, in principle, forbids all which the gospel forbids, and in publishing the requirements of the gospel, therefore, Paul says that the law really forbade all which was prohibited in the gospel, and was designed to restrain all who would act contrary to that gospel. There is no contradiction between the law and the gospel. They forbid the same things, and in regard to morals and true piety, the clearer revelations of the gospel are but carrying out the principles stated in the law. They who preach the gospel, then, should not be regarded as arrayed against the law, and Paul says that they who preached the gospel aright really stated the true principles of the law. This he evidently intends should bear against the false teachers who professed to explain the law of Moses. He means here that if a man wished to explain the law, the best explanation would be found in that gospel which it was his office to publish; compare Romans 3:31.
Of the blessed God - Revealed by the blessed God - the same God who was the Author of the law.
Which was committed to my trust - Not to him alone, but to him in common with others. He had received it directly from the Lord; 1 Corinthians 9:17; notes, Galatians 1:1.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:12
And I thank Christ Jesus our Lord - The mention of the gospel 1 Timothy 1:11, and of the fact that it was committed to him, leads the apostle to express his gratitude to him who had called him to the work of preaching it. The Lord Jesus had called him when he was a blasphemer and a persecutor. He had constrained him to leave his career of persecution and blasphemy, and to consecrate himself to the defense and the propagation of the gospel. For all this, though it had required him to give up his favorite projects in life, and all the flattering schemes of ambition, he now felt that praise was due to the Redeemer. If there is anything for which a good man will be thankful, and should be thankful, it is that he has been so directed by the Spirit and providence of God as to be put into the ministry. It is indeed a work of toil, and of self-denial, and demanding many sacrifices of personal ease and comfort. It requires a man to give up his splendid prospects of worldly distinction, and of wealth and ease. It is often identified with want, and poverty, and neglect, and persecution. But it is an office so honorable, so excellent, so noble, and ennobling; it is attended with so many precious comforts here, and is so useful to the world, and it has such promises of blessedness and happiness in the world to come, that no matter what a man is required to give up in order to become a minister of the gospel, he should be thankful to Christ for putting him into the office. A minister, when he comes to die, feels that the highest favor which Heaven has conferred on him has been in turning his feet away from the paths of ambition, and the pursuits of ease or gain, and leading him to that holy work to which he has been enabled to consecrate his life.
Who hath enabled me - Who has given me ability or strength for this service. The apostle traced to the Lord Jesus the fact that he was in the ministry at all, and all the ability which he had to perform the duties of that holy office. It is not necessary here to suppose, as many have done, that he refers to miraculous power conferred on him, but he makes the acknowledgment which any faithful minister would do, that all the strength which he has to perform the duties of his office is derived from Christ; compare John 15:5 note; 1 Corinthians 15:10 note.
For that he counted me faithful - This is equivalent to saying that he reposed confidence in me. It means that there was something in the character of Paul, and in his attachment to the Saviour, on which reliance could be placed, or that there was that which gave the assurance that he would be faithful. A sovereign, when he sends an ambassador to a foreign court, reposes confidence in him, and would not commission him unless he had reason to believe that he would be faithful. So it is in reference to all who are called by the Redeemer into the ministry. They are his ambassadors to a lost world. His putting them into the ministry is an act expressive of great confidence in them - for he commits to them great and important interests. Hence, learn:
(1) that no one ought to regard himself as called to the ministry who will not be "faithful" to his Master; and,
(2) that the office of the ministry is most honorable and responsible. Nowhere else are there so great interests entrusted to man.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:13
Who was before a blasphemer - This does not mean that Paul before his conversion was what would now be regarded as an open blasphemer - that he was one who abused and reviled sacred things, or one who was in the habit of profane swearing. His character appears to have been just the reverse of this, for he was remarkable for treating what he regarded as sacred with the utmost respect; see the notes on Philippians 3:4-6. The meaning is, that he had reviled the name of Christ, and opposed him and his cause - not believing that he was the Messiah; and in thus opposing he had really been guilty of blasphemy. The true Messiah he had in fact treated with contempt and reproaches, and he now looked back upon that fact with the deepest mortification, and with wonder that one who had been so treated by him should have been willing to put him into the ministry. On the meaning of the word blaspheme, see the notes on Matthew 9:3; compare Acts 26:11. In his conduct here referred to, Paul elsewhere says, that he thought at the time that he was doing what he ought to do Acts 26:9; here he says that he now regarded it as blasphemy. Hence, learn that people may have very different views of their conduct when they come to look at it in subsequent life. What they now regard as harmless, or even as right and proper, may hereafter overwhelm them with shame and remorse. The sinner will yet feel the deepest self-reproaches for that which now gives us no uneasiness.
And a persecutor - Acts 9:1 ff; Acts 22:4; Acts 26:11; 1 Corinthians 15:9; Galatians 1:13, Galatians 1:23.
And injurious - The word here used (ὑβριστής hubristēs), occurs only in one other place in the New Testament, Romans 1:30, where it is rendered "despiteful." The word injurious does not quite express its force. It does not mean merely doing injury, but refers rather to the manner or spirit in which it is done. It is a word of intenser signification than either the word "blasphemer," or "persecutor," and means that what he did was done with a proud, haughty, insolent spirit. There was wicked and malicious violence, an arrogance and spirit of tyranny in what he did, which greatly aggravated the wrong that was done; compare the Greek in Matthew 22:6; Luke 11:45; Luke 18:32; Acts 14:5; 1 Thessalonians 2:2; 2 Corinthians 12:10, for illustrations of the meaning of the word. Tyndale and Coverdale render it here "tyrant."
But I obtained mercy, because I did it ignorantly in unbelief - compare notes on Luke 23:34. The ignorance and unbelief of Paul were not such excuses for what he did that they would wholly free him from blame, nor did he regard them as such - for what he did was with a violent and wicked spirit - but they were mitigating circumstances. They served to modify his guilt, and were among the reasons why God had mercy on him. What is said here, therefore, accords with what the Saviour said in his prayer for his murderers; "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do." It is undoubtedly true that persons who sin ignorantly, and who regard themselves as right in what they do, are much more likely to obtain mercy than those who do wrong designedly.
Yet we cannot but regard - Paul's "ignorance in unbelief" as, in itself, a grievous sin, He had abundant means of knowing the truth had he been disposed to inquire with patience and candor. His great abilities and excellent education are a further aggravation of the crime. It is, therefore, impossible to acquiesce in any solution of this clause which seems to make criminal ignorance a ground of mercy. The author, however, intends nothing of this kind, nor would it be fair to put such construction on his words. Yet, a little more fullness had been desirable on a subject of this nature. It is certain, that, independent of the nature of the ignorance, whether willful or otherwise, the character of crime is affected by it. He who should oppose truth, knowing it to be such, is more guilty than he who opposes it in ignorance, or under the conviction that it is not truth, but falsehood. In a certain sense, too, this ignorance, may be regarded as a reason why mercy is bestowed on such as sin desperately or blasphemously under it. Rather, it is a reason why they are not excluded from mercy. It shows why persons so guilty are not beyond its pale. This is, we think, the true key both to the passage, and that in Luke 23:34. The ignorance is not a reason why God should bestow mercy on such persons, rather than on others left to perish, but a reason why they obtain mercy at all, who, by their blasphemies had been supposed to have reached the sin against the Holy Spirit.
Now consider the passage in this view. The apostle had just been showing how great a sinner he had formerly been. His criminality had been so great that it went near to shutting him out from mercy altogether. Had he maliciously persecuted and blasphemed Christ, knowing him to be the Messiah, his had been the unpardonable sin, and his lot that of judicial, final obduracy. But he had not got that length. He was saved from that gulph, and obtained mercy, because, sinning ignorantly and in unbelief, he was not beyond its range.
