서론
Galatians 4 Introduction
英語原文
The design of this chapter is, to show the effect of being under the Law, and the inconsistency of that kind of bondage or servitude with the freedom which is vouchsafed to the true children of God by the gospel. It is, in accordance with the whole drift of the Epistle, to recall the Galatians to just views of the gospel; and to convince them of their error in returning to the practice of the Mosaic rites and customs. In the previous chapter he had shown them that believers in the gospel were the true children of Abraham; that they had been delivered from the curse of the Law; that the Law was a schoolmaster to lead them to Christ, and that they were all the children of God. To illustrate this further, and to show them the true nature of the freedom which they had as the children of God, is the design of the argument in this chapter. He therefore states:
(1) That it was under the gospel only that they received the full advantages of freedom; Galatians 4:1-5. Before Christ came, indeed, there were true children of God, and heirs of life. But they were in the condition of minors; they had not the privileges of sons. An heir to a great estate, says the apostle Galatians 4:1-2, is treated substantially as if he were a servant. He is under tutors and governors: he is not permitted to enter on his inheritance; he is kept under the restraint of law. So it was with the people of God under the Law of Moses. They were under restraints, and were admitted to comparatively few of the privileges of the children of God. But Christ came to redeem those who were under the Law, and to place them in the elevated condition of adopted sons; Galatians 4:4-5. They were no longer servants; and it was as unreasonable that they should conform again to the Mosaic rites and customs, as it would be for the heir of full age, and who has entered on his inheritance, to return to the condition of minorship, and to be placed again under tutors and governors, and to be treated as a servant.
(2) as sons of God, God had sent forth the Spirit of his Son into their hearts, and they were enabled to cry Abba, Father. They were no longer servants, but heirs of God, and should avail themselves of the privileges of heirs; Galatians 4:6-7.
(3) sustaining this relation, and being admitted to these privileges, the apostle remonstrates with them for returning again to the "weak and beggarly elements" of the former dispensation - the condition of servitude to rites and customs in which they were before they embraced the gospel; Galatians 4:8-11. When they were ignorant of God, they served those who were no gods, and there was some excuse for that; Galatians 4:8. But now they had known God, they were acquainted with his laws; they were admitted to the privileges of his children; they were made free, and there could be no excuse for returning again to the bondage of those who had no true knowledge of the liberty which the gospel gave. Yet they observed days and times as though these were binding, and they had never been freed from them Galatians 4:10; and the apostle says, that he is afraid that his labors bestowed on them, to make them acquainted with the plan of redemption, had been in vain.
(4) to bring them to a just sense of their error, he reminds theta of their former attachment to him, Galatians 4:12-20. He had indeed preached to them amidst much infirmity, and much that was suited to prejudice them against him Galatians 4:13; but they had disregarded that, and had evinced toward him the highest proofs of attachment - so, much so, that they had received him as an angel of God Galatians 4:14, and had been ready to pluck out their own eyes to give them to him, Galatians 4:15. With great force, therefore, he asks them why they had changed their views toward him so far as to forsake his doctrines? Had he become their enemy by telling the truth? Galatians 4:16. He tenderly addresses them, therefore, as little children, and says, that he has the deepest solicitude for their welfare, and the deepest anxiety on account of their danger - a solicitude which he compares Galatians 4:19, with the pains of childbirth.
(5) in order to enforce the whole subject, and to show the true nature of the conformity to the Law compared with the liberty of the gospel, he allegorizes an interesting part of the Mosaic history - the history of the two children of Abraham; Galatians 4:21-31. The condition of Hagar - a slave - under the command of a master - harshly treated - cast out and disowned, was an apt illustration of the condition of those who were under the servitude of the Law. It would strikingly represent Mount Sinai, and the Law that was promulgated there, and the condition of those who were under the Law. That, too, was a condition of servitude. The Law was stern, and showed no mercy. It was like a master of a slave, and would treat those who were under it with a rigidness that might be compared with the condition of Hagar and her son; Galatians 4:24-25. That same Mount Sinai also was a fair representation of Jerusalem as it was then - a city full of rites and ceremonies, where the Law reigned with rigor, where, there was a burdensome system of religion, and where there was none of the freedom which the gospel would furnish; Galatians 4:25.
On the other hand, the children of the free woman were an apt illustration of those who were made free from the oppressive ceremonies of the Law by the gospel; Galatians 4:22. That Jerusalem was free. The new system from heaven was one of liberty and rejoicing; Galatians 4:26-27. Christians were, like Isaac, the children of promise, and were not slaves to the Law; Galatians 4:28, Galatians 4:31. And as there was a command Galatians 4:30 to east out the bondwoman and her son, so the command now was to reject all that would bring the mind into ignoble servitude, and prevent its enjoying the full freedom of the gospel. The whole argument is, that it would be as unreasonable for those who were Christians to submit again to the Jewish rites and ceremonies, as it would be for a freeman to sell himself into slavery. And the design of the whole is, to recall them from the conformity to Jewish rites and customs, and from their regarding them as now binding on Christians.
1
Galatians 4:1
そこで私は言う ―― 彼は先に、彼らが律法の下にあった間は未成年の状態にあったと述べていた(Galatians 3:24-25)。この考えをさらに、未成年者である者の真の境遇を示すことによって解き明かしていく。
相続人は ―― 財産の相続人、あるいは相続の見込みのある者のことである。財産がどれほど大きくても、父がどれほど裕福でも、相続に入るその瞬間にどれほど高い身分に上げられるとしても、その時まではしもべの境遇にあるのである。
子である間は ―― その年齢に達するまで、という意味である。「子」と訳された語(νήπιοι nēpioi)は本来、乳児を意味する。文字どおりには「語らない者」(νη nē 不可分の否定、ἔπος epos 言葉)であり、それゆえ子どもや乳児を意味するが、特定の年齢の限界を伴わない――ロビンソン。この語は、法律用語としての私たちの「infant」と同じように、「未成年者」を表すために用いられる。
しもべと少しも変わらない ―― すなわち、自分の財産について、これ以上の管理権を持たないという意味である。その財産を自分の意のままにすることはできない。これは、いかなる点でも異ならないという意味ではなく、今考えている事柄において異ならないという意味である。相続人には、財産を相続する見込み、父の愛情、通常は教育における利益、そして示される尊敬と配慮の点で違いはある。しかし財産に関しては異ならず、他人の管理と指示の下にあるしもべと同じである。
すべての主人であるとしても ―― すなわち、見込みの上でそうである、という意味である。彼には、他の誰も持たない、全財産に対する将来の権利がある。ここでの「主人」(κύριος kurios)という語は、聖書でしばしばそうであるのと同じ意味で、主人あるいは所有者を表すために用いられている。これによって例証しようとする考えは、メシアが来られる前のユダヤ人の境遇が、多くの点で、その方の下での神の友人たちの境遇より劣っていた、ということである。それは、成年に達する前の相続人の境遇が、相続に入ったときの境遇より劣っているのと同じである。ユダヤ人たちは確かに、自分たちは神の子どもたち、神の息子たちであると主張した。使徒も、その民の敬虔な部分からその称号を取り上げようとはしなかったであろう。しかしそれは、彼らが完全な相続に入っていなかった境遇であり、メシアを受け入れ、子とされることの完全な特権にあずかった者たちの境遇よりはるかに劣るものであった。彼らは確かに相続人であった。彼らは約束に与っていた。しかしそれでもなお、彼らは比較的隷従の境遇にあり、福音によってのみ自由とされ得るのであった。
英語原文
Now I say - He had before said Galatians 3:24-25 that while they were under the Law they were in a state of minority. This sentiment he proceeds further to illustrate by showing the true condition of one who was a minor.
That the heir - Any heir to an estate, or one who has a prospect of an inheritance. No matter how great is the estate; no matter how wealthy his father; no matter to how elevated a rank he may be raised on the moment that he enters on his inheritance, yet until that time he is in the condition of a servant.
As long as he is a child - Until he arrives at the age. The word rendered "child" (νήπιοι nēpioi) properly means an infant; literally, "one not speaking" (νη nē insep. un, ἔπος epos), and hence, a child or babe, but without any definite limitation - Robinson. It is used as the word "infant" is with us in law, to denote "a minor."
Differeth nothing from a servant - That is, he has no more control of his property; he has it not at his command. This does not mean that he does not differ in any respect, but only that in the matter under consideration he does not differ. He differs in his prospects of inheriting the property, and in the affections of the father, and usually in the advantages of education, and in the respect and attention shown him. but in regard to property, he does not differ, and he is like a servant, under the control and direction of others.
Though he be lord of all - That is, in prospect. He has a prospective right to all the property, which no one else has. The word "lord" here (κύριος kurios), is used in the same sense in which it is often in the Scriptures, to denote master or owner. The idea which this is designed to illustrate is, that the condition of the Jews before the coming of the Messiah was inferior in many respects to what the condition of the friends of God would be under him - as inferior as the condition of an heir was before he was of age, to what it would be when he should enter on his inheritance. The Jews claimed, indeed, that they were the children or the sons of God, a title which the apostle would not withhold from the pious part of the nation; but it was a condition in which they had not entered on the full inheritance, and which was far inferior to that of those who had embraced the Messiah, and who were admitted to the full privileges of sonship. They were indeed heirs. They were interested in the promises. But still they were in a condition of comparative servitude, and could be made free only by the gospel.
2
Galatians 4:2
しかし、…の下にある ―― それらの管理と指示に服している、ということである。
後見人 ―― 私たちにとって tutor ということばは本来、教師を意味する。しかしこれは原語の意味とはまったく同じではない。この語(επίτροπος epitropos)は本来、家令、管理者、代理人を意味する(Matthew 20:8; Luke 8:3)。ここで用いられている意味では、ある家の少年たちがその世話に委ねられ、彼らを訓練し、学校に付き添い、あるいはときには家庭で教えた者――通常は奴隷か解放奴隷――を指す(Galatians 3:24の注解と比較せよ)。そのような者は彼らを管理する立場にあった。
また管理人 ―― この語(οἰκόνομος oikonomos)は、家の管理者、監督者、家令を意味する。本来、一家の奴隷やしもべたちの上に権威を持ち、彼らに仕事と割り当てを指定する者のことを指す。彼らは一般に、家の仕事と会計の管理も任されていた。彼らは通常奴隷であり、忠実さへの報酬としてこの職務を任されたが、ときには自由人が雇われることもあった(Luke 16:1, Luke 16:3, Luke 16:8を参照)。これらの者たちもまた一家の息子たちの世話を任されていたが、おそらく金銭上の事柄に関してであり、その点で後見人と呼ばれた者たちとは異なっていた。しかし、これらの語の違いを極めて正確に区別する必要はない。使徒の一般的な意味は、相続人が統治と拘束の下にあった、ということである。
父の定めた時まで ―― 相続に入るために定められた時のことである。父がその者に財産の分け前を与えると決めた時である。私たちの法律は、息子が自分自身のために管理する自由を得る年齢を二十一歳と定めている。ほかの国々はほかの時期を定めてきた。しかしいずれにせよ、息子が父の財産を相続する時期は、父が生きているなら父自身が定めなければならず、父が死んでいるならその遺言によって定められ得る。息子は、成年に達したからといってその財産を要求することはできないのである。
英語原文
But is under - Is subject to their control and direction.
Tutors - The word tutor with us properly means instructor. But this is not quite the sense of the original. The word (επίτροπος epitropos); properly means a steward, manager, agent; Matthew 20:8; Luke 8:3. As used here, it refers to one - usually a slave or a freedman - to whose care the boys of a family were committed, who trained them up, accompanied them to school, or sometimes instructed them at home; compare the note at Galatians 3:24. Such a one would have the control of them.
