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简体中文
英語原文
In this chapter is repeated, I. The elevation of David to the throne, immediately upon the death of Saul, by common consent, 1Ch 11:1-3. II. His gaining the castle of Zion out of the hands of the Jebusites, 1Ch 11:4-9. III. The catalogue of the worthies and great men of his kingdom, 1Ch 11:10-47.
1-9
David's Accession to the Throne (1055 BC)
简体中文
大卫登基（主前1055年）
¹ 以色列众人聚集到希伯仑见大卫，说：我们原是你的骨肉。 ² 从前扫罗作王的时候，率领以色列人出入的是你；耶和华你的神也曾对你说：你必牧养我的民以色列，作我民以色列的君。 ³ 于是以色列的长老都来到希伯仑见王；大卫在希伯仑耶和华面前与他们立约，他们就膏大卫作以色列的王，正如耶和华借撒母耳所说的话。 ⁴ 大卫和以色列众人到了耶路撒冷，就是耶布斯；耶布斯人住在那里。 ⁵ 耶布斯的居民对大卫说：你决不能进这里来。然而大卫攻取了锡安的保障，就是大卫城。 ⁶ 大卫说：谁先攻打耶布斯人，必作首领和元帅。于是洗鲁雅的儿子约押先上去，就作了首领。 ⁷ 大卫住在保障里，所以那保障叫作大卫城。 ⁸ 大卫又从米罗起，四围筑墙；约押修理城的其余部分。 ⁹ 大卫日见强盛，因为万军之耶和华与他同在。
大卫在此得着了掌管之权。
I. 以色列的王位——他在希伯仑只作犹大王七年之后。鉴于他与他们的关系（代上11:1）、他从前所行的善事，尤其神所指派的（代上11:2），他们就膏他作王：他与他们立约要保护他们，他们也向他尽忠守信（代上11:3）。当观察：一、神的旨意无论路上有何难处，至终必成全。神既说过大卫必掌权，反对也是徒然。二、人若长久自碍其明，等到他们长久被虚谎之物所困乏之后，或许才认识关乎自己平安的事，归回自己的怜悯。三、君王与百姓之间原有契约，双方都当敬虔地遵守。若有一位君王本可自称为绝对的专制之权，那大卫就可，且可像任何人一样安全地被赋以此权；然而他竟与百姓立约，行了加冕之誓，按律法而治。
II. 锡安的保障——直到大卫的时候，它一直被耶布斯人占据。大卫是否有意看中它作为建造王城的合适之地，或是他从神有所应许，看来他最初的功绩之一，就是夺取那堡垒；他得了它之后，便称之为大卫城（代上11:7）。诗2:6正指此事：我已经立我的君在我的圣山锡安上了。在此看是什么激发并促使人在大业上坚毅：一、反对。耶布斯人向大卫挑衅，说他决不能进这里来，他就决心不顾代价地强取。二、升迁的盼望。大卫提出要把将军之位给那带头攻击锡安保障的人，约押受了这提议的激励，便先上去，就作了首领。有人说：把荣誉从士兵眼前夺去，你就割断了他脚跟上的踢马刺。
英語原文
David's Accession to the Throne (1055 BC)
¹ Then all Israel gathered themselves to David unto Hebron, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh.
² And moreover in time past, even when Saul was king, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD thy God said unto thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be ruler over my people Israel.
³ Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the LORD; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of the LORD by Samuel.
⁴ And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land.
⁵ And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city of David.
⁶ And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief.
⁷ And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David.
⁸ And he built the city round about, even from Millo round about: and Joab repaired the rest of the city.
⁹ So David waxed greater and greater: for the LORD of hosts was with him.
David is here brought to the possession.