That Paul should set himself to excuse his guilt is altogether impossible. He does the very reverse. He has but escaped the unpardonable sin. He is chief of sinners. He owes his salvation to exceeding abundant grace. All long-suffering has been exercised toward him. He affirms, that mercy was extended to him, that, to the end of time, there might be a proof or pattern of mercy to the guiltiest. Had he been assigning a reason why he obtained mercy, rather than others left to perish, doubtless that had been what he has elsewhere assigned and defended, "God will have mercy on whom he will have mercy, and he will have compassion on whom he will have compassion;" Romans 9:15.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:14
And the grace of our Lord was exceeding abundant - That is, in his conversion under these circumstances and in the aid which was afterward imparted to him in his work.
With faith and love which is in Christ Jesus - Accompanied with the exercise of faith and love; or producing faith and love. The grace which was imparted to him was seen in the faith and love which it produced; see the notes, 1 Corinthians 15:10.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:15
This is a faithful saying - Greek, "Faithful is the word," or doctrine - ὁ λογος ho logos. This verse has somewhat the character of a parenthesis, and seems to have been thrown into the midst of the narrative because the mind of the apostle was full of the subject. He had said that he, a great sinner, had obtained mercy. This naturally led him to think of the purpose for which Christ came into the world - to save sinners - and to think how strikingly that truth had been illustrated in his own case, and how that case had shown that it was worthy the attention of all. The word rendered "saying," means in this place doctrine, position, or declaration. The word "faithful," means assuredly true; it was that which might be depended on, or on which reliance might be placed. The meaning is, that the doctrine that Christ came to save sinners might be depended on as certainly true; compare 2 Timothy 2:11; Titus 3:8.
And worthy of all acceptation - Worthy to be embraced or believed by all. This is so, because:
(1) all are sinners and need a Saviour. All, therefore ought to welcome a doctrine which shows them how they may be saved.
(2) because Christ died for all. If he had died for only a part of the race, and could save only a part, it could not be said with any propriety that the doctrine was worthy of the acceptance of all. If that were so, what had it to do with all? How could all be interested in it or benefited by it If medicine had been provided for only a part of the patients in a hospital, it could not be said that the announcement of such a fact was worthy the attention of all. It would be highly worthy the attention of those for whom it was designed, but there would be a part who would have nothing to do with it; and why should they concern themselves about it? But if it was provided for each one, then each one would have the highest interest in it. So, if salvation has been provided for me, it is a matter claiming my profoundest attention; and the same is true of every human being. If not provided for me, I have nothing to do with it. It does not concern me at all.
See this subject discussed at length in the supplementary note on 2 Corinthians 5:14.
(3) the manner in which the provision of salvation has been made in the gospel is such as to make it worthy of universal acceptation. It provides for the complete pardon of sin, and the restoration of the soul to God. This is done in a way that is honorable to God - maintaining his law and his justice; and, at the same time, it is in a way that is honorable to man. He is treated afterward as a friend of God and an heir of life. He is raised up from his degradation, and restored to the favor of his Maker. If man were himself to suggest a way of salvation, he could think of none that would be more honorable to God and to himself; none that would do so much to maintain the law and to elevate him from all that now degrades him. What higher honor can be conferred on man than to have his salvation sought as an object of intense and earnest desire by one so great and glorious as the Son of God?
(4) it is worthy of all acceptance, from the nature of the salvation itself. Heaven is offered, with all its everlasting glories, through the blood of Christ - and is not this worthy of universal acceptation? People would accept of a coronet or crown; a splendid mansion, or a rich estate; a present of jewels and gold, if freely tendered to them - but what trifles are these compared with heaven! If there is anything that is worthy of universal acceptation, it is heaven - for all will be miserable unless they enter there.
That Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners - The great and unique doctrine of the gospel. He "came into the world." He therefore had a previous existence. He came. He had, therefore, an object in coming. It makes his gospel more worthy of acceptation that he had an intention, a plan, a wish, in thus coming into the world. He came when he was under no necessity of coming; he came to save, not to destroy; to reveal mercy, not to denounce judgment; to save sinners - the poor, the lost, the wandering, not to condemn them; he came to restore them to the favor of God, to raise them up from their degradation, and to bring them to heaven.
Of whom I am chief - Greek, "first." The word is used to denote eminence - and it means that he occupied the first rank among sinners. There were none who surpassed him. This does not mean that he had been the greatest of sinners in all respects, but that in some respects he had been so great a sinner, that on the whole there were none who had surpassed him. That to which he particularly refers was doubtless the part which he had taken in putting the saints to death; but in connection with this, he felt, undoubtedly, that he had by nature a heart eminently prone to sin; see Romans 7. Except in the matter of persecuting the saints, the youthful Saul of Tarsus appears to have been eminently moral, and his outward conduct was framed in accordance with the strictest rules of the law; Philippians 3:6; Acts 26:4-5. After his conversion, he never attempted to extenuate his conduct, or excuse himself. He was always ready, in all circles, and in all places, to admit to its fullest extent the fact that he was a sinner. So deeply convinced was he of the truth of this, that he bore about with him the constant impression that he was eminently unworthy; and hence he does not say merely that he had been a sinner of most aggravated character, but he speaks of it as something that always pertained to him - "of whom I am chief." We may remark:
(1) that a true Christian will always be ready to admit that his past life has been evil;
(2) that this will become the abiding and steady conviction of the soul; and,
(3) that an acknowledgment that we are sinners is not inconsistent with evidence of piety, and with high attainments in it. The most eminent Christian has the deepest sense of the depravity of his own heart and of the evil of his past life.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:16
Howbeit for this cause - That is, this was one of the causes, or this was a leading reason. We are not to suppose that this was the only one. God had other ends to answer by his conversion than this, but this was one of the designs why he was pardoned - that there might be for all ages a permanent proof that sins of the deepest dye might be forgiven. It was well to have one such example at the outset, that a doubt might never arise about the possibility of forgiving great transgressors. The question thus would be settled for ever.
That in me first - Not first in the order of time, as our translation would seem to imply, but that in me the first or chief of sinners (ἐν ἐμοὶ ποώτῳ en emoi poōtō) he might show an example. The idea is, that he sustained the first rank as a sinner, and that Jesus Christ designed to show mercy to him as such, in order that the possibility of pardoning the greatest sinners might be evinced, and that no one might afterward despair of salvation on account of the greatness of his crimes.
Might shew forth all long-suffering - The highest possible degree of forbearance, in order that a case might never occur about which there could be any doubt. It was shown by his example that the Lord Jesus could evince any possible degree of patience, and could have mercy on the greatest imaginable offenders.
For a pattern - ὑποτύπωσιν hupotupōsin. This word occurs no where else in the New Testament, except in 2 Timothy 1:13, where it is rendered "form." It properly means a form, sketch, or imperfect delineation. Then it denotes a pattern or example, and here it means that the case of Paul was an example for the encouragement of sinners in all subsequent times. It was that to which they might look when they desired forgiveness and salvation. It furnished all the illustration and argument which they would need to show that they might be forgiven. It settled the question forever that the greatest sinners might be pardoned; for as he was "the chief of sinners," it proved that a case could not occur which was beyond the possibility of mercy.