And governors - This word (οἰκόνομος oikonomos) means a house-manager, an overseer, a steward. It properly refers to one who had authority over the slaves or servants of a family, to assign them their tasks and portions. They generally, also, had the management of the affairs of the household, and of the accounts. They were commonly slaves, who were entrusted with this office as a reward for fidelity; though sometimes free persons were employed; Luke 16:1, Luke 16:3,Luke 16:8. These persons had also charge of the sons of a family, probably in respect to their pecuniary matters, and thus differed from those called tutors. It is not necessary, however, to mark the difference in the words with great accuracy. The general meaning of the apostle is, that the heir was under government and restraint.Until the time appointed of the father - The time fixed for his entering on the inheritance. The time when he chose to give him his portion of the property. The law with us fixes the age at twenty-one when a son shall be at liberty to manage for himself. Other countries have affixed other times. But still, the time when the son shall inherit the father's property must be fixed by the father himself if he is living, or may be fixed by his will if he is deceased. The son cannot claim the property when he comes of age.
3
Galatians 4:3
私たちも同様であった ―― すなわち、ユダヤ人であった私たちのことである。ここのこの語はそのように限定されるべきであり、ブルームフィールドが考えるように異邦人にまで拡張されるべきではないと私は考える。それを限定すべき理由は次のとおりである。
(1) 異邦人は、ここで前提とされているような仕方では、決して神の律法と約束に対する関係を保っていなかったこと。
(2) そのような解釈は、パウロの目的に適合しないであろうこと。彼はなぜモーセの律法に服従すべきでないのかを示す理由を述べており、彼の論証は、その状態が奴隷状態ないし未成年状態のようなものであった、というものである。
私たちが子どもであったときには ―― (νήπιοι nēpioi)。未成年者のことである。Galatians 4:1の注解を参照されたい。この語はυἱοι huioi、すなわち「息子たち」ではなく、彼らが未成年の状態にあったという考えである。相続人でありながら、厳しい訓練と規律の下に置かれていたのである。彼らはその状態に適合した種類の統治の下にあり、相続業に入った者の状況に適合した統治の下にあったのではない。
奴隷の状態に置かれていた ―― 隷属の状態にあった、ということである。しもべや奴隷として扱われていたのである。
世界の諸要素の下に ―― 欄外注は Rudiments、すなわち初歩とする。「諸要素」と訳されている語(単数 στοιχεῖον stoicheion)は、本来、列ないし連続、小さな段階、日時計の指針のようなピンやくぎを意味し、次に、音や文字のような「初歩的な」事物を意味する。さらに、あらゆる種類の教訓における要素ないし初歩を表すようになり、新約聖書では宗教の初歩的な教訓や原理に適用されている(Hebrews 5:12)。また、物質世界の要素ないし構成部分にも適用されている(2 Peter 3:10、2 Peter 3:12)。ここでは、幼子に関する言及(Galatians 4:1、Galatians 4:3)の比喩が保たれており、その考えは、ユダヤ人の体系の下では彼らの未成年状態、すなわち子ども時代に適合した教訓が教えられていた、ということである。彼らは後見人や管理者の下にある子どもたちとして扱われていた。「世界の諸要素」という句は、Colossians 2:8、Colossians 2:20にも現れる。Galatians 4:9でパウロは、これらの教訓を「貧しい諸要素」と呼んでおり、ここでのことと同じものを指している。
ユダヤ人の諸制度がなぜここで「世界の諸要素」と呼ばれるのかについては、さまざまな意見が持たれてきた。ローゼンミュラーは、それらの儀式の多くがユダヤ人と異邦人に共通であったからだと考える。異邦人もまた祭壇、犠牲、神殿、灌奠などを持っていたからである。ドドリッジは、それらの儀式が、感覚的な対象に最も強く影響され、霊的で天にあるものへの趣味を持たない子どもたちの低い理解力に適合していたからだと考える。ロックは、それらの制度が彼らをこの世の彼方へ、すなわち天の相続業の所有と味わいへと導かなかったからだと考える。おそらくここには、聖書においてきわめてありふれたユダヤ的な語り方、すなわちこの世が神の国と対比され、将来の栄光と比べてはかなく価値の少ないものとして語られる語り方への言及が含まれている。この世は消えゆき、満足を与えず、一時的である。この語のこのようなありふれた用法への言及によって、ユダヤ人の諸制度は世的な初歩と呼ばれたのである。それは、それらがそれ自体として悪であったからではない。それは真実ではない。それらが世的な霊を助長するように適合していたからでもない。それも真実ではない。それらがこの世に起源を持っていたからでもない。それも真実ではない。それらが異邦世界の諸制度に似ていたからでもない。それもほとんど真実ではない。むしろ、この世の事物と同様に、それらがはかなく、一時的で、価値の少ないものであったからである。それらはその本性において満足を与えず、まもなく過ぎ去って、より良い体系に道を譲るはずのものであった。この世の事物がまもなく天に道を譲るのと同じである。
英語原文
Even so we - We who were Jews - for so I think the word here is to be limited, and not extended to the pagan, as Bloomfield supposes. The reasons for limiting it are:
(1) That the pagans in no sense sustained such a relation to the Law and promises of Gad as is here supposed;
(2) Such an interpretation would not be pertinent to the design of Paul. He is stating reasons why there should not be subjection to the laws of Moses, and his argument is, that that condition was like that of bondage or minorship.
When we were children - (νήπιοι nēpioi). Minors; see the note at Galatians 4:1. The word is not υἱοι huioi, "sons;" but the idea is, that they were in a state of non-age; and though heirs, yet were under severe discipline and regimen. They were under a kind of government that was suited to that state, and not to the condition of those who had entered on their inheritance.
Were in bondage - In a state of servitude. Treated as servants or slaves.
Under the elements of the world - Margin, Rudiments. The word rendered "elements" (sing. στοιχεῖον stoicheion), properly means a row or series; a little step; a pin or peg, as the gnomen of a dial; and then anything "elementary," as a sound, a letter. It then denotes the elements or rudiments of any kind of instruction, and in the New Testament is applied to the first lessons or principles of religion; Hebrews 5:12. It is applied to the elements or component parts of the physical world; 2 Peter 3:10, 2 Peter 3:12. Here the figure is kept up of the reference to the infant Galatians 4:1, Galatians 4:3; and the idea is, that lessons were taught under the Jewish system adapted to their nonage - to a state of childhood. They were treated as children under tutors and governors. The phrase "the elements of the world," occurs also in Colossians 2:8, Colossians 2:20. In Galatians 4:9, Paul speaks of these lessons as "beggarly elements," referring to the same thing as here.
Different opinions have been held as to the reason why the Jewish institutions are here called "the elements of the world." Rosenmuller supposes it was because many of those rites were common to the Jews and to the pagan - as they also had altars, sacrifices, temples, libations, etc. Doddridge supposes it was because those rites were adapted to the low conceptions of children, who were most affected with sensible objects, and have no taste for spiritual and heavenly things. Locke supposes it was because those institutions led them not beyond this world, or into the possession and taste of their heavenly inheritance. It is probable that there is allusion to the Jewish manner of speaking, so common in the Scriptures, where this world is opposed to the kingdom of God, and where it is spoken of as transient and worthless compared with the future glory. The world is fading, unsatisfactory, temporary. In allusion to this common use of the word, the Jewish institutions are called the wordly rudiments. It is not that they were in themselves evil - for that is not true; it is not that they were adapted to foster a worldly spirit - for that is not true; it is not that they had their origin from this world - for that is not true; nor is it from the fact that they resembled the institutions of the pagan world - for that is as little true; but it is, that, like the things of the world, they were transient, temporary, and of little value. They were unsatisfactory in their nature, and were soon to pass away, and to give place to a better system - as the things of this world are soon to give place to heaven.
4
Galatians 4:4
しかし、時の満ちたときに ―― 父の定められた満ちた時、すなわちメシアの来臨のために指定された期間の完成(満たし、πλήρωμα plērōma)のことである(Isaiah 49:7-8の注解、2 Corinthians 6:2の注解を参照)。その意味は、預言されていた時、彼が来られることがふさわしい時が完成した、ということである。彼の来臨のためにすべてのことが整っていた正確な時期が到来していたのである。なぜ彼はもっと早く来られなかったのか、なぜ人類は堕落の直後から受肉と贖いの益を受けることができなかったのか、としばしば問われる。なぜ四千年の暗く陰うつな歳月が流れるに任せ、世界は無知と罪の中にますます深く沈むがままにされたのか。これらの問いには、おそらく完全に満足のいく答えを与えることはできない。神は、疑いなく、私たちの見ることのできない理由をご覧になっており、それらが私たちに明かされるなら私たちが同意するであろう理由をご覧になっているのである。
しかし、この贖いの遅延は、神の取り計らいの全体体系と、人々のためになされたすべての神の介入とに完全に調和していた、と見ることができる。人々は、介入が与えられる前に、長く欠乏の中で痩せ衰え、病によって苦しみ、無知の悪に遭うことを許されている。人間の慰めと改善に関わるすべての主題についても、贖いの主題についてと同じ問いが立てられうる。なぜ印刷術の発明はこれほど長く遅れ、人々は無知の中にとどまることを許されたのか。なぜ種痘の発見はこれほど長く遅れ、救われえた何百万の人々が死ぬことを許されたのか。なぜペルーの樹皮はもっと早く知られず、その使用によって救われえた何百万の人々がなぜ死んだのか。病を防ぎ、人の知性と慰めと救いを促進する大多数の薬や技術や発明についても同様である。これらすべてに関して、それらは全体として人類の福祉を最も促進する、まさに最良の時に明らかにされる、ということは真でありうる。救い主の受肉とみわざも同様である。神は、それが最良の時、すなわち彼の来臨によって全体として人類が最も益を得る時であることを見られたのである。私たちの限られた不完全な視野をもってしても、それが最も適切でふさわしい時であったことに関して、次の諸点を見ることができる。
(1) それは、すべての預言が彼に集中し、その成就について疑いの余地がなくなった、まさにその時であったこと。そのような出来事が預言されていることは、彼が天から来られたという十分な証拠が存在するために重要であった。しかし、預言が神によって語られたものであると見なされるためには、単なる人間の推測の結果であり得ないほど、その出来事に十分先立っていなければならなかった。
(2) 世界が救い主を必要とすることを悟り、人々が他のあらゆる救いの体系を試す公平で満足な機会を与えられ、これを喜んで迎える備えができることが、ふさわしかったこと。これはなされた。四千年は、人が自分自身の力を悟り、何らかの救いの体系を考え出す機会を与えるのに十分であった。その機会は、好ましいと見なされうるあらゆる状況の下で与えられた。とりわけギリシャとローマにおいて、世界の最も深遠で華麗な才能がこれに注がれた。そして、さまざまな宗教体系が国民の幸福と個人の福祉に対して持つ力、すなわち犯罪に立ち向かってこれを阻止する力、心をきよめる力、公の道徳を促進する力、試練の中で人を支える力、彼をまことの神に導き、不死に基づく確かな望みを与える力を、公正に試す十分な機会が与えられた。すべては失敗した。そしてそのとき、神の子が来られて、より良い体系を啓示するのにふさわしい時となったのである。
(3) それは世界が平和の中にあった時であったこと。平和の時にのみ閉じられるヤヌスの神殿は、そのとき閉ざされていた。ローマの歴史の中で、それ以前に閉じられたのはただ一度だけだった。「平和の君」が来られるのに、これほどふさわしい時があろうか。世界は、かなりの程度までローマの笏の下にあった。世界のさまざまな地域の間の交通は、それ以前のいかなる時代よりも速く安全であり、福音はより容易に宣べ伝えられることができた。さらに、ユダヤ人たちはほとんどすべての地に散らされており、約束を知り、メシアを待ち望み、同国人である使徒たちが多数の会堂で福音を宣べ伝えるための便宜を提供し、もし彼らがメシアを受け入れるなら、最も熱心で献身的な宣教者となる資格を備えていた。さらにまた、同じ言語、すなわちギリシャ語が、アレクサンドロス大王以後、世界の少なくない部分の共通語であり、少なくとも地の諸国民のかなりの部分において話され、理解されていた。それ以前のいかなる時代にも、同じ言語がこれほど広く用いられたことはなかった。
(4) それは新しい体系を知らしめるのに適切な時期であったこと。世界が贖い主を受け入れるのに適した状態になる以上に長く遅らせないことは、神の慈愛に調和していた。それゆえ、その時期が到来したとき、神は遅らせることなく、世界の贖いという大いなるみわざのためにご自身の御子を遣わされたのである。
神はご自身の御子を遣わされた ―― これは、神の子が受肉以前から存在しておられたことを含意する(John 16:28を参照)。救い主は、世界に遣わされた方、神から出て来られた方としてしばしば表されている。
女から生まれた方として ―― 人間の本性のうちに、すなわち女から生まれた方として。これはまた、彼が女から受けた本性のほかに、もう一つの本性を持っておられたことを含意する。彼が単なる人間であったと仮定するなら、この言明はなんと無意味であろうか。女から生まれる以外に、どのような仕方で現れることができたのかと問うのが、なんと自然であろうか。なぜ彼は、このような仕方で世界に来られた方として特に指摘されたのか。「十六世紀に、女から生まれたファウストゥス・ソキヌスがユニテリアン主義を説いて現れた」とか、「十八世紀に、女から生まれたジョゼフ・プリーストリー博士がソキヌスの教理を説いて現れた」と言ったら、なんと奇妙に聞こえるであろうか。彼らは他にどのように現れえたのか。これが当然の問いとなろう。どんな特別なことが彼らの出生と起源にあって、そのような言葉を必要とさせたのか。この言葉は、救い主が来られる他の方法がありえたこと、彼が女から生まれたという事実に特別な何かがあったこと、そしてその事実が顕著に記録の事項とされるべき特別な理由があったことを含意する。約束は、メシアが女の「種」、すなわち女の子孫となるであろうというものであった(Genesis 3:15)。パウロはここで、おそらくその約束の成就を暗示しているのである。
律法の下に生まれた方として ―― 人類の一人として、人間の本性にあずかる者として、彼は神の律法に服しておられた。人として、彼はその要求に縛られ、その統治に服していた。彼は、律法の下にある者たちのために重要な目的を成就するために、律法の下にご自身の位置を取られた。ご自身が彼らの一人となり、彼らの贖いを確保するために、自らそれに服されたのである。
英語原文
But when the fulness of the time was come - The full time appointed by the Father; the completion (filling up, πλήρωμα plērōma,) of the designated period for the coming of the Messiah; see the Isaiah 49:7-8 notes; 2 Corinthians 6:2 note. The sense is, that the time which had been predicted, and when it was proper that he should come, was complete. The exact period had arrived when all things were ready for his coming. It is often asked why he did not come sooner, and why mankind did not have the benefit of his incarnation and atonement immediately after the fall? Why were four thousand dark and gloomy years allowed to roll on, and the world suffered to sink deeper and deeper in ignorance and sin? To these questions perhaps no answer entirely satisfactory can be given. God undoubtedly saw reasons which we cannot; see, and reasons which we shall approve if they are disclosed to us.