Which should hereafter believe on him to life everlasting - All might learn from the mercy shown to him that salvation could be obtained. From this verse we may learn:
(1) that no sinner should despair of mercy. No one should say that he is so great a sinner that he cannot be forgiven. One who regarded himself as the "chief" of sinners was pardoned, and pardoned for the very purpose of illustrating this truth, that any sinner might be saved. His example stands as the illustration of this to all ages; and were there no other, any sinner might now come and hope for mercy. But there are other examples. Sinners of all ranks and descriptions have been pardoned. Indeed, there is no form of depravity of which people can be guilty, in respect to which there are not instances where just such offenders have been forgiven. The persecutor may reflect that great enemies of the cross like him have been pardoned; the profane man and the blasphemer, that many such have been forgiven; the murderer, the thief, the sensualist, that many of the same character have found mercy, and have been admitted to heaven.
(2) the fact that great sinners have been pardoned, is a proof that others of the same description may be also. The same mercy that saved them can save us - for mercy is not exhausted by being frequently exercised. The blood of atonement which has cleansed so many can cleanse us - for its efficacy is not destroyed by being once applied to the guilty soul. Let no one then despair of obtaining mercy because he feels that his sins are too great to be forgiven. Let him look to the past, and remember what God has done. Let him remember the case of Saul of Tarsus; let him think of David and Peter; let him recall the names of Augustine, and Colonel Gardiner, and the Earl of Rochester, and John Newton, and John Bunyan - and thousands like them, who have found mercy; and in their examples let him see a full proof that God is willing to save any sinner, no matter how vile, provided he is penitent and believing.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:17
Now unto the king eternal - This ascription of praise is offered to God in view of the mercy which he had shown to so great a sinner. It is the outbreak of that grateful emotion which swelled his bosom, and which would not be denied expression, when Paul recalled his former life and the mercy of God to his soul. It somewhat interrupts indeed the train of his remarks, but the heart was so full that it demanded utterance. It is just an instance of the joy and gratitude which fill the soul of a Christian when he is led along in a train of reflections which conduct him to the recollections of his former sin and danger, and to the fact that he has obtained mercy and has now the hope of heaven. The apostle Paul not unfrequently, in accordance with a mode of writing that was common among the Hebrews, interposes an expression of praise in the midst of his reasonings; compare Romans 1:25; 2 Corinthians 11:31. God is called King here, as he is often in the Scriptures, to denote that he rules over the universe. A literal translation of the passage would be, "To the King of ages, who is immortal," etc. The meaning of this expression - "the King of ages" - βασιλει τὼν αἰώνων basilei tōn aiōnōn - is, that he is a king who rules throughout all ages. This does not mean that he himself lives for ever, but that his dominion extends over all ages or generations. The rule of earthly monarchs does not extend into successive ages; his does. Their reign is temporary; his is enduring, and continues as one generation after another passes on, and thus embraces them all.
Immortal - This refers to God himself, not to his reign. It means that he does not die, and it is given to him to distinguish him from other sovereigns. All other monarchs but God expire - and are just as liable to die at any moment as any other people.
Invisible - 1 Timothy 6:16; see the notes on John 1:18.
The only wise God - notes, Romans 16:27. The word "wise" is missing in many mss., and in some editions of the New Testament. It is omitted by Griesbach; marked as doubtful by Tittman, and rejected in the valuable edition of Hahn. Erasmus conjectures that it was added against the Arians, who maintained that the Father only was God, and that as he is here mentioned as such, the word wise was interpolated to denote merely that the attribute of perfect wisdom belonged only to him. Wetstein regards the reading as genuine, and suspects that in some of the early manuscripts where it is missing it was omitted by the transcriber, because it was regarded as inelegant for two adjectives to be united in this manner. It is not easy to determine as to the genuineness of the reading. The sense is not materially affected, whichever view be adopted. It is true that Yahweh is the only God; it is also true that he is the only wise God. The gods of the pagan are "vanity and a lie," and they are wholly destitute of wisdom; see Psalm 115:3-8; Psalm 135:15-18; Isaiah 40:18-20; Isaiah 44:10-17.
Be honour - Let there be all the respect and veneration shown to him which is his due.
And glory - Praise. Let him be praised by all for ever.
Amen - So be it; an expression of strong affirmation; John 3:3. Here it is used to denote the solemn assent of the heart to the sentiment conveyed by the words used; see the Matthew 6:13 note; 1 Corinthians 14:16 note.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:18
This charge - This command or injunction. It does not refer to any "charge," or "cure," which he had as bishop or minister, as the word is sometimes used now, but to the commands or injunctions which he was delivering to him. The command particularly referred to is that in 1 Timothy 1:8.
According to the prophecies which went before on thee - The general meaning of this is plain. It is, that Paul was committing to him an important trust, and one that required great wisdom and fidelity; and that in doing it he was acting in conformity with the hopes which had been cherished respecting Timothy, and with certain expressed anticipations about his influence in the church. From early life the hope had been entertained that he would be a man to whom important trusts might be committed; and it had been predicted that he would be distinguished as a friend of religion. These hopes seem to have been cherished in consequence of the careful training in religion which he had had 2 Timothy 2:1; 2 Timothy 3:15, and probably from the early indications of seriousness, prudence, and piety, which he manifested. It was natural to entertain such hopes, and it seems, from this place, that such hopes had even assumed the form of predictions.
It is not absolutely necessary to suppose that these predictions referred to by the word prophecies were inspired, for the word may be used in a popular sense, as it is often now. We speak now familiarly of predicting or foretelling the future usefulness of a serious, prudent, studious, and pious youth. We argue from what he is, to what he will be, and we do not deem it unsafe or improper to hazard the prediction that, if he lives, he will be a man to whom important interests may be entrusted. As there were, however. prophets in the Christian church (Acts 11:27 note; 1 Corinthians 14 notes), and as it is possible that in some cases they were inspired to foretell future events, it cannot be regarded as improper to suppose that some of them had foretold the future usefulness of this religiously educated youth. Whatever may be meant by the expression, this general observation may be made, that when a young man enters on the active duties of life, and when great interests are entrusted to him, it is not improper to remind him of the hopes which had been cherished of him; of the anticipations which had been formed of his future usefulness; and of the expressions which have been used by the pious and the discerning respecting his future character. This is a kind of reminiscence which will rather increase his sense of responsibility than flatter his vanity; and it may be made a means of exciting him to diligence and fidelity. A virtuous young man will not willingly disappoint the long-cherished hopes of his friends. He will be likely to be made more diligent by the remembrance of all their fond anticipations of his future success.
That thou by them - By those prophecies. That is, that being stimulated and excited by those predictions and hopes, you might be led to fidelity and usefulness.
Mightest war a good warfare - The Christian life is often compared to a warfare or struggle for victory (compare Ephesians 6:10-17; 1 Corinthians 9:7; 2 Corinthians 4:4), and the services of the Christian ministry especially are likened to those of a soldier; 2 Timothy 2:3-4; 2 Timothy 4:7. The meaning here is, that he should contend with earnestness as a Christian and a minister in that holy service in which he was engaged, and endeavor to secure the victory. He "wars a good warfare" who is engaged in a righteous cause; who is faithful to his commander and to his post; who is unslumbering in observing the motions of the enemy, and fearless in courage in meeting them; who never forsakes his standard, and who continues thus faithful until the period of his enlistment has expired, or until death. Such a soldier the Christian minister should be.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:19
Holding faith - Fidelity to the cause in which you are enlisted - as a good soldier should do. This does not mean, as it seems to me, that Timothy should hold to the system of doctrines revealed in the gospel, but that he should have that fidelity which a good soldier should have. He should not betray his trust. He should adhere to the cause of his master with unwavering steadfastness. This would include, of course, a belief of the truth, but this is not the leading idea in the phrase.