It may be observed, however, that this delay of redemption was in entire accordance with the whole system of divine arrangements, and with all the divine interpositions in favor of men. People are suffered long to pine in want, to suffer from disease, to encounter the evils of ignorance, before interposition is granted. On all the subjects connected with human comfort and improvement, the same questions may be asked as on the subject of redemption. Why was the invention of the art of printing so long delayed, and people suffered to remain in ignorance? Why was the discovery of vaccination delayed so long, and millions suffered to die who might have been saved? Why was not the bark of Peru sooner known, and why did so many millions die who might have been saved by its use? So of most of the medicines, and of the arts and inventions that go to ward off disease, and to promote the intelligence, the comfort, and the salvation of man. In respect to all of these, it may be true that they are made known at the very best time, the time that will on the whole most advance the welfare of the race. And so of the incarnation and work of the Saviour. It was seen by God to be the best time, the time when on the whole the race would be most benefited by his coming. Even with our limited and imperfect vision, we can see the following things in regard to its being the most fit and proper time.
(1) it was just the time when all the prophecies centerd in him, and when there could be no doubt about their fulfillment. It was important that such an event should be predicted in order that there might be full evidence that he came from heaven; and yet in order that prophecy may be seen to have been uttered by God, it must be so far before the event as to make it impossible to have been the result of mere human conjecture.
(2) it was proper that the world should be brought to see its need of a Saviour, and that a fair and satisfactory opportunity should be given to men to try all other schemes of salvation that they might be prepared to welcome this. This had been done. Four thousand years were sufficient to show to man his own powers, and to give him an opportunity to devise some scheme of salvation. The opportunity had been furnished under every circumstance that could be deemed favorable. The most profound and splendid talent of the world had been brought to bear on it, especially in Greece and Rome; and ample Opportunity had been given to make a fair trial of the various systems of religion devised on national happiness and individual welfare; their power to meet and arrest crime; to purify the heart; to promote public morals, and to support man in his trials; their power to conduct him to the true God, and to give him a wellfounded hope of immortality. All had failed; and then it was a proper time for the Son of God to come and to reveal a better system.
(3) it was a time when the world was at peace. The temple of Janus, closed only in times of peace, was then shut, though it had been but once closed before during the Roman history. What an appropriate time for the "Prince of Peace" to come! The world was, to a great extent, under the Roman sceptre. Communications between different parts of the world were then more rapid and secure than they had been at any former period, and the gospel could be more easily propagated. Further, the Jews were scattered in almost all lands, acquainted with the promises, looking for the Messiah, furnishing facilities to their own countrymen the apostles to preach the gospel in numerous synagogues, and qualified, if they embraced the Messiah, to become most zealous and devoted missionaries. The same language, the Greek, was, moreover, after the time of Alexander the Great, the common language of no small part of the world, or at least was spoken and understood among a considerable portion of the nations of the earth. At no period before had there been so extensive a use of the same language.
(4) it was a proper period to make the new system known. It accorded with the benevolence of God, that it should be delayed no longer than that the world should be in a suitable state for receiving the Redeemer. When that period, therefore, had arrived, God did not delay, but sent his Son on the great work of the world's redemption.
God sent forth his Son - This implies that the Son of God had an existence before his incarnation; see John 16:28. The Saviour is often represented as sent into the world, and as coming forth from God.
Made of a woman - In human nature; born of a woman, This also implies that he had another nature than that which was derived from the woman. On the supposition that he was a mere man, how unmeaning would this assertion be! How natural to ask, in what other way could he appear than to be born of a woman? Why was he particularly designated as coming into the world in this manner? How strange would it sound if it were said, "In the sixteenth century came Faustus Socinus preaching Unitarianism, made of a woman!" or, "In the eighteenth century came Dr. Joseph Priestley, born of a woman, preaching the doctrines of Socinus!" How else could they appear? would be the natural inquiry. What was there special in their birth and origin that rendered such language necessary? The language implies that there were other ways in which the Saviour might have come; that there was something special in the fact that he was born of a woman; and that there was some special reason why that fact should be made prominently a matter of record. The promise was Genesis 3:15 that the Messiah should be the "seed" or the descendant of woman; and Paul probably here alludes to the fulfillment of that promise.
Made under the law - As one of the human race, partaking of human nature, he was subject to the Law of God. As a man he was hound by its requirements, and subject to its control. He took his place under the Law that he might accomplish an important purpose for those who were under it. He made himself subject to it that he might become one of them, and secure their redemption.
5
Galatians 4:5
彼らを贖い出すため ―― 贖いのささげ物としての彼の死によってである(Galatians 3:13の注解を参照)。
律法の下にいた者たちを ―― 律法を犯し、その恐るべき刑罰にさらされていた罪人たちのことである。
私たちが子としての身分を受けるためである ―― 神の子、すなわち神の子どもたちとして養子にされることである(John 1:12の注解、Romans 8:15の注解を参照)。
英語原文
To redeem them - By his death as an atoning sacrifice; see the note at Galatians 3:13.
Them that were under the law - Sinners, who had violated the Law, and who were exposed to its dread penalty.
That we might receive the adoption of sons - Be adopted as the sons or the children of God; see John 1:12, note; Romans 8:15, note.
6
Galatians 4:6
そして、あなたがたが子であるゆえに ―― あなたがたが神の家族に養子として迎えられ、その子どもたちと見なされたことの帰結として、ということである。神の子どもたちが主イエスの霊を持つことは、神の養子縁組の目的の一部として従うのである。
その御子の霊を ―― 主イエスの霊、すなわち彼を動かした霊、あるいは彼が示した霊のことである。その意味は、主イエスが親愛と愛の言葉をもって神に近づくことができたように、彼らもそうなるであろう、ということである。彼は、まことで高められた神の子として、そのような関係にふさわしい霊を持っておられ、彼らは養子とされ、彼に似た者とされて、同じ霊を持つのである。ここで言及されている「霊」は、私の考えるところ、聖霊そのものを意味せず、聖霊の奇跡的な賜物をも意味しない。それは、彼らを主イエスに似た者とする霊、彼らが神の子どもたちとして神に近づき、父に語りかける子どもの敬虔で柔らかく愛情に満ちた言葉を用いることを可能にする霊を意味する。それは、キリスト者が養子縁組の証拠を持つときに用いる言葉であり、神を自分の神として近づき、神を自分の父として呼ぶときに持つ、温かく、高められた、燃えるような感情の表現である。
叫んでいる ―― すなわち、その霊がこのように叫ぶ、ということである(Πνεῦμα Pneuma - κράζον krazon)。Romans 8:26-27の注解と比較されたい。Romans 8:15では「私たちが御霊によって叫ぶ」となっている。
アバ、父よ ―― Romans 8:15の注解を参照されたい。ユダヤの著作であるバビロニア・ゲマラには、奴隷たちが自分の属する家の主人に呼びかけるとき、アバという称号を用いることは許されなかったと述べられている。もしそうなら、ここでキリスト者が用いるものとして表されている言葉は自由人の言葉であり、彼らが罪の隷属の下にないことを示すのである。
英語原文
And because ye are sons - As a consequence of your being adopted into the family of God, and being regarded as his sons. It follows as a part of his purpose of adoption that his children shall have the spirit of the Lord Jesus.
The Spirit of his Son - The spirit of the Lord Jesus; the spirit which animated him, or which he evinced. The idea is, that as the Lord Jesus was enabled to approach God with the language of endearment and love, so they would be. He, being the true and exalted Son of God, had the spirit appropriate to such a relation; they being adopted, and made like him, have the same spirit. The "spirit" here referred to does not mean, as I:suppose: the Holy Spirit as such; nor the miraculous endowments of the Holy Spirit, but the spirit which made them like the Lord Jesus; the spirit by which they were enabled to approach God as his children, and use the reverent, and tender, and affectionate language of a child addressing a father. It is that language used by Christians when they have evidence of adoption; the expression of the warm, and elevated, and glowing emotions which they have when they can approach God as their God, and address him as their Father.
Crying - That is, the spirit thus cries, Πνεῦμα Pneuma - κράζον krazon). Compare the notes, Romans 8:26-27. In Romans 8:15 it is, "wherewith we cry."
Abba, Father - See the note at Romans 8:15. It is said in the Babylonian Gemara, a Jewish work, that it was not permitted slaves to use the title of Abba in addressing the master of the family to which they belonged. If so, then the language which Christians are here represented as using is the language of freemen, and denotes that they are not under the servitude of sin.
7
Galatians 4:7
それゆえ ―― 神をあなたの父として呼びかけるこの特権の帰結として、ということである。
あなたはもはや ―― キリスト者であるあなたがたのことである。
奴隷ではなく ―― 罪の隷属の中にいないこと、あるいは律法の抑圧的な儀式と式例の下に縛られて、奴隷として扱われていないことを意味する(Galatians 4:3の注解と比較)。
子である ―― 神の子どもであり、神の家族に養子として迎えられ、子として扱われるべき者であることを意味する。
もし子であるならば…… ―― 子のすべての特権を受ける資格があり、したがってもちろん、贖い主を通して、贖い主と共に、相続人と見なされるべき者であることを意味する。ここに表されている考えについては、Romans 8:17の注解で説明したものを参照されたい。
英語原文
Wherefore - In consequence of this privilege of addressing God as your Father.
Thou art no more - You who are Christians.
A servant - In the servitude of sin; or treated as a servant by being bound under the oppressive rites and ceremonies of the Law; compare the note at Galatians 4:3
But a son - A child of God, adopted into his family, and to be treated as a son.
And if a son ... - Entitled to all the privileges of a son, and of course to be regarded as an heir through the Redeemer, and with him. See the sentiment here expressed explained in the the note at Romans 8:17.
8
Galatians 4:8
しかし当時、あなたがたは ―― しかし、ἀλλὰ alla。この節と次の節の呼びかけは、明らかにガラテヤ人々の中のかつて異邦人であった部分に向けられている。これはおそらく、転換を示す小辞ἀλλὰ allaによって示されている。前の諸節でパウロは明らかにユダヤ人の回心者たちを特に念頭に置き、彼らの以前の状態をモーセの儀式と慣習への隷属として描写し、福音が与える自由と比べてその状態の不都合を示していた。描写を完全にするために、彼は異邦人たちにも言及する。彼らの状態はさらに悪い隷属の状態であり、彼はGalatians 4:9で、異邦の儀式の卑しめる隷属からの栄光の解放を得た後に、いかなる種類の束縛の状態へも引き返すことがどれほど不合理であるかを示す。その意味はこうである。「ユダヤ人たちがそのような隷属の状態にあったなら、異邦人であった者たちの状態はどれほどさらに痛やすく、厳しいものであったか。ところが福音はその隷属から彼らを解放し、自由人とした。今また臣従の状態に引き返し、ユダヤ人の律法の抑圧的な儀式の下でしもべとなることは、なんと不合理であろうか」。
あなたがたが神を知らなかったときには ―― あなたがたが異邦の状態にあり、まことの神とその礼拝についての知識を持たなかったときのことである。その目的は、彼らが神を知らなかったからといって彼らのしたことを擁護することではなく、彼らが粗野で痛やすい隷属の状態にあったという事実を述べることである。
仕えていたが ―― この訳は原語の力を表していない。その意味は「あなたがたは…の『奴隷であった』」(ἐδουλεύσατε edouleusate)ということである。すなわち、福音の自由と対照的な隷属の状態にあった、ということである。同じ語がユダヤ人の状態の描写に用いられているGalatians 4:3と比較されたい。使徒の狙いは、ユダヤ人と異邦人がキリスト教への回心の前には臣従ないし隷属の状態にあり、その状態に再び引き返すことはこの上なく不合理であることを示すことにある。
本来神でないものたちに ―― 偶像たち、すなわち偽りの神々のことである。「本来」φύσει phuseiという表現は、グロティウスによれば「事実上、re ipsa」を意味する。その意味は、それらが実際には神性へのいかなる主張も持ちえなかった、ということである。それらの多くは想像上の存在であり、多くは太陽、風、流れのような被造物であり、また多くは礼拝の対象へと高められた死んだ英雄たちであった。しかし、その隷属は現実であった。それは彼らの能力を縛り、彼らの力を統御し、彼らの想像力を束ね、彼らの時間と財産を支配して、彼らを奴隷とした。偶像礼拝は常に奴隷状態である。そして、罪人たちが自分の情欲と食欲、色欲と金と野心に仕えることは、異邦の神々やユダヤの儀式に仕えていたことよりも、また今日のアフリカ人が過酷で残忍な主人に仕えていることよりも、痛やすさや厳しさにおいて劣らない。すべてのキリスト者について、回心の前には彼らが「仕えていた」、すなわち過酷で残忍な主人たちの奴隷であったと言うことができる。そして、福音だけが彼らを自由にしたのである。付け加えれば、全世界における偶像礼拝の鎖は、ガラテヤでそうであったのと同じくらい堅く打ち付けられ、痛やすいものであり、パウロがそこで宣べ伝えたのと同じ福音以外に、それらの鎖を断ち切って人を自由へ回復させるものはないのである。
英語原文
Howbeit - But, ἀλλὰ alla. The address in this verse and the following is evidently to the portion of the Galatians who had been pagan. This is probably indicated by the particle ἀλλὰ alla, but denoting a transition. In the previous verses Paul had evidently had the Jewish converts more particularly in his eye, and had described their former condition as one of servitude to the Mosaic rites and customs, and had shown the inconveniences of that condition, compared with the freedom imparted by the gospel. To complete the description, he refers also to the Gentiles, as a condition of worse servitude still, and shows Galatians 4:9 the absurdity of their turning back to a state of bondage of any kind, after the glorious deliverance which they had obtained from the degrading servitude of pagan rites. The sense is, "If the Jews were in such a state of servitude, how much more galling and severe was that of those who had been pagans. Yet fron that servitude the gospel had delivered them, and made them freemen. How absurd now to go back to a state of vassalage, and to become servants under the oppressive rites of the Jewish law!"
When ye knew not God - In your state of paganism, when you had no knowledge of the true God and of his service. The object is not to apologize for what they did, because they did not know God; it is to state the fact that they were in a state of gross and galling servitude.
Ye did service - This does not express the force of the original. The meaning is, "Ye were "slaves" to (ἐδουλεύσατε edouleusate); you were in a condition of servitude, as opposed to the freedom of the gospel;" compare Galatians 4:3, where the same word is used to describe the state of the Jews. The drift of the apostle is, to show that the Jews and Gentiles, before their conversion to Christianity, were in a state of vassalage or servitude, and that it was absurd in the highest degree to return to that condition again.
Unto them which by nature are no gods - Idols, or false gods. The expression "by nature," φύσει phusei, according to Grotius, means, "in fact, re ipsa." The sense is, that they really had no pretensions to divinity. Many of them were imaginary beings; many were the objects of creation, as the sun, and winds, and streams; and many were departed heroes that had been exalted to be objects of worship. Yet the servitude was real. It fettered their faculties; controlled their powers; bound their imagination, and commanded their time and property, and made them slaves. Idolatry is always slavery; and the servitude of sinners to their passions and appetites, to lust and gold, and ambition, is not less galling and severe than was the servitude to the pagan gods or the Jewish rites, or than is the servitude of the African now to a harsh and cruel master. Of all Christians it may be said that before their conversion they "did service," or were slaves to harsh and cruel masters; and nothing but the gospel has made them free. It may be added, that the chains of idolatry all over the world are as fast riveted and as galling as they were in Galatia, and that nothing but the same gospel which Paul preached there can break those chains and restore man to freedom.
9
Galatians 4:9
しかし今では…… ―― その意味は、彼らが偽りの神々の礼拝における卑しい隷属から自由とされ、まことの神の礼拝の中に見出される自由へと受け入れられていたのであるから、真の奴隷状態ないし束縛であるもの、すなわちユダヤの律法の儀式の遵守へ再び引き返すことは不合理である、ということである。
あなたがたが神を知り ―― まことの神と、福音におけるその礼拝の安らかさと自由とを知るようになった、ということである。
むしろ神に知られているのに ―― その意味は「あるいは、より正確に、より精密に言えば、神に知られている」である。この訂正の目的は、前の表現から、神を知るようになったことが彼ら自身に由来するという印象が生じるのを避けることにある。それゆえ彼は、むしろ彼らが神に知られているのであり、彼らが神ご自身を知るようになったことはすべて神に由来すると述べるのである。おそらく彼はまた、神に知られていることが恵みであり特権であるという考えを視野に入れようとしている。それゆえ、弱く貧しい諸要素へ引き返すことは、なおさら不合理であった。
どうして、再び立ち返るのか ―― 欄外注は「後ろへ」とする。「どうしてあなたがたは、そのような束縛へ立ち返ろうとしているのか」。この問いは、彼らがそうすることへの驚きと憤りを含意する。
弱く貧しい諸要素へ ―― ユダヤの律法の儀式と式例のことである。それは実際、異邦の慣習に劣らず厳しい隷属を課すものであった。「諸要素」という語については、Galatians 4:3の注解を参照されたい。それらは「弱い」と呼ばれる。魂を救う力がなく、罪人を神の前に義と認める力がなかったからである。それらは「貧しい」(ギリシャ語πτωχὰ ptōcha、貧しい)と呼ばれる。霊的な富を分け与えることができなかったからである。それらは実際、人にほとんど何の益も与えられなかった。あるいは、ロックが考えるように、律法が人々を、相続業の完全な享受から離れた弟子の貧しい状態にとどめていたからかもしれない(Galatians 4:1-3)。
再びその隷属に服しようとしているものに ―― あたかもあなたがたが隷属の下にあることを望んでいるかのように、ということである。その不合理さは、奴隷状態から解放された人が自分の鎖を再び望むのと同じほど大きい。彼らは福音によって、異邦の痛やすい隷属から自由とされたのに、いままたユダヤの遵守事項の中に沈み込んだ。あたかも自由よりも奴隷状態を好み、その一つの形から別の形へ移ることを望んでいるかのようであった。主要な考えは、福音によって自由とされた人々が、いかなる種類の隷属や束縛へも再び引き返すことは不合理である、ということである。私たちはこれを今日のキリスト者に適用できる。多くの者が、回心前の罪への隷属に劣らず痛やすい一種の隷属の中に沈み込んでいる。ある者は宗教における単なる儀式と形式の奴隷となる。ある者は流行の奴隷となり、世はなおも暴君の手で彼らを支配する。彼らはおそらく、野心と堕落した悪徳と低い肉欲の痛やすい鎖からは逃れたことであろう。しかし、奴隷状態と鎖を愛するかのように、金の愛、あるいは衣服、あるいは世の流行の奴隷となる。そして彼らは、奴隷が自分を縛る縛めを断ち切れないのと同じように、そこから脱出する力がないかのように見える。またある者は、高価で愚かな習慣の奴隷となる。キリスト者と表白する人々、キリスト教の奉仕者たちさえも、タバコを用いるという嫌悪すべき忌まわしい習慣の奴隷となり、かつてアフリカ人の手足を縛ったいかなる束縛にも劣らず痛やすく堅い隷属に縛られている。付け加えて悲しいことには、多くの表白するキリスト者が「ぶどう酒の前に長く座る」習慣と、それを自由に楽しむ習慣の奴隷である。ああ、そのような人々がキリスト者の自由の自由を知り、そのようなすべての足かせから脱し、福音がどのように人々をすべての愚かで不合理な慣習から自由にするかを示してくれることを願う。
英語原文
But now ... - The sense is, that since they had been made free from their ignoble servitude in the worship of false gods, and had been admitted to the freedom found in the worship of the true God, it was absurd that they should return again to that which was truly slavery or bondage, the observance of the rites of the Jewish law.
That ye have known God - The true God, and the ease and freedom of his service in the gospel.