And a good conscience - see the notes, Acts 23:1. A good conscience, as well as fidelity, is necessary in the service of the Redeemer. A good conscience is that which is well informed in regard to what is right, and where its dictates are honestly followed.
Which some having put away - That is, which good conscience some have put from them, or in other words, have not followed its dictates. The truth thus taught is, that people make shipwreck of their faith by not keeping a good conscience. They love sin. They follow the leadings of passion. They choose to indulge in carnal propensities. As a matter of course, they must, if they will do this, reject and renounce the gospel. People become infidels because they wish to indulge in sin. No man can be a sensualist, and yet love that gospel which enjoins purity of life. If people would keep a good conscience, the way to a steady belief in the gospel would be easy. If people will not, they must expect sooner or later to be landed in infidelity.
Concerning faith - In respect to the whole subject of faith. They are unfaithful to God, and they reject the whole system of the gospel. "Faith" is sometimes used to denote the gospel - as faith is the principal thing in the gospel.
Have made shipwreck - There is an entire destruction of faith - as a ship is wholly ruined that strikes on a rock and sinks.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文1 Timothy 1:20
Of whom is Hymeneus and Alexander - Hymeneus is nowhere else mentioned in the New Testament, except in 2 Timothy 2:17, where he is mentioned in connection with Philetus as a very dangerous man. An Alexander is mentioned in Acts 19:33, which some have supposed to be the same as the one referred to here. It is not certain, however, that the same person is intended; see the notes on that verse. In 2 Timothy 4:14, Alexander the coppersmith is mentioned as one who had done the apostle "much evil," and there can be little doubt that he is the same person who is referred to here. One of the doctrines which Hymeneus held was, that the "resurrection was past already" 2 Timothy 2:18; but what doctrine Alexander held is unknown, It is not improbable, as he is mentioned here in connection with Hymeneus, that he maintained the same opinion, and in addition to that he appears to have been guilty of some personal injury to the apostle. Both also were guilty of blasphemy.
Whom I have delivered unto Satan - On the meaning of this expression, see the notes on 1 Corinthians 5:5.
That they may learn not to blaspheme - It cannot be supposed that Satan would undertake to teach them not to blaspheme, or that Paul put them under him as an instructor on that subject. The instructions of Satan tend rather to teach his followers to blaspheme, and none in his school fail to be apt scholars. The meaning here is, that Paul excommunicated them, and not improbably brought upon them, by giving them over to Satan, some physical maladies, that they might be reformed; compare notes on 1 Corinthians 5:5. It is not entirely clear what is meant by blaspheme in this place; compare notes on 1 Timothy 1:13. It cannot be supposed that they were open and bold blasphemers, for such could not have maintained a place in the church, but rather that they held doctrines which the apostle regarded as amounting to blasphemy; that is, doctrines which were in fact a reproach on the divine character. There are many doctrines held by people which are in fact a reflection on the divine character, and which amount to the same thing as blasphemy. A blasphemer openly expresses views of the divine character which are a reproach to God; an errorist expresses the same thing in another way - by teaching as true about God that which represents him in a false light, and, to suppose which, in fact, is a reproach. The spirit with which this is done in the two cases may be different; the thing itself may be the same. Let us be careful that we hold no views about God which are reproachful to him, and which, though we do not express it in words, may lead us to blaspheme him in our hearts.