Or rather are known of God - The sense is, "Or, to speak more accurately or precisely, are known by God." The object of this correction is to avoid the impression which might be derived from the former phrase that their acquaintance with God was owing to themselves. He therefore states, that it was rather that they were known of God; that it was all owing to him that they had been brought to an acquaintance with himself. Perhaps, also, he means to bring into view the idea that it was a favor and privilege to be known by God, and that therefore it was the more absurd to turn back to the weak and beggarly elements.
How turn ye again - Margin, "Back." "How is it that you are returning to such a bondage?" The question implies surprise and indignation that they should do it.
To the weak and beggarly elements - To the rites and ceremonies of the Jewish law, imposing a servitude really not less severe than the customs of paganism. On the word elements, see the note at Galatians 4:3. They are called "weak" because they had no power to save the soul; no power to justify the sinner before God. They are called "beggarly" (Greek πτωχὰ ptōcha, poor), because they could not impart spiritual riches. They really could confer few benefits on man. Or it may be, as Locke supposes, because the Law kept people in the poor estate of pupils from the full enjoyment of the inheritance; Galatians 4:1-3.
Whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage - As if you had a wish to be under servitude. The absurdity is as great as it would be for a man who had been freed from slavery to desire his chains again. They had been freed by the gospel from the galling servitude of paganism, and they now again had sunk into the Jewish observances, as if they preferred slavery to freedom, and were willing to go from one form of it to another. The main idea is, that it is absurd for people who have been made free by the gospel to go back again into any kind of servitude or bondage. We may apply it to Christians now. Many sink into a kind of servitude not less galling than was that to sin before their conversion. Some become the slaves of mere ceremonies and forms in religion. Some are slaves to fashion, and the world still rules them with the hand of a tyrant. They have escaped, it may be, from the galling chains of ambition, and degrading vice, and low sensuality; but they became slaves to the love of money, or of dress, or of the fashions of the world, as if they loved slavery and chains; and they seem no more able to break loose than the slave is to break the bonds which bind him. And some are slaves to some expensive and foolish habit. Professed Christians, and Christian ministers too, become slaves to the disgusting and loathsome habit of using tobacco, bound by a servitude as galling and as firm as that which ever shackled the limbs of an African. I grieve to add also that many professed Christians are slaves to the habit of "sitting long at the wine" and indulging in it freely. O that such knew the liberty of Christian freedom, and would break away from all such shackles, and show how the gospel frees people from all foolish and absurd customs!
10
Galatians 4:10
あなたがたが守っている ―― この節の目的は、彼らが隷属してしまった事柄のいくつかを特定することである。
日々 ―― ここで言及されている日は、疑いなくユダヤ人の祭りの日々である。彼らはそのような遵守の日々を数多く持っていた。そして旧約聖書に指定されたもののほかに、神殿の破壊と再建、その他の彼らの歴史における重要な出来事を記念する日々として、多くの日を付け加えていた。使徒が厳密な意味での安息日を指していると想定することは、この箇所の公正な解釈ではない。安息日は十戒の一部であり、救い主ご自身も、使徒たちも守ったからである。聖書において聖く保つよう命じられていないすべての日々にこれを適用することは公正な解釈である。それゆえこの箇所は、ガラテヤ人々が守っていた日々に適用されるのと同様に、聖人の日々や、聖なる歴史における特定の出来事を記念する日々の遵守にも等しく適用される。教皇主義の交わりや一部のプロテスタント教会における無数の祭日と断食日の遵守には、ユダヤの教会暦の日々の遵守にあったのと同じほど現実の隷属がある。私の見るところ、そのような遵守は、パウロの時代と同様、今も福音の自由と一致しない。私たちは、神が私たちに命じられたと証明できるものだけを聖なる時の季節として守るべきであり、それ以上ではあってはならない。
月々 ―― ユダヤ人たちが守っていた新月の祭りである(Numbers 10:10、Numbers 28:11-14)。この祭りでは、毎日のいけにえのほかに、二頭の雄牛、一頭の雄羊、一歳の羊七頭がいけにえとしてささげられた。新月の出現はラッパの音によって告げ知らされた(Jahn, Archae. 352を参照)。
時々 ―― 定められた時、すなわち過越の祭り、五旬節の祭り、仮庵の祭りのように周期的に巡って来る祭りのことである(Jahn, Archae. chap. 3.-346-360を参照)。
年々 ―― 安息の年、すなわちヨベルの年である(前掲のJahnを参照)。
英語原文
Ye observe - The object of this verse is to specify some of the things to which they had become enslaved.
Days - The days here referred to are doubtless the days of the Jewish festivals. They had numerous days of such observances, and in addition to those specified in the Old Testament, the Jews had added many others as days commemorative of the destruction and rebuilding of the temple, and of other important events in their history. It is not a fair interpretation of this to suppose that the apostle refers to the Sabbath, properly so called, for this was a part of the Decalogue; and was observed by the Saviour himself, and by the apostles also. It is a fair interpretation to apply it to all those days which are not commanded to be kept holy in the Scriptures; and hence, the passage is as applicable to the observance of saints' days, and days in honor of particular events in sacred history, as to the days observed by the Galatians. There is as real servitude in the observance of the numerous festivals, and fasts in the papal communion and in some Protestant churches, as there was in the observance of the days in the Jewish ecclesiastical calendar, and for anything that I can see, such observances are as inconsistent now with the freedom of the gospel as they were in the time of Paul. We should observe as seasons of holy time what it can be proved God has commanded us, and no more.
And months - The festivals of the new moon, kept by the Jews. Numbers 10:10; Numbers 28:11-14. On this festival, in addition to the daily sacrifice, two bullocks, a ram, and seven sheep of a year old were offered in sacrifice. The appearance of the new-moon was announced by the sound of trumpets. See Jahn, Archae. 352.
And times - Stated times; festivals returning periodically, as the Passover, the Feast of Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles. See Jahn, Archae. chap. 3.-346-360.
And years - The sabbatical year, or the year of jubilee. See Jahn as above.
11
Galatians 4:11
私はあなたがたのことを心配している…… ―― 私はあなたがたについて恐れを抱いている、ということである。彼の恐れは、彼らに真のキリスト者の原理がないかもしれない、というものであった。彼らはあまりにも容易にゆがめられ、儀式と式例の隷属へ引き返したので、この場合には真のキリスト者の原理がありえないのではないかと彼は懸念した。自分の民が世の弱く貧しい諸要素へ引き返すのを見るとき、「よく走って」いたのに、彼らが流行の、あるいは福音の単純さに不一致ないくつかの習慣の奴隷となるのを見るとき、いかなる牧師が、自分の民についてこのような恐れをしばしば抱かなかったことであろうか。
英語原文
I am afraid of you ... - I have fears respecting you. His fears were that they had no genuine Christian principle. They had been so easily perverted and turned back to the servitude of ceremonies and rites, that he was apprehensive that there could be no real Christian principle in the case. What pastor has not often had such fears of his people, when he sees them turn to the weak and beggarly elements of the world, or when, after having "run well," he sees them become the slaves of fashion, or of some habit inconsistent with the simplicity of the gospel?
12
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:12
Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am ... - There is great brevity in this passage, and no little obscurity, and a great many different interpretations have been given of it by commentators. The various views expressed may be seen in Bloomfield's Crit. Dig. Locke renders it, "Let you and I be as if we were all one, Think yourselves to be very me; as I in my own mind put no difference at all between you and myself." Koppe explains it thus: Imitate my example; for I, though a Jew by birth, care no more for Jewish rites than you." Rosenmuller explains it, "Imitate my manner of life in rejecting the Jewish rites; as I, having renounced the Jewish rites, was much like you when I preached the gospel to you." Other interpretations may be seen in Chandler, Doddridge, Calvin, etc. In our version there seems to be an impropriety of expression; for if he was as they were it would seem to be a matter of course that they would be like him, or would resemble him. The sense of the passage, however, it seems to me cannot be difficult. The reference is doubtless to the Jewish rites and customs, and to the question whether they were binding on Christians. Paul's object is to persuade them to abandon them. He appeals to them, therefore, by his own example. And it means evidently, "Imitate me in this thing. Follow my example, and yield no conformity to those rites and customs." The ground on which he asks them to imitate him may be either:
(1) That he had abandoned them or,
(2) Because he asks them to yield a point to him.
He had done so in many instances for their welfare, and had made many sacrifices for their salvation, and he now asks them to yield this one point, and to become as he was, and to cease these Jewish observances, as he had done.
For I am as ye are - Greek "For I as ye." This means, I suppose, "For I have conformed to your customs in many things. I have abandoned my own peculiarities; given up my customs as far as possible; conformed to you as Gentiles as far as I could do, in order to benefit and save you. I have laid aside the uniqueness of the Jew on the principle of becoming all things to all men (Notes, 1 Corinthians 9:20-22), in order that I might save you. I ask in return only the slight sacrifice that you will now become like me in the matter under consideration."
Ye have not injured me at all - "It is not a personal matter. I have no cause of complaint. You have done me no personal wrong. There is no variance between us; no unkind feeling; no injury done as individuals. I may, therefore, with the more freedom, ask you to yield this point, when I assure you that I do not feel personally injured. I have no wrong to complain of, and I ask it on higher grounds than would be an individual request: it is for your good, and the good of the great cause." When Christians turn away from the truth, and disregard the instructions and exhortations of pastors, and become conformed to the world, it is not a personal matter, or a matter of personal offence to them, painful as it may be to them. They have no special reason to say that they are personally injured. It is a higher matter. The cause suffers. The interests of religion are injured. The church at large is offended, and the Saviour is "wounded in the house of his friends." Conformity to the world, or a lapse into some sin, is a public offence, and should be regarded as an injury done to the cause of the Redeemer. It shows the magnanimity of Paul, that though they had abandoned his doctrines, and forgotten his love and his toils in their welfare, he did not regard it as a personal offence, and did not consider himself personally injured. An ambitious man or an impostor would have made that the main, if not the only thing.
13
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:13
Ye know how - To show them the folly of their embracing the new views which they had adopted, he reminds them of past times, and particularly of the strength of the attachment which they had evinced for him in former days.
Through infirmity of the flesh - Greek "Weakness" (ἀσθένειαν astheneian); compare the 1 Corinthians 2:3 note; 2 Corinthians 10:10; 2 Corinthians 12:7 notes.
14
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:14
And my temptation - "My trial," the thing which was to me a trial and calamity. The meaning is, that he was afflicted with various calamities and infirmities, but that this did not hinder their receiving him as an angel from heaven. There is, however, a considerable variety in the mss. on this verse. Many mss., instead of "my temptation," read "your temptation;" and Mill maintains that this is the true reading. Griesbach hesitates between the two. But it is not very important to determine which is the true reading. If it should be "your," then it means that they were tempted by his infirmities to reject him; and so it amounts to about the same thing. The general sense is, that he had some bodily infirmity, perhaps some periodically returning disease, that was a great trial to him, which they bore with, with great patience and affection. What that was, he has not informed us, and conjecture is vain.
But received me as an angel of God - With the utmost respect, as if I had been an angel sent from God.
Even as Christ Jesus - As you would have done the Redeemer himself. Learn hence:
(1) That the Lord Jesus is superior to an angel of God.
(2) that the highest proof of attachment to a minister, is to receive him as the Saviour would be received.
(3) it showed their attachment to the Lord Jesus, that they received his apostle as they would have received the Saviour himself; compare Matthew 10:40.