テモテへの第一の手紙 序論
第1節 テモテの生涯に関する記録
テモテについて今知り得ることは、ほとんどすべて新約聖書から学ばなければならない。彼はデルベまたはルステラの生まれであったが、どちらであったかは確実には知られていない(Acts 16:1)。パウロはそれらの地域を訪問した際にそこで彼に出会ったのであり、それ以前には彼と面識があった様子はない。母の名はユニケといい、ユダヤ人女性であって、祖母ロイスと同様に敬虔な人であった(2 Timothy 1:3)。父はギリシヤ人であったが、テモテが幼い頃から聖書によって注意深く訓練されていたことから(2 Timothy 3:15)、ユダヤ教に好意を抱いていなかったことは明らかである。パウロがデルベとルステラに来てテモテを知るようになったのは紀元51年または52年頃であるが、当時のテモテの正確な年齢を今確定する方法はない。ただ、彼が当時まだ若い者であったと見なすべき理由がある(1 Timothy 4:12)。また、彼は並外れた希望と将来性を備えた青年であったようであり、宗教的な人物として卓越した存在となり、宗教のために広い影響力を及ぼすことになるであろうことを示す特別な徴がいくつかあったかのようである(1 Timothy 1:18)。パウロがテモテに初めて会ったとき、彼はすでに「弟子」、すなわちクリスチャンの回心者であったが、彼がどのような手段によって回心したのかは知られていない。テモテの母はすでにクリスチャンの信仰へと回心しており(Acts 16:1)、テモテはルステラとイコニオムの近くの町々のクリスチャンたちによく知られていた。パウロとバルナバがイコニオム、デルベ、ルステラで福音を宣べ伝えたのは、パウロがテモテに会ったと記される時の約6、7年前であり(Acts 16:1)、この青年がその間に回心した可能性も少なくない。
いくつかの事情が相まって、使徒が彼を伝道の務めに引き入れ、旅の同伴者とするよう促したと見られる。彼の若さ、聖書に関する知識、「彼について先に語られた預言」、彼の才能、教会における一般的な評判、さらにまた、快い同伴者となり得るような人柄の温厚さが使徒の注目を引き、パウロは彼が自分の同労者となることを切望するようになった。ユダヤ人の偏見を満足させ、伝道者の職務に対する彼の資格についてなされうるあらゆる反対を防ぐために、パウロは彼に割礼を施した(Acts 16:3)。そしてテモテは、「長老会の按手」によって伝道の職に任じられた(1 Timothy 4:14)。この按手がいつ行われたかは知られていないが、パウロがその場に立ち会い、その取り扱いに主導的な役割を果たしたことが知られているので(2 Timothy 1:6)、テモテがパウロとともに旅立つ前であった可能性が最も高い。
パウロとシラスに合流した後、テモテは、フリギアとガラテヤの諸集会を訪問する旅に彼らに同行した。彼らは、エルサレムで定められた規定を守るようにと、彼らに伝えた(Acts 16:4以下)。これを終えた後、彼らはともに小アジア北西部の地方であるビテニヤに入ろうとしたが、妨げられ、次いでミシヤとトロアスの町々へ行った(Acts 16:8)。ここでルカが彼らに合流したと見られ、この場所から、パウロに現れた幻に従って、彼らはマケドニヤに入り、まずピリピで福音を宣べ伝えて教会を設立した。この町でパウロとシラスは投獄された。しかし、テモテとルカについては何も語られていないことが注目に値し、彼らがそこでの迫害の苦しみにあずかったかどうかは知られていない。とはいえ、あらゆる事情が、テモテがピリピで彼らとともにいた可能性を高めている。彼は彼らとともにその旅に出発したと記されており(Acts 16:3)、使徒が獄から釈放された後、テサロニケとベレヤで福音を宣べ伝えたのであり、私たちはベレヤでテモテを見出すからである(Acts 17:14)。そこからパウロはアテネへ連れて行かれたが、シラスとテモテにはできるだけ早く自分のところに来るよう命じを残した。これは実行された。しかしテモテがアテネに来たとき、パウロは、テサロニケの教会がその患難の中で訪問され慰められる必要が大きいと感じ、みずから行くことができなかったので、大きな個人的不自由を忍んでテモテをその教会へ送り返した。テモテはそこで務めを果たした後、コリントで使徒と再び合流した(Act 18:5)。このコリントからテサロニケへの第一の手紙が書かれた。テサロニケへの第一の手紙の序論、ならびに 1 Thessalonians 1:1 と 1 Thessalonians 3:2 の注解を参照せよ。これらの出来事は紀元52年頃に起こった。
パウロは1年6か月コリントに留まったが(Acts 18:11)、テモテとシラスも彼とともに留まっていた可能性が高い。2 Thessalonians 1:1 を参照せよ。コリントからパウロはプリスキラとアクラを伴ってシリヤへ向けて航海し、道中で彼らをエペソに残したと見られる(Acts 18:18-19, Acts 18:26)。テモテとシラスが同行したかどうかは言及されていないが、パウロがカイザリヤとアンテオケに行った後、エペソへ戻ってきたとき、私たちは再びエペソでテモテが彼とともにいるのを見る(Acts 18:22; Acts 19:1, Acts 19:22)。エペソから、パウロはテモテとエラストをマケドニヤへ遣わしたが(Acts 19:22)、その目的が何であったか、また彼らがどれほどの間留まったかは知られていない。1 Corinthians 4:17 によれば、パウロはこの旅の際、テモテがコリントに立ち寄り、その教会の状況に適した教えを与えるであろうと期待していたと見られる。パウロは、デメテリオが引き起こした騒動のために立ち去らざるを得なくなるまでエペソに留まり、その後立ち去ってマケドニヤへ行った(Acts 20)。
その間にテモテがマケドニヤからエペソへ戻っていたかどうかは、歴史の記録には明示されていない。しかし、そのような推定はあり得ないことではない。パウロはエペソ滞在の初期には静かに働いていたと見られ(Acts 19:9-10)、テモテはデメテリオが引き起こした騒擾が起こる前に遣わされたのであり(Acts 19:22)、パウロはまもなくその後を追い、それからエルサレムへ、さらにローマへ行こうと計画していた(Acts 19:21)。パウロは全部で約3年間エペソにいた(Acts 20:31)。それゆえ、テモテがマケドニヤへ遣わされた後、彼が行ってまた戻ってくるのに十分なほどパウロがそこに留まっていたと見ることは、無理な推定ではない。もしそうなら、パウロ自身が立ち去るとき、テモテを自分の代わりにそこに残した可能性がある。1 Timothy 1:3 を比較せよ。一般に、テモテへの第一の手紙はちょうどこのとき、すなわち使徒がマケドニヤへ行く途中にあったか、マケドニヤにいる間に書かれたと見なされてきた。しかし、この見解が疑問なく受け入れられてきたわけではない。
パウロのマケドニヤ出発は紀元58年または59年頃に起こった。Acts 20:4 では、テモテは、パウロがギリシヤで3か月留まった後、マケドニヤを経由してシリヤへ向かう途上で、再びパウロに同行した者として言及されている。彼は多くの人々とともにパウロとともに「アジヤ」へ入った。彼らはパウロに先立って行き、トロアスで彼を待ち受け(Acts 20:5)、そこから疑いなくエルサレムへの道中も彼に同行した。パウロがミレトでエペソの教会の長老たちに別れの勧告を語ったのは、このときのことである(Acts 20:17)。パウロがマケドニヤにいたときコリントへの第二の手紙を書いたが、そのときテモテも彼とともにいた。パウロが挨拶の言葉の中で彼を共に挙げているからである(2 Corinthians 1:1)。またテモテは、この旅の途上でパウロがコリントからローマへの手紙を書いたときにも、使徒とともにいた(Romans 16:21)。
テモテの生涯のその後の出来事は、あまり知られていない。使徒行伝には、パウロがカイザリヤで2年間監禁されていた間も、ローマへ航海していた間も、テモテが彼とともにいたとは記されていない。しかし、パウロがピリピへの手紙、コロサイへの手紙、ピレモンへの手紙を書いたとき、テモテがローマで使徒とともにいたことは確かである(Philippians 1:1; Colossians 1:1; Plm 1:1)。Hebrews 13:23 からも、テモテがそこで使徒とともにいたが、その手紙が書かれたときには何らかの重要な使節にかかわって不在であり、パウロが彼の速やかな帰還を期待していたことがうかがえる。その節の注解を参照せよ。パウロのローマでの第一回の監禁と第二回の監禁の間には、テモテへの言及はなく、彼がどこにいたか、またパウロの旅行に同行したかどうかも知られていない。パウロが二回目にローマで監禁されたとき、彼はテモテへの第二の手紙を書き、その中でテモテにローマへ来るよう、また自分がトロアスに残してきたいくつかの品物を持ってくるよう求めている(2 Timothy 4:9-13, 2 Timothy 4:21)。テモテが使徒の求めに従ってローマへ行ったなら、彼はそこでパウロの殉教の証人となった可能性が大きい。
テモテの生涯の晩年に関しては、頼り得る確かなものは何もない。伝承に由来する通説は、彼がエペソの「監督」であり、そこで死んで葬られ、後にその遺骨がコンスタンティノープルへ移されたというものである。彼がエペソの「監督」であったという信念は、主としてテモテへの第二の手紙の末尾の「付記」に基づくが、それは何の権威も持たない(その付記に関する注解を参照せよ)。彼がエペソで司教的高位聖職者であったかどうかについては、著者の『使徒教会の組織と統治に関する研究』88-107ページを参照することができる。彼がエペソで死に、後にコンスタンティノープルへ移されたという推定は、確かな歴史的基盤の上に立っていない。
テモテは長い間、使徒パウロの同伴者であり友人であった。そしてパウロは、彼をしばしば愛情のこもった関心をもって言及している。実際、彼の同労者たちの中で、これほど温かい愛着を示された者はほかに一人もいなかったかのようである。1 Timothy 1:2, 1 Timothy 1:18; 2 Timothy 1:2; 2 Timothy 2:1; 1 Corinthians 4:17 を参照せよ。そこでパウロは彼を「自分の子」、「愛する子」と呼んでいる。2 Timothy 1:4 では、彼に会いたいとの切望を表し、テモテが別れの際に流した涙に言及している。1 Corinthians 16:10-11 では、コリントの人々に彼を親切に迎えるようとりなしている。さらに 1 Corinthians 16:10; Romans 16:21; 1 Thessalonians 3:2 では、彼の忠実さ、パウロの労苦において彼が示した有益さ、および使徒が設立した教会々々に対して彼が抱いた関心について語っている。
第2節 この書簡が書かれた時期と場所
書簡の末尾の付記は、これがラオデキヤから書かれたと述べている。しかし、これらの付記には権威がなく、その多くは誤りである。コリントへの第一の手紙の末尾の注解を参照せよ。この書簡が書かれた時期、したがって執筆された場所については、意見の相違が非常に大きかった。書簡自体から確実に言えることは、これがエペソにいるテモテにあてられ、パウロがその町を離れてマケドニヤへ行った直後のものであるということだけである(1 Timothy 1:3)。使徒行伝は、パウロが二度エペソにいたと記している(Acts 18:19-23; Acts 19:1-41)。最初の訪問の後、彼はただちにエルサレムへ行ったのであるから、そのときにこの書簡が書かれたことはあり得ない。それゆえ唯一の問題は、この書簡が、デメテリオが引き起こした騒動のためにパウロがその町を立ち去ったときに書かれたのか(Acts 20:1)、それとも、パウロがローマでの最初の監禁の後、すなわち使徒行伝におけるルカの記述が終わった後のどこかの時機に再びエペソを訪れたときに書かれたのか、ということである。前者であれば紀元58年または59年頃であり、後者であれば紀元64年または65年頃のこととなる。批評家たちはこの点について分かれており、この問題は依然として未解決のままであり、完全な確実性をもって決定することはおそらく不可能である。
前者の見解を擁護した者の中には、テオドレト、ベンソン、ザカリエ、ミカエリス、シュミット、コッペ、プランク、グロティウス、ライトフット、ウィツィウス、ラードナー、フーク、およびスチュアート教授がいる。後者の見解、すなわちこの書簡がパウロのローマでの最初の監禁の後の時期に書かれたという見解は、ペイリー、ピアソン、ランファン、ルクレール、ケーブ、ミル、ウィットビー、マックナイトなどによって擁護されている。
この書簡の年代に関するこれら二つの見解のそれぞれを支持する理由の検討は、ペイリーの『ホラエ・パウリナエ(Horae Paulinae)』、マックナイト、フークの『緒論』、コッペの『Prolegomena(プロレゴメナ)』において見出すことができる。
アイヒホルンの説は独自のものであり、巧妙で尤もらしいが決定的ではない論証によって支持されているが、それは彼の『新約聖書緒論(Einleitung)』第3巻314-352ページにおいて見ることができる。
この書簡が書かれた時期について多様な意見が存在するため、疑いの余地を残さない仕方でこの問題を決定することは不可能である。しかし、著者がこの主題について行うことができた最も注意深い検討の結果、前者の見解が正しいと思われる。すなわち、この書簡は、Acts 19 および Acts 20:1 に記されているとおり、デメテリオが引き起こした騒動のためにパウロがエペソから追い出された直後に書かれたということである。この見解の理由は、簡潔には以下のとおりである。
これは、使徒がエペソからマケドニヤへ行ったことに関する新約聖書の中の唯一の記録である。上を参照せよ。それゆえ、乗り越えがたい困難が道を妨げない限り、1 Timothy 1:3 がこれを指していると見なすのが自然である。
パウロがローマでの最初の監禁の後にエペソの教会を訪れたという確かな証拠はない。もちろん彼がそうした可能性はあるが、新約聖書にはそのような訪問の記録はなく、他のどこにもその歴史的記録はない。もし釈放後にそのような訪問があり、この書簡がそのとき書かれたとしたなら、使徒がこの書簡の中で自分の監禁に少しも言及しておらず、ローマでの死の危険からの脱出にもまったく触れていないことは注目に値する。2 Timothy 4:16-17 と比較せよ。
この書簡がそのときに書かれたという想定は、他の見解よりも、書簡の性格およびテモテがエペソに残された目的とよく調和する。この書簡から明らかなのは、教会がいくつかの点でまだ不安定な状態にあり、テモテのそこでの務めの一部は、教会をしかるべき組織の下に置くことであったと思われることである。パウロはこれをみずから成し遂げようとしていたのは明らかだが、1 Timothy 1:3 から明らかなように、彼は自分の仕事を完成しないまま去り、自分が行おうとしていたことをテモテの手に委ねて完成させようとしたのである。しかしパウロのローマでの最初の監禁の後には、その教会は完全に組織されていたと見なすべきあらゆる理由がある。パウロがマケドニヤからエルサレムへ行ったときでさえ(Acts 20)、エペソの教会には教会を治める「長老たち」がおり、パウロは彼らをミレトに集めて別れの勧告と、教会に関する最後の指示とを与えた。
パウロがこの書簡を書いたとき、テモテは若い者、すなわち青年であった(1 Timothy 4:12)。彼が一般に想定されているように、伝道の務めに入ったとき20歳頃であったとすれば、パウロの監禁の後でさえこの表現がまったく不適切というわけではないのは確かである。しかし、この言葉は、そのときのテモテよりもいくらか若い者を指すほうが、より適切である。
ここに、1 Timothy 3:14 における、パウロが「すぐにあなたのところに行きたい」と述べた言明を付け加えることができる。この表現は、彼が自分の意図していた時より早く追い出されたこと、そこに完成したいと望む未済の仕事を残したこと、そして事情がまもなく、彼が戻ることを許される状態になることを望んでいたことという想定とよく合致する。また、決定的ではないがある程度重要な事情として、パウロがミレトでエペソの教会の長老たちに会ったとき、二度と彼らに会う期待はないと述べたことを指摘することもできる。「今、私は知っています。あなたがたすべての中を巡回して神の国を宣べ伝えてきたこの私は、あなたがたがみな、もう二度と私の顔を見ることがないことを」(Acts 20:25)。著者はこれを、彼が決して彼らに会うことがないであろうことを絶対的な確実性をもって断言する、霊感された預言として理解するのではない。むしろ彼は、当時存在していた諸事情からそうなるであろうことを恐れて、こう表現したのである(Acts 20:22-23)。それでもこの節は、彼がこれを語ったとき、テモテに手紙を書いたときには明らかにそうしていたのとは異なり、エペソを再び訪れることを期待していなかったことを示している。
これらの考察は、多くの人々にとってこの想定と調和させることが不可能に思われるいくつかの事柄さえなければ、心に疑いを残さないほど明確に見える。それらの困難は以下のとおりである。