15
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:15
Where is then the blessedness - Margin, "What was" - in accordance with the Greek. The words "ye spake of" are not in the Greek, and should have been printed in italics. But they obscure the sense at any rate. This is not to be regarded as a question, asking what had become of the blessedness, implying that it had departed; but it is rather to be regarded as an exclamation, referring to the happiness of that moment, and their affection and joy when they thus received him. "What blessedness you had then! How happy was that moment! What tenderness of affection! What overflowing joy!" It was a time full of joy, and love, and affectionate confidence. So Tyndale well renders it, "How happy were ye then!" In this interpretation, Doddridge, Rosenmuller, Bloomfield, Koppe, Chandler, and others concur. Locke renders it, "What benedictions did you then pour out on me!"
For I bear you record - Itestify.
Ye would have plucked out your own eyes ... - No higher proof of attachment could have been given. They loved him so much, that they would have given to him anything, however dear; they would have done anything to contribute to his welfare. How changed, now that they had abandoned his doctrines, and yielded themselves to the guidance of those who taught a wholly different doctrine!
16
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:16
Am I therefore become your enemy ... - Is my telling you the truth in regard to the tendency of the doctrines which you have embraced, and the character of those who have led you astray, and your own error, a proof that I have ceased to be your friend? How apt are we to feel that the man who tells us of our faults is our enemy! How apt are we to treat him coldly, and to "cut his acquaintance," and to regard him with dislike! The reason is, he gives us pain; and we cannot have pain given to us, even by the stone against which we stumble, or by any of the brute creation, without momentary indignation, or regarding them for a time as our enemies. Besides, we do not like to have another person acquainted with our faults and our follies; and we naturally avoid the society of those who are thus acquainted with us. Such is human nature; and it requires no little grace for us to overcome this. and to regard the man who tells us of our faults, or the faults of our families, as our friend.
We love to be flattered, and to have our friends flattered; and we shrink with pain from any exposure, or any necessity for repentance. Hence, we become alienated from him who is faithful in reproving us for our faults. Hence, people become offended with their ministers when they reprove them for their sins. Hence, they become offended at the truth. Hence, they resist the influences of the Holy Spirit, whose office it is to bring the truth to the heart, and to reprove men for their sins. There is nothing more difficult than to regard with steady and unwavering affection the man who faithfully tells us the truth at all times, when that truth is painful. Yet he is our best friend. "Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful," Proverbs 27:6. If I am in danger of falling down a precipice, he shows to me the purest friendship who tells me of it; if I am in danger of breathing the air of the pestilence, and it can be avoided, he shows to me pure kindness who tells me of it. So still more, if I am indulging in a course of conduct that may ruin me, or cherishing error that may endanger my salvation, he shows me the purest friendship who is most faithful in warning me, and apprising me of what must be the termination of my course.
17
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:17
They zealously affect you - See 1 Corinthians 12:31 (Greek); 1 Corinthians 14:39. The word used here (Ζηλόω Zēloō), means to be "zealous" toward, that is, for or against any person or thing; usually, in a good sense, to be eager for. Here it means, that the false teachers made a show of zeal toward the Galatians, or professed affection for them in order to gain them as their followers. They were full of ardor, and professed an extraordinary concern for their welfare - as people always do who are demagogues, or who seek to gain proselytes. The object of the apostle in this is, probably, to say, that it was not wholly owing to themselves that they had become alienated from the doctrines which he had taught. Great pains had been taken to do it; and there had been a show of zeal which would be likely to endanger any person.
But not well - Not with good motives, or with good designs.
Yea, they would exclude you - Margin, "Us." A few printed editions of the New Testament have ἡμᾶς hēmas, "us," instead of ὑμᾶς humas, "you" - Mill. The word "exclude" here probably means, that they endeavored to exclude the Galatians from the love and affection of Paul. They would shut them out from that, in order that they might secure them for their own purposes. If the reading in the margin, however, should be retained, the sense would be clearer. "They wish to exclude us, that is, me, the apostle, in order that they may have you wholly to themselves. If they can once get rid of your attachment to me, then they will have no difficulty in securing you for themselves." This reading, says Rosenmuller, is found "in many of the best codices, and versions, and fathers." It is adopted by Doddridge, Locke, and others. The main idea is clear: Paul stood in the way of their designs. The Galatians were truly attached to him, and it was necessary, in order to accomplish their ends, to withdraw their affections from him. When false teachers have designs on a people, they begin by alienating their confidence and affections from their pastors and teachers. They can hope for no success until this is done; and hence, the efforts of errorists, and of infidels, and of scorners, is to undermine the confidence of a people in the ministry, and when this is done there is little difficulty in drawing them over to their own purposes.
That ye might affect them - The same word as in the former part of the verse, "that ye might zealously affect them" - that is, that ye might show ardent attachment to them. Their first work is to manifest special interest for your welfare; their second, to alienate you from him who had first preached the gospel to you; their object, not your salvation, or your real good, but to secure your zealous love for themselves.
18
翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:18
But it is good to be, zealously affected - The meaning of this is, "Understand me: I do not speak against zeal. I have not a word to say in its disparagement. In itself, it is good; and their zeal would be good if it were in a good cause." Probably, they relied much on their zeal; perhaps they maintained, as errorists and deceivers are very apt to do, that zeal was sufficient evidence of the goodness of their cause, and that persons who are so very zealous could not possibly be bad men. How often is this plea set up by the friends of errorists and deceivers!
And not only when I am present with you - It seems to me that there is great adroitness and great delicacy of irony in this remark; and that the apostle intends to remind them as gently as possible, that it would have been as well for them to have shown their zeal in a good cause when he was absent, as well as when he was with them. The sense may be, "You were exceedingly zealous in a good cause when I was with you. You loved the truth; you loved me. Since I left you, and as soon almost as I was out of your sight, your zeal died away, and your ardent love for me was transferred to others. Allow me to remind you, that it would be well to be zealous of good when I am away, as well as when I am with you. There is not much true affection in that which dies away as soon as a man's back is turned." The doctrine is, that true zeal or love will live alike when the object is near and when it is removed; when our friends are present with us, and when they leave us; when their eye is upon us, and when it is turned away.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:19
My little children - The language of tender affection, such as a parent would use toward his own offspring; see the note at 1 Corinthians 4:15; compare Matthew 18:3; John 13:33; 1 John 2:1, 1 John 2:12-13; 1 John 4:4; 1 John 5:21. The idea here is, that Paul felt that he sustained toward them the relation of a father, and he had for them the deep and tender feelings of a parent.
Of whom I travail in birth again - For whose welfare I am deeply anxious: and for whom I endure deep anguish; compare 1 Corinthians 4:15. His anxiety for them he compares to the deepest sufferings which human nature endures; and his language here is a striking illustration of what ministers of the gospel should feel, and do sometimes feel, in regard to their people.
Until Christ be formed in you - The name Christ is often used to denote his religion, or the principles of his gospel; see the note at Romans 13:14. Here it means, until Christ reigns wholly in your hearts; until you wholly and entirely embrace his doctrines; and until you become wholly imbued with his spirit; see Colossians 1:27.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:20
I desire to be present with you now - They had lost much by his absence; they had changed their views; they had in some measure become alienated from him; and he wishes that he might be again with them, as he was before. He would hope to accomplish much more by his personal presence than he could by letter.
And to change my voice - That is, from complaint and censure, to tones of entire confidence.
For I stand in doubt of you - Margin, "I am perplexed for you." On the meaning of the word used here, see the note at 2 Corinthians 4:8. The sense is plain. Paul had much reason to doubt the sincerity and the solidity of their Christian principles, and he was deeply anxious on that account.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:21
Tell me ... - In order to show fully the nature and the effect of the Law, Paul here introduces an illustration from an important fact in the Jewish history. This allegory has given great perplexity to expositors, and, in some respects, it is attended with real difficulty. An examination of the difficulties will be found in the larger commentaries. My object, without examining the expositions which have been proposed, will be to state, in as few words as possible, the simple meaning and design of the allegory. The design it is not difficult to understand. It is to show the effect of being under the bondage or servitude of the Jewish law, compared with the freedom which the gospel imparts. Paul had addressed the Galatians as having a real desire to be under bondage, or to be servants; the note at Galatians 4:9. He had represented Christianity as a state of freedom, and Christians as the sons of God - not servants, but freemen.
To show the difference of the two conditions, he appeals to two cases which would furnish a striking illustration of them. The one was the case of Hagar and her son. The effect of bondage was well illustrated there. She and her son were treated with severity, and were cast out and persecuted. This was a fair illustration of bondage under the Law; of the servitude to the laws of Moses; and was a fit representation of Jerusalem as it was in the time of Paul. The other case was that of Isaac. He was the son of a free woman, and was treated accordingly. He was regarded as a son, not as a servant. And he was a fair illustration of the case of those who were made free by the gospel. They enjoyed a similar freedom and sonship, and should not seek a state of servitude or bondage. The condition of Isaac was a fit illustration of the New Jerusalem; the heavenly city; the true kingdom of God. But Paul does not mean to say, as I suppose, that the history of the son of Hagar and of the son of Rebecca was mere allegory, or that the narrative by Moses was designed to represent the different condition of those who were under the Law and under the gospel.
He uses it simply, as showing the difference between servitude and freedom, and as a striking illustration of the nature of the bondage to the Jewish law, and of the freedom of the gospel, just as anyone may use a striking historical fact to illustrate a principle. These general remarks will constitute the basis of my interpretation of this celebrated allegory. The expression "tell me," is one of affectionate remonstrance and reasoning; see Luke 7:42, "Tell me, therefore, which of these will love him most?" Compare Isaiah 1:18, "Come, now, and let us reason together, saith the Lord."
Ye that desire to be under the law - See the note at Galatians 4:9. You who wish to yield obedience to the laws of Moses. You who maintain that conformity to those laws is necessary to justification.
Do ye not hear the law? - Do you not understand what the Law says? Will you not listen to its own admonitions, and the instruction which may be derived from the Law on the subject? The word "law" here refers not to the commands that were uttered on Mount Sinai, but to the book of the Law. The passage to which reference is made is in the Book of Genesis; but; all the five books of Moses were by the Jews classed under the general name of the Law; see the note at Luke 24:44. The sense is, "Will you not listen to a narrative found in one of the books of the Law itself, fully illustrating the nature of that servitude which you wish?"
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:22
For it is written - Genesis 16; 21.
Abraham had two sons - Ishmael and Isaac. Abraham subsequently had several sons by Keturah after the death of Sarah; Genesis 26:1-6. But the two sons by Hagar and Sarah were the most prominent, and the events of their lives furnished the particular illustration which Paul desired.
The one by a bond-maid - Ishmael, the son of Hagar. Hagar was an Egyptian slave, whom Sarah gave to Abraham in order that he might not be wholly without posterity; Genesis 16:3.
The other by a free woman - Isaac, the son of Sarah; Genesis 21:1-2.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:23
But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh - In the ordinary course of nature, without any special promise, or any unusual divine interposition, as in the case of Isaac.
But he of the free woman ... - The birth of Isaac was in accordance with a special promise, and by a remarkable divine interposition; see Genesis 18:10; Genesis 21:1-2; Hebrews 11:11-12; compare the notes at Romans 4:19-21. The idea here of Paul is, that the son of the slave was in a humble and inferior condition from his very birth. There was no special promise attending him. He was born into a state of inferiority and servitude which attended him through his whole life. Isaac, however, was met with promises as soon as he was born, and was under the benefit of those promises as long as he lived. The object of Paul is, to state the truth in regard to a condition of servitude and slavery. It is attended with evils from beginning to end; from the birth to the grave. By this illustration he means to show them the folly of becoming the voluntary slaves of the Law after they had once been made free.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:24
Which things - The different accounts of Ishmael and Isaac.