パウロはマケドニヤへ行く前に、テモテとエラストを自分に先立って遣わしており(Acts 19:22)、あまり遅くない時期に彼らの後を追い、マケドニヤとアカヤを通ってエルサレムへ行き、その後ローマを訪れようと意図していた(Acts 19:21)。パウロがエペソを立ち去るほんの少し前にテモテを先立って遣わしたのであれば、パウロ自身がマケドニヤへ行くとき、テモテはどうしてエペソに残され得たのか、という問いが提起される。この反論に対しては、テモテがマケドニヤへの旅の目的を果たし、パウロが追い出される前にエペソの使徒のもとへ戻っていた可能性は決して少なくない、と答えることができる。使徒行伝の記述からは、テモテが長い時間を要する任務を託されたことも、パウロが自分が来るまでテモテがマケドニヤに留まると期待していたことも、うかがわれない。彼がテモテとエラストを遣わした目的は実際には言及されていないが、エルサレムの貧しい聖徒たちのために取り上げようと計画していた献金に関係していた可能性が高い。Acts 19:21-22 の注解と 1 Corinthians 16:1-6 とを比較せよ。その目的がそのような献金のために諸教会を準備することであったなら、相当の時間を要したはずはなく、テモテが一つの場所に長く留まる必要もなかった。また、彼がエペソの使徒のもとへ戻り、自分が成したことと献金の見通しについて知らせることも自然なことであった。フークは『新約聖書緒論』第104節、第109節において、パウロがテモテとエラストをマケドニヤへ遣わした後にエペソに留まっていた期間の間に、そのような旅が十分に可能であったことを明らかに示した。
次の反論——ペイリーが、この書簡がこのとき書かれたという想定に対する決定的な反対根拠と見なしたものである——は、コリントへの第二の手紙1:1から、この書簡が書かれたと想定されるまさにその時期に、テモテがマケドニヤで使徒とともにいたことが明らかである、という点である。コリントへの第二の手紙は疑いなくパウロのこのマケドニヤ訪問の間に書かれたのであり、そのときテモテは彼とともにいた。コリントへの第二の手紙の序論第3節を参照せよ。それならば、どうして彼がエペソにいたと想定し得るのか。また、この事実を、テモテがそこに残されたという想定、とりわけ 1 Timothy 3:14 におけるパウロの「すぐにあなたのところに行きたい」という言明と、どう調和させ得るのか。パウロが、テモテが少なくともしばらくの間エペソに留まることを期待していたことは、1 Timothy 3:15 の「しかし、私が遅くなった場合には、神の家でどのように歩むべきかを知っていてもらいたい」という言葉、および 1 Timothy 4:13 の「私が行くまで、聖書の朗読と勧めと教えに専念しなさい」という言葉から明らかである。この困難の唯一の解決は、テモテがエペソを離れ、使徒を追ってマケドニヤへ行ったということである。ここでの唯一の問題は、使徒が彼にはエペソに留まることを意図させ、自分自身もそこへ戻って彼に会うと期待していたのに、テモテがその場所を離れてマケドニヤへ行くことはありそうなことかどうかである。使徒行伝の歴史がこれを記録していないことは確かであるが、それは重大な反対ではない——使徒たちの旅において起こったすべての出来事が記録されたと想定することはできないからである。しかし、テモテが、パウロの同意により、あるいはパウロが私的に伝えた指示により、最初に考えられていたより早くエペソを離れ、マケドニヤで彼と再び合流したであろう可能性を成り立たせる二、三の事情がある。
(1) 一つは、テモテがエペソで行うように任命された主要な務め——その地のある人々に、パウロの教えたものとは別の教えを教えてはならないと厳かに命じること(1 Timothy 1:3)——は、速やかに成し遂げ得るものであったという点である。パウロは急いで追い出され、自分が望んだようにみずからこの務めを果たす機会を得なかったので、テモテにそれを委ねた。しかしこれは、必然的に相当の時間を要するものではなかった。
(2) もう一つは、その教会の上に適任の職務者たちを任じるという仕事も、まもなく成し遂げ得たであろうということである。実際、パウロがエルサレムへ行く途上でミレトから長老たちを呼んで会ったことから、その教会がこの後長く経たずに適任の職務者たちを備えていたことは知られている。この言及は、テモテがそこで行うことが期待された仕事の一部が、教会の上に適切な職務者たちを任じることであったという見解に沿ってなされたものである。しかし、それが彼の務めの一部であったという証拠はない。パウロが 1 Timothy 1:3 で、彼をそこに残した目的として言及している事柄の中にそれは明示されておらず、使徒がエペソでほぼ3年という長い時間を過ごしながら(Acts 20:31)、教会を適任の職務者たちをもって組織しなかったと見なすことは、ほとんどあり得ない。そのうえ、ミレトでの長老たちに対するパウロの演説は、彼らがパウロが彼らを離れる前にすでに任を受けていたことを示唆している。Acts 20:18-35、特に Acts 20:35 を参照せよ。この書簡における、教会の職務者たちの適切な資格に関するテモテへの指示は、彼がそのときエペソで職務者たちを任じるべきであったことを証明しない。それらはそこの教会に特別に限定されたものではなく、生涯の務めにおいて彼を導くために与えられた一般的な指示だからである。それゆえ、テモテがエペソで行うべきであった諸々の義務の中に、彼がまもなく使徒を追ってマケドニヤへ行ったという想定を禁じるものは何もない。
(3) パウロは、可能であるなら 1 Timothy 3:14-15 および 1 Timothy 4:13 に従って、エルサレムへ行く途上でエペソを訪れようと意図していたかもしれないが、それが彼の意図であったなら、その後彼は心を変え、別の取り計らいをすることが必要であると判断したと見られる。Acts 20:16 には、「パウロは、アジヤで時間を費やさないようにするため、エペソを通過して航海することに決めた」とある。すなわち、彼はエペソを訪問せずに通り過ぎることを決めたのである。さらに、この決断は彼がマケドニヤを離れる前にすでに形成されていた可能性が高い。「決めた」(ἔκρινεν ekrinen)と記されているからである。もしそうなら、彼が何らかの形で、自分がマケドニヤを離れる前にエペソを離れて自分と合流するようテモテに望んでいることを知らせたと想定することに、少しも不自然な点はない。
(4) 実際、この想定と一致して、パウロがそのとき「アジヤ」へ入った際、テモテが彼とともにいたことを私たちは見る(Acts 20:4-5)。これらの考察は、この書簡が、デメテリオが引き起こした騒動の後、パウロがエペソを離れてマケドニヤへ行った直後に、テモテにあてて書かれた可能性を高める。パウロは予期せず追い出され、そこで行おうと計画していたことを完成しないままだったので、テモテがその仕事をどのように完成すべきかを知ることができるように、可能な最も早い機会に適切な指示を与えたであろうと想定するのが、最も自然である。
第3節 この書簡の機縁と目的
これは 1 Timothy 1:3 に明示されている。パウロは、エペソで意図していたことを完全に終えないうちに、突然追い出されてマケドニヤへ行った。彼はテモテをそこに残して、「ある人々が別の教えをしないように命じる」ようにとした。すなわち、自分がそこにいたときに教えたものとは別の教えをしないようにさせるためである。ここから明らかなのは、パウロが正すことを最も重要と考えたある種の誤りが、そこに広まっていたことである。それらの誤りについては、エペソへの手紙の序論とコロサイへの手紙の序論とを参照せよ。この書簡の機縁となった事情のいくつかは使徒行伝の歴史から集めることができ、他のものは書簡自体から得ることができる。これらの情報源から、私たちはエペソの教会の状態に関して、次の事柄を知る。まさにこの状態のゆえに、テモテがそこに残されること、また彼の処遇を規制するためにこれらの指示が与えられることが適切だったのである。
(1) そこに住んでいたユダヤ人たちから、使徒パウロに対する多くの反対があった(Acts 19:8-9)。
(2) 教会の中には、ユダヤの律法の規範を強制し、その律法をクリスチャンを拘束するものとして提示しようと努める教師たちがいた(1 Timothy 1:6-7)。
(3) そこに住むユダヤ人の一部は悪霊追い出しに耽り、自分たちの利己的な目的を推し進めるために、クリスチャン教とイエスの名を利用しようとした(Acts 19:14; 1 Timothy 1:4 と比較せよ)。
(4) ユダヤ人の教師たちは系図と伝承をきわめて重視し、律法に関連したさまざまな問題についての論争にひどく没頭していた(1 Timothy 1:4-6)。
(5) 女性たちの権利と、教会の中で彼女たちが占めるべき場所に関する誤った見解が広まっていた(1 Timothy 2:8-15)。
(6) 教会の職務者たちの組織は、パウロが望んだようには実現していなかった。一部の職務者たちは任じられ、その義務についてのいくらかの指示が与えられていた可能性はあるが、全体の整備はまだ完成していなかった(1 Timothy 3:4)。
(7) やもめたちをどのように適切に扱うべきかに関するいくつかの問題は、まだ決定されていなかった(1 Timothy 5)。
(8) 使徒は説教において慈悲の原則を教え、すべての人の自然的平等を主張したが、ある人々がこれを口実に、しもべとなっていた人々の間に不満と不服従の霊をかき立てたと見られる。
すべての人は平等であり、すべての人は同じ血によって贖われたのであるから、奴隷とされていた人々は、主人に仕えるあらゆる義務から解放されている、という教理が提唱されたと見られる。明らかに、しもべたちを反乱へと駆り立て、社会における諸々の区別を打ち壊し、不服従と無秩序の状態を生み出そうと図る者たちがいた(1 Timothy 6; Ephesians 6:5-10; Colossians 3:22; Colossians 4:2 と比較せよ)。
使徒が突然エペソを立ち去らざるを得なかったときの事情は、このようなものであったと見られる。彼はそれまで、そこの教会の務めを主としてみずから指揮してきており、当時広まっていた誤りを正し、教会を正しい基礎の上に立てようと努めてきた。物事は望ましい結果へ向かっていたと見られる。信仰は教会員たちの間に強い把握を得つつあり(Acts 19:18-20)、誤りは後退しつつあり、共同体はますますクリスチャン教の価値を深く印象づけられ、偶像礼拝の影響力はますます弱まっており(Acts 19:23)、教会の完全な組織のための整備は進行中であった。これらの点において事情がこのように有望であったので、使徒はそれほど遠くない時期にエペソを離れることができることを望み、実際にそのための準備を整えていた(Acts 19:21)。しかし彼の準備は完全には終わっておらず、それが完成する前に、デメテリオが引き起こした騒動のために立ち去らざるを得なかった。それゆえ彼はテモテを残してその整備を完成させるようにし、この第一の手紙において、その仕事において彼を導くために必要なすべての指示を与えたのである。
使徒がエペソを離れることを余儀なくされたときの事情についてのこの理解は、私たちがこの書簡の趣旨と、その中のさまざまな主題がなぜ導入されたのかを理解する助けとなる。同時に、これらの指示は非常に一般的な性格を持つので、エペソにおいてのみならず、生涯を通じてテモテにとって貴重な導きとなったでろうし、彼のみならず、あらゆる時代とあらゆる地の福音の伝道者たちにとってもそうである。これらの主題のより詳細な考察は、この書簡の各章の前に付された分析において与えられるであろう。
テモテへの手紙とテトスへの手紙は、新約聖書の中で非常に重要な位置を占めており、これらがなければ、霊感の書巻には明白かつきわめて重大な欠陥が存在したであろう。それらの正典的権威は教会の大多数によって疑われたことがなく、それらが使徒パウロの著作であることには疑いの余地がない。彼が書いたさまざまな手紙と新約聖書の他の諸書を注意深く調べるなら、それぞれが重要な目的を達成するように意図されており、一つでも取り除けば重大な空白が生じることが分かるであろう。一つを取り除いても、新約聖書の書巻が、何らかの本質的な教義を不明瞭にし、残りの部分から救いの道に関する知識を得ることを妨げるほど損なわれるわけではない。しかし、真理の美しさと調和を損ない、教えの体系を欠陥のある不完全なものとするであろう。
テモテへの手紙とテトスへの手紙の場合も、他の手紙と同様である。これらの手紙は、新約聖書の中の他の何物によっても補うことのできない一つの部門を満たしており、それがなければ、贖いに関する人間への教えは不完全なものとなったであろう。それらは主として「伝道者の職」に関するものである。救い主ご自身がその職についてなさった重要な教えがあり(Matthew 10; Mark 16 その他)、パウロのエペソの長老たちへの演説(Acts 20)およびコリントへの手紙の中にも、それに関する貴重な示唆があるが、教会の組織におけるその職の重要性はそれほど大きいので、より十分で完全な教えが強く求められているかのようである。その教えがまさにこれらの手紙の中に与えられている。それらは、職の本質、その資格、およびそこから生じる義務に関して、私たちが望み得るほど十分かつ完全である。
それらは、テモテとテトスが特別に任命された仕事において彼らを導くのに適しているだけでなく、あらゆる時代、あらゆる地の伝道者たちに助言を与えるのにも適している。教会の性格と福祉は、大きく——いやほとんど全面的に——伝道者の性格にかかっていることは明らかである。伝道者の職は、純粋な宗教を保持し、それを世界中に広めるための、神の大いなる定めである。伝道が尊ばれ、その仕事にふさわしい資格を示すのに応じて、教会は真理を堅く握り、信仰のうちに築き上げられ、愛と純潔と熱心によって際立つ。あらゆる時代において、教会内の腐敗は伝道者から始まった。そして、福音が熱心に広められ、教会がその力と美しさの中で立ち上がったところは、とりわけ、神が聖なる職に任じた者たちの上にご自身の御霊を豊かに注がれたところであった。それゆえ、この職が教会と世界の福祉にとってこれほど重要であるがゆえに、その本質と目的に関する十分な指示が啓示の書巻の中に与えられることが望ましかったのである。私たちはこれらの手紙の中にそのような指示を持っており、教会がテモテへの手紙とテトスへの手紙よりも手放しやすい新約聖書の部分は、ほとんど存在しない。伝道が常にこれらの手紙が思い描くようなものであり、聖なる職に任じた者たちが常にここに描写された性格と資格を持っていたならば、教会はそれを引き裂いた争いから救われ、純粋な福音はとうの昔に世界中に広められていたであろうと、私たちは信じることができる。
しかし、これらの手紙がこれほどの価値を持つ対象は、伝道者だけではない。それらは、広い意味での教会にとっても、ほとんど劣らず重要である。教会の生命力、その純潔、争いからの自由、福音伝播における熱心と愛と勝利は、伝道者の性格にかかっている。教会が代々にわたって栄えるためには、説教壇は敬虔で学識があり、労苦し献身した伝道者たちで満たされなければならず、教会の第一の配慮の一つは、そのような伝道者が確保されることでなければならない。この偉大な目的は、これらの手紙の中の教えを教会員たちの心の前に絶えず保つこと以上に良い方法で達成することはできない。そしてその大部分は福音の伝道者たちに特別に適合してはいるが、教会自身もまた、テモテへの手紙とテトスへの手紙を祈りをもって注意深く学ぶこと以上に、自らの純潔と繁栄を促進する良い方法はないのである。
本章の分析
この章、すなわち 1 Timothy 1 は、次の主題を含む。
(1) パウロが自分の手紙を書き起こすとき通常用いる仕方に従った、テモテへの挨拶(1 Timothy 1:1-2)。
(2) パウロが彼をエペソに残した目的(1 Timothy 1:3-4)。それは、そこにいたある教師たちの誤った教え、とりわけ律法の真の使用に関する彼らの教えを正させるためであった。彼らはモーセの律法のいくつかの事柄に過度の重要性を与え、その律法の真の本質と目的を理解しておらず、自分たちの教えの中に単なる作り話を多く混ぜ入れていた。
(3) 律法の真の使用と目的(1 Timothy 1:5-11)。それは、空虚な議論ではなく、愛を生み出すためのものであった。律法は、空虚で面倒な禁欲と儀式によって良心を縛るために設けられたのではなく、悪人を抑制し縛るためであった。これらの教師たちや、当時広まっていたユダヤ人の観念によれば、律法の用途は多数の形式を規定し、面倒で重苦しいさまざまな儀式と礼式における外的な従順を確保することであった。パウロはテモテに、清い心と良い良心から出てくる愛が宗教の初歩的原理であり、「律法」は本来悪人を抑制し統制するために設けられたのであり、福音はこの重要な真理を明るく照らし出し、これを強化するものであると教えるように、と指示する。
(4) この文脈で福音に言及したことにより、パウロは、自分がこの救いのメッセージを託されたことを神に感謝する(1 Timothy 1:12-17)。かつて彼は他の人々と同じ見解を持っていた。しかし彼はあわれみを得、神の律法にこのように大きな光を投げかけ、普遍的な受容に値する救いの計画を啓示した、あの栄光の福音を宣べ伝えることを許されたのである。
(5) そしてパウロは、この福音を宣べ伝える荘厳な務めを今テモテに委ねる(1 Timothy 1:18-20)。彼は、教会における将来の有用性の期待のうちに彼について前もって語られた預言に従ってテモテがこの務めに召されたこと、また、他のある人々のように信仰について難破することのないであろうという期待とともに、これを語るのである。