Are an allegory - May be regarded allegorically, or as illustrating great principles in regard to the condition of slaves and freemen; and may therefore be used to illustrate the effect of servitude to the Law of Moses compared with the freedom of the gospel. He does not mean to say that the historical record of Moses was not true, or was merely allegorical; nor does he mean to say that Moses meant this to be an allegory, or that he intended that it should be applied to the exact purpose to which Paul applied it. No such design is apparent in the narrative of Moses, and it is evident that he had no such intention. Nor can it be shown that Paul means to be understood as saying that Moses had any such design, or that his account was not a record of a plain historical fact. Paul uses it as he would any other historical fact that would illustrate the same principle, and he makes no more use of it than the Saviour did in his parables of real or fictitious narratives to illustrate an important truth, or than we always do of real history to illustrate an important principle.
The word which is used here by Paul (ἀλληγορέω allēgoreō) is derived from ἄλλος allos, another, and ἀγορεύω agoreuō, to speak, to speak openly or in public - Passow. It properly means to speak anything otherwise than it is understood (Passow); to speak allegorically; to allegorize. The word does not occur elsewhere in the New Testament, nor is it found in the Septuagint, though it occurs often in the classic writers. An allegory is a continued metaphor; see Blair's Lectures, xv. It is a figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal object is described by another subject resembling it in its properties and circumstances - Webster. Allegories are in words what hieroglyphics are in painting. The distinction between a parable and an allegory is said to be, that a parable is a supposed history to illustrate some important truth, as the parable of the good Samaritan, etc.; an allegory is based on real facts.
It is not probable, however, that this distinction is always carefully observed. Sometimes the allegory is based on the resemblance to some inanimate object, as in the beautiful allegory in Psalm 80. Allegories, parables, and metaphors abound in the writings of the East. Truth was more easily treasured up in this way, and could be better preserved and transmitted when it was connected with an interesting story. The lively fancy of the people of the East also led them to this mode of communicating truth; though a love for it is probably founded in human nature. The best sustained allegory of any considerable length in the world is, doubtless, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress; and yet this is among the most popular of all books. The ancient Jews were exceedingly fond of allegories, and even turned a considerable part of the Old Testament into allegory. The ancient Greek philosophers also were fond of this mode of teaching.
Pythagoras instructed his followers in this manner, and this was common among the Greeks, and was imitated much by the early Christians - Calmet. Many of the Christian fathers, of the school of Origen, made the Old Testament almost wholly allegorical, and found mysteries in the plainest narratives. The Bible became thus with them a book of enigmas, and exegesis consisted in an ingenious and fanciful accommodation of all the narratives in the scriptures to events in subsequent times. The most fanciful, and the most ingenious man, on this principle, was the best interpreter; and as any man might attach any hidden mystery which he chose to the scriptures, they became wholly useless as an infallible guide. Better principles of interpretation now prevail; and the great truth has gone forth, never more to be recalled, that the Bible is to be interpreted on the same principle as all other books; that its language is to be investigated by the same laws as language in all other books; and that no more liberty is to be taken in allegorizing the scriptures than may be taken with Herodotus or Livy. It is lawful to use narratives of real events to illustrate important principles always. Such a use is often made of history; and such a use, I suppose, the apostle Paul makes here of an important fact in the history of the Old Testament.
For these are - These may be used to represent the two covenants. The apostle could not mean that the sons of Sarah and Hagar were literally the two covenants; for this could not be true, and the declaration would be unintelligible. In what sense could Ishmael be called a covenant? The meaning, therefore, must be, that they furnished an apt illustration or representation of the two covenants; they would show what the nature of the two covenants was. The words "are" and "is" are often used in this sense in the Bible, to denote that one thing represents another. Thus in the institution of the Lord's supper; "Take, eat, this is my body" Matthew 26:26; that is, this represents my body. The bread was not the living body that was then before them. So in Galatians 4:28; "This is my blood of the new covenant;" that is, this represents my blood. The wine in the cup could not be the living blood of the Redeemer that was then flowing in his veins; see the note at that place; compare Genesis 41:26.
The two covenants - Margin, "Testaments." The word means here, covenants or compacts; see the note at 1 Corinthians 11:25. The two covenants here referred to, are the one on Mount Sinai made with the Jews, and the other that which is made with the people of God in the gospel. The one resembles the condition of bondage in which Hagar and her son were; the other the condition of freedom in which Sarah and Isaac were.
The one from the Mount Sinai - Margin, "Sina." The Greek is "Sina," though the word may be written either way.
Which gendereth to bondage - Which tends to produce bondage or servitude. That is, the laws are stern and severe; and the observance of them costly, and onerous like a state of bondage; see the note at Acts 15:10.
Which is Agar - Which Hagar would appropriately represent. The condition of servitude produced by the Law had a strong resemblance to her condition as a slave.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:25
For this Agar is Mount Sinai - This Hagar well represents the Law given on Mount Sinai. No one can believe that Paul meant to say that Hagar was literally Mount Sinai. A great deal of perplexity has been felt in regard to this passage, and Bentley proposed to cancel it altogether as an interpolation. But there is no good authority for this. Several manuscripts and versions read it, "For this Sinai is a mountain in Arabia;" others, "to this Hagar Jerusalem answereth," etc. Griesbach has placed these readings in the margin, and has marked them as not to be rejected as certainly false, but as worthy of a more attentive examination; as sustained by some plausible arguments, though not in the whole satisfactory. The word Hagar in Arabic is said to signify a rock; and it has been supposed that the name was appropriately given to Mount Sinai, because it was a pile of rocks, and that Paul had allusion to this meaning of the word here. So Chandler, Rosenmuller, and others interpret it. But I cannot find in Castell or Gesenius that the word Hagar in Arabic has this signification; still less is there evidence that the name was ever given to Mount Sinai by the Arabs, or that such a signification was known to Paul. The plainest and most obvious sense of a passage is generally the true sense; and the obvious sense here is, that Hagar was a fair representation of Mount Sinai, and of the Law given there.
In Arabia - Mount Sinai is situated in Arabia Petraea, or the Rocky. Rosenmuller says that this means "in the Arabic language;" but probably in this interpretation he stands alone.
And answereth to Jerusalem - Margin, "Is in the same rank with." The margin is the better translation. The meaning is, it is just like it, or corresponds with it. Jerusalem as it is now (that is, in the days of Paul), is like Mount Sinai. It is subject to laws, and rites, and customs; bound by a state of servitude, and fear, and trembling, such as existed when the Law was given on Mount Sinai. There is no freedom; there are no great and liberal views; there is none of the liberty which the gospel imparts to men. The word συστοιχεῖ sustoichei, "answereth to," means properly to advance in order together; to go together with, as soldiers march along in the same rank; and then to correspond to. It means here that Mount Sinai and Jerusalem as it then was would be suited to march together in the same platoon or rank. In marshalling an army, care is taken to place soldiers of the same height, and size, and skill, and courage, if possible, together. So here it means that they were alike. Both were connected with bondage, like Hagar. On the one, a law was given that led to bondage; and the other was in fact under a miserable servitude of rites and forms.
Which now is - As it exists now; that is, a slave to rites and forms, as it was in fact in the time of Paul.
And is in bondage - To laws and customs. She was under hard and oppressive rites, like slavery. She was also in bondage to sin John 8:33-34; but this does not seem to be the idea here.
With her children - Her inhabitants. She is represented as a mother, and her inhabitants, the Jews, are in the condition of the son of Hagar. On this passage compare the notes at 1 Corinthians 10:4, for a more full illustration of the principles involved here.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:26
But Jerusalem which is above - The spiritual Jerusalem; the true church of God. Jerusalem was the place where God was worshipped, and hence, it became synonymous with the word church, or is used to represent the people of God. The word rendered "above," (ἄνω anō) means properly "up above," that which is above; and hence, heavenly, celestial; Colossians 3:1-2; John 8:23. Here it means the heavenly or celestial Jerusalem; Revelation 21:2, "And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God, out of heaven." Hebrews 12:22," ye are come unto Mount Zion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem." Here it is used to denote the church, as being of heavenly origin.
Is free - The spirit of the gospel is that of freedom. It is freedom from sin, freedom from the bondage of rites and customs, and it tends to promote universal freedom; see the note at Galatians 4:7; compare John 8:32, John 8:36; and the note at 2 Corinthians 3:17.
Which is the mother of us all - Of all who are true Christians, whether we are by birth Jews or Gentiles. We should not, therefore, yield ourselves to any degrading and debasing servitude el any kind; compare the note at 1 Corinthians 6:12.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:27
For it is written - This passage is found in Isaiah 54:1. For an exposition of its meaning as it occurs there, see my notes at Isaiah. The object of the apostle in introducing it here seems to be to prove that the Gentiles as well as the Jews would partake of the privileges connected with the heavenly Jerusalem. He had in the previous verse spoken of the Jerusalem from above as the common mother of all, true Christians, whether by birth Jews or Gentiles. This might be disputed or doubted by the Jews; and he therefore adduces this proof from the Old Testament. Or if it was not doubted, still the quotation was pertinent, and would illustrate the sentiment which he had just uttered. The mention of Jerusalem as a mother seems to have suggested this text. Isaiah had spoken of Jerusalem as a female that had been long desolate and childless, now rejoicing by a large accession from the Gentile world, and increased in numbers like a female who should have more children than one who had been long married. To this Paul appropriately refers when he says that the whole church, Jews and Gentiles, were the children of the heavenly Jerusalem, represented here as a rejoicing mother. He has not quoted literally from the Hebrew, but he has used the Septuagint version, and has retained the sense. The sense is, that the accession from the Gentile world would be far more numerous than the Jewish people had ever been; a prophecy that has been already fulfilled.
Rejoice thou barren that bearest not - As a woman who has had no children would rejoice. This represents probably the pagan world as having been apparently forsaken and abandoned, and with whom there had been none of the true children of God.
Break forth and cry - Or "break forth and exclaim;" that is, break out into loud and glad exclamations at the remarkable accession. The cry here referred to was to be a joyful cry or shout; the language of exultation. So the Hebrew word in Isaiah 54:1 צהל tsaahal means.
For the desolate - She who was desolate and apparently forsaken. It literally refers to a woman who had seemed to be desolate and forsaken, who was unmarried. In Isaiah it may refer to Jerusalem, long forsaken and desolate, or as some suppose to the Gentile world; see my note at Isaiah 54:1.
Than she which hath an husband - Perhaps referring to the Jewish people as in covenant with God, and often spoken of as married to him; Isaiah 62:4-5; Isaiah 54:5.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:28
Now we, brethren - We who are Christians.
Are the children of the promise - We so far resemble Isaac, that there are great and precious promises made to us. We are not in the condition of Ishmael, to whom no promise was made.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:29
But as then he that was born after the flesh - Ishmael; see Galatians 4:23.
Persecuted him that was born after the Spirit - That is, Isaac. The phrase, "after the Spirit," here, is synonymous with "according to the promise" in the previous verse. It stands opposed to the phrase "after the flesh," and means that his birth was by the special or miraculous agency of God; see Romans 4. It was not in the ordinary course of events. The persecution here referred to, was the injurious treatment which Isaac received from Ishmael, or the opposition which subsisted between them. The particular reference of Paul is doubtless to Genesis 21:9, where it is said that "Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, mocking." It was on account of this, and at the special request of Sarah, that Hagar and her son were expelled from the house of Abraham; Genesis 21:10.
Even so it is now - That is, Christians, the children of the promise, are persecuted by the Jews, the inhabitants of Jerusalem, "as it now is," and who are uninterested in the promises, as Ishmael was. For an illustration of this, see Paley's Hora Paulina, on this Epistle, no. v. Dr. Paley has remarked that it does not appear that the apostle Paul was ever set upon by the Gentiles, unless they were first stirred up by the Jews, except in two instances. One of these was at Philippi, after the cure of the Pythoness Acts 16:19; and the other at Ephesus, at the instance of Demetrius; Acts 19:24. The persecutions of the Christians arose, therefore, mainly from the Jews, from those who were in bondage to the Law, and to rites and customs; and Paul's allusion here to the case of the persecution which Isaac the free-born son endured, is exceedingly pertinent and happy.
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:30
Nevertheless - But Ἀλλὰ (Alla).
What saith the Scripture? - What does the Scripture teach on the subject? What lesson does it convey in regard to the bondman?
Cast out the bondwoman and her son - This was the language of Sarah, in an address to Abraham, requesting him to cast out Hagar and Ishmael; Genesis 21:10. That was done. Paul uses it here as applicable to the case before him. As used by him the meaning is, that everything like servitude in the gospel is to be rejected, as Hagar and Ishmael were driven away. It does not mean, as it seems to me, that they were to expel the Jewish teachers in Galatia, but that they were to reject everything like servitude and bondage; they were to adhere only to that which was free. Paul cannot here mean that the passage in Genesis 21:10, originally had reference to the gospel, for nothing evidently was further from the mind of Sarah than any such reference; nor can it be shown that he meant to approve of or vindicate the conduct of Sarah; but he finds a passage applicable to his purpose, and he conveys his ideas in that language as exactly expressing his meaning. We all use language in that way wherever we find it.
(Yet God confirmed the sentence of Sarah; Genesis 21:12. Hence, Mr. Scott thus paraphrases, "But as the Galatians might read in the Scriptures that God himself had commanded Hagar and Ishmael to be sent away from Abraham's family, that the son of the bondwoman might not share the inheritance with Isaac; even so the Jewish nation would soon be cast out of the church, and all who continued under the legal covenant excluded from heaven."
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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文Galatians 4:31
So then, brethren - It follows from all this. Not from the allegory regarded as an argument - for Paul does not use it thus - but from the considerations suggested on the whole subject. Since the Christian religion is so superior to the Jewish; since we are by it freed from degrading servitude, and are not in bondage to rites and ceremonies; since it was designed to make us truly free, and since by that religion we are admitted to the privileges of sons, and are no longer under laws, and tutors, and governors, as if we were minors; from all this it follows, that we should feel and act, not as if we were children of a bondwoman, and born in slavery, but as if we were children of a freewoman, and born to liberty. It is the birthright of Christians to think, and feel, and act like freemen, and they should not allow themselves to become the slaves of customs, and rites, and ceremonies, but should feel that they are the adopted children of God.
Thus closes this celebrated allegory - an allegory that has greatly perplexed most expositors, and most readers of the Bible. In view of it, and of the exposition above, there are a few remarks which may not inappropriately be made.
(1) it is by no means affirmed, that the history of Hagar and Sarah in Genesis, had any original reference to the gospel. The account there is a plain historical narrative, not designed to have any such reference.
(2) the narrative contains important principles, that may be used as illustrating truth, and is so used by the apostle Paul. There are parallel points between the history and the truths of religion, where the one may be illustrated by the other.
(3) the apostle does not use it at all in the way of argument, or as if that proved that the Galatians were not to submit to the Jewish rites and customs. It is an illustration of the comparative nature of servitude and freedom, and would, therefore, illustrate the difference between a servile compliance with Jewish rites, and the freedom of the gospel.
(4) this use of an historical fact by the apostle does not make it proper for us to turn the Old Testament into allegory, or even to make a very free use of this mode of illustrating truth. That an allegory may be used sometimes with advantage, no one can doubt while the "Pilgrim's Progress" shall exist. Nor can anyone doubt that Paul has here derived, in this manner, an important and striking illustration of truth from the Old Testament. But no one acquainted with the history of interpretation can doubt that vast injury has been done by a fanciful mode of explaining the Old Testament; by making every fact in its history an allegory; and every pin and pillar of the tabernacle and the temple a type. Nothing is better suited to bring the whole science of interpretation into contempt; nothing dishonors the Bible more, than to make it a book of enigmas, and religion to consist in puerile conceits. The Bible is a book of sense; and all the doctrines essential to salvation are plainly revealed. It should be interpreted, not by mere conceit and by fancy, but by the sober laws according to which are interpreted other books. It should be explained, not under the influence of a vivid imagination, but under the influence of a heart imbued with a love of truth, and by an understanding disciplined to investigate the meaning of words and phrases, and capable of rendering a reason for the interpretation which is proposed. People may abundantly use the facts in the Old Testament to illustrate human nature, as Paul did; but far distant be the day, when the principles of Origen and of Cocceius shall again prevail, and when it shall be assumed, that "the Bible means every thing that it can be made to mean."
(These are excellent remarks, and the caution which the author gives against extravagant and imaginative systems of interpreting scripture cannot be too often repeated. It is allowed, however, nearly on all hands, that this allegory is brought forward by way of illustration only, and not of argument. This being the case, the question, as to whether the history in Genesis were originally intended represent the matter, to which Paul here applies it, is certainly not of very great importance, notwithstanding the learned labor that has been expended on it, and to such an extent as to justify the critic's remark. "vexavit interprets vehementer vexatus ab iis et ipse." Whatever be the original design of the passage, the apostle has employed it as an illustration of his subject, and was guided by the Spirit of inspiration in so doing. But certainly we should not be very far wrong, if since an apostle has affirmed such spiritual representation, we should suppose it originally intended by the Spirit; nor are we in great danger of making types of every pin and pillar, so long as we strictly confine ourselves to the admission of such only as rest upon apostolic authority. "This transaction," says the eminently judicious Thomas Scott, "was so remarkable, the coincidence so exact, and the illustration so instructive, that we cannot doubt it originally was intended, by the Holy Spirit, as an allegory and type of those things to which the inspired apostle referred it.")
本章の目的は、律法の下にあることの効果と、その種の束縛ないし隷従が、福音によって神の真の子どもたちに与えられる自由と相容れないことを示すことにある。これは手紙全体の流れにしたがい、ガラテヤ人を福音に関する正しい見方へ呼び戻し、モーセの儀式や慣習の実践へ立ち返る彼らの誤りを悟らせることを目的としている。前章で彼は、福音を信じる者がアブラハムの真の子どもであること、律法ののろいから救い出されたこと、律法は彼らをキリストに導く養育係であったこと、また彼らがみな神の子であることを示した。これをさらに解き明かし、神の子としての彼らの自由の真の性質を示すことが、本章の論証の目的である。それゆえ彼は次のように述べる。
(1) 自由の十分な祝福を受けていたのは、福音の下においてのみであったこと(Galatians 4:1-5)。キリストが来られる前にも、確かに神の真の子どもたち、いのちの相続人たちはいた。しかしその子たちは未成年者の境遇にあった。彼らは子としての特権を持たなかった。偉大な財産の相続人は、実質的にはしもべと同様に扱われる、と使徒は言う(Galatians 4:1-2)。相続人は後見人や管理人の下におり、その相続財産に入ることは許されず、律法の拘束の下に置かれている。モーセの律法の下にあった神の民もそのとおりであった。彼らは拘束の下にあり、神の子どもたちの特権のうち比較的わずかしか許されていなかった。しかしキリストは、律法の下にある者たちを贖い、彼らを養子とされた子らの高められた境遇に置くために来られた(Galatians 4:4-5)。彼らはもはやしもべではない。それゆえ、彼らが再びモーセの儀式や慣習に従うことは、成年に達して相続財産に入った相続人が未成年の境遇に戻り、再び後見人や管理人の下に置かれ、しもべとして扱われるのと同じくらい不合理なことであった。
(2) 神の子として、神は御子の御霊を彼らの心に遣わされたのであり、彼らは「アバ、父よ」と呼ぶことができる者とされた。彼らはもはやしもべではなく、神の相続人であり、相続人の特権を用いるべきであった(Galatians 4:6-7)。
(3) この関係を保ち、これらの特権にあずかっているにもかかわらず、彼らが以前の経綸の「弱く卑しい初歩的原理」、すなわち福音を受け入れる前に彼らのいた、儀式と慣習への隷従という状態に再び戻っていることについて、使徒は彼らをいさめる(Galatians 4:8-11)。神を知らなかったとき、彼らは神でない者たちに仕えていたが、そこにはいくらかの弁解があった(Galatians 4:8)。しかし今や彼らは神を知り、神の律法を知り、神の子どもたちの特権にあずかり、自由とされたのであるから、福音の与える自由についての真の知識を持たない者たちの束縛に再び戻ることについては、いかなる弁解もあり得なかった。ところが彼らは、それらが拘束力を持つかのように、また自分たちがそれらから決して解放されていないかのように、日や時節を守っていた(Galatians 4:10)。そこで使徒は、贖いの計画を知らせるために彼らに注いだ自分の労苦がむなしく終わったのではないかと恐れている、と言うのである。
(4) 彼らを誤りについての正しい感覚へ導くために、彼は以前自分に対して抱いていた愛着を思い出させる(Galatians 4:12-20)。確かに彼は多くの衰えの中で、また彼らが自分に対して偏見を抱くのにふさわしい多くの事柄の中で、彼らに福音を宣べ伝えた(Galatians 4:13)。しかし彼らはそれを意に介さず、彼に向かって最高の愛着の証しを示した。それはあまりにも大きく、彼らは彼を神の御使いのように受け入れ(Galatians 4:14)、自分の目をえぐり出して彼に与えることさえいとわなかった(Galatians 4:15)。それゆえ彼は大いなる力をもって、なぜ彼らは自分の教えを捨てるほどまでに自分に対する見方を変えたのか、と問う。自分が真理を語ったことで、彼は彼らの敵となったのか(Galatians 4:16)。それゆえ彼は彼らを幼い子どものように優しく呼びかけ、彼らの福祉について最深の心配を、彼らの危険について最深の憂慮を抱いていると言う――彼はその心配を産みの苦しみにたとえている(Galatians 4:19)。
(5) 主題全体を強め、福音の自由と対比して律法への従順の真の性質を示すために、彼はモーセの歴史の興味深い一部分、すなわちアブラハムの二人の子どもの歴史を寓話として用いる(Galatians 4:21-31)。ハガルの境遇――奴隷として主人の命令の下にあり、酷使され、追い出され、認められなかった――は、律法の隷従の下にある者たちの状態を適切に描いていた。それはシナイ山と、そこで布告された律法と、律法の下にある者たちの状態を印象的に表現したであろう。それもまた隷従の状態であった。律法は厳格であり、あわれみを示さなかった。それは奴隷の主人のようであり、その下にある者たちを、ハガルとその子の境遇に比べられ得るほどの厳格さをもって扱うはずであった(Galatians 4:24-25)。その同じシナイ山はまた、当時のエルサレムをも適切に表していた。すなわち、儀式と規定に満ちた都市、律法が厳格に支配し、重苦しい宗教体系があり、福音の与える自由がいささかも存在しない都市である(Galatians 4:25)。
他方、自由な女の子どもたちは、福音によって律法の抑圧的な儀式から自由とされた者たちを適切に描いていた(Galatians 4:22)。そのエルサレムは自由であった。天から来た新しい体系は、自由と喜びの体系であった(Galatians 4:26-27)。キリスト者は、イサクと同じく約束の子どもであり、律法の奴隷ではなかった(Galatians 4:28, Galatians 4:31)。そして、女奴隷とその子を追い出せという命令があったように(Galatians 4:30)、今や、心を卑しい隷従に引き戻し、福音の十分な自由を楽しむことを妨げるすべてのものを退けることが命令なのである。論全体の趣旨は、キリスト者となった者が再びユダヤ人の儀式や規定に服従することは、自由人が自らを奴隷に売り渡すことと同じくらい不合理である、ということである。そしてその全体の目的は、彼らをユダヤ人の儀式と慣習への従順から、またそれらが今やキリスト者を拘束するものとみなす考えから呼び戻すことにある。