I. Of the throne of Israel, after he had reigned seven years in Hebron, over Judah only. In consideration of his relation to them (1Ch 11:1), his former good services, and especially the divine designation (1Ch 11:2), they anointed him their king: he covenanted to protect them, and they to bear faith and true allegiance to him, 1Ch 11:3. Observe, 1. God's counsels will be fulfilled at last, whatever difficulties lie in the way. If God had said, David shall rule, it is in vain to oppose it. 2. Men that have long stood in their own light, when they have long wearied themselves with their lying vanities, it is to be hoped, will understand the things that belong to their peace and return to their own mercies. 3. Between prince and people there is an original contract, which both ought religiously to observe. If ever any prince might have claimed an absolute despotic power, David might, and might as safely as any have been entrusted with it; and yet he made a covenant with the people, took the coronation-oath, to rule by law.
II. Of the strong-hold of Zion, which was held by the Jebusites till David's time. Whether David had a particular eye upon it as a place fit to make a royal city, or whether he had a promise of it from God, it seems that one of his first exploits was to make himself master of that fort; and, when he had it, he called it the city of David, 1Ch 11:7. To this reference is had, Ps 2:6. I have set my king upon my holy hill of Zion. See here what quickens and engages resolution in great undertakings. 1. Opposition. When the Jebusites set David at defiance, and said, Thou shalt not come hither. he resolved to force it, whatever it cost him. 2. Prospect of preferment. When David proposed to give the general's place to him that would lead the attack upon the castle of Zion, Joab was fired with the proposal, and he went up first, and was chief. It has been said, "Take away honour out of the soldier's eye and you cut off the spurs from his heels."
10-47
David's Mighty Men (1048 BC)
简体中文
大卫的勇士（主前1048年）
¹⁰ 以下是大卫的勇士之首，就是那些与他一同坚立自己、又与全以色列一同坚立他作王的人，都是照耶和华论以色列所吩咐的话。 ¹¹ 以下是这勇士之首的数目：哈革摩尼人雅朔班，是众军长的首领；他一时举枪杀了三百人。 ¹² 在他之后是亚合人多多的儿子以利亚撒，他是三个勇士之一。 ¹³ 他从前与大卫在帕斯达音，非利士人聚集在那里要争战；那里有一块长满大麦的田地；百姓从非利士人面前逃跑。 ¹⁴ 他们却站在那块田地的当中，救护了它，击杀非利士人；耶和华施行大拯救拯救了他们。 ¹⁵ 三十个首领中有三人下到磐石那里，到大卫所在的亚杜兰洞；非利士人的军队在利乏音谷安营。 ¹⁶ 那时大卫在山寨里，非利士人的防营在伯利恒。 ¹⁷ 大卫渴想，说：甚愿有人将伯利恒城门旁井里的水给我喝！ ¹⁸ 这三个勇士便闯过非利士人的营盘，从伯利恒城门旁的井里打水，拿来奉给大卫；大卫却不肯喝，乃将水奠在耶和华面前， ¹⁹ 说：我的神啊，我断不敢行这事！这三个人冒命去打水，我岂可喝他们的血呢？因为这是他们冒着性命危险带来的。所以他不肯喝。这是那三个勇士所作的事。 ²⁰ 约押的兄弟亚比筛，是这三个勇士的首领；他举枪杀了三百人，就在三个勇士中得了名。 ²¹ 他在三个勇士中比那两个更尊贵，作他们的首领；只是不及前三个。 ²² 耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅，是甲薛勇士之子，行了大事；他杀了摩押人中的两个狮子般的勇士；又在下雪的日子下坑杀了一只狮子。 ²³ 他又杀了一个身材高大的埃及人，身高五肘；那埃及人手里拿着枪，仿佛织布的机轴；他只拿着一根棍子下去，从埃及人手里夺下枪，用他自己的枪将他杀死。 ²⁴ 耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅行了这些事，就在三个勇士中得了名。 ²⁵ 看哪，他在三十个勇士中是尊贵的，只是不及前三个；大卫派他作护卫长。 ²⁶ 此外军队中的勇士有：约押的兄弟亚撒黑，伯利恒人Dod的儿子以利哈难， ²⁷ 哈罗人沙玛、帕罗人希勒， ²⁸ 提哥亚人益吉的儿子以拉、亚拿突人亚比以谢， ²⁹ 户沙人西比该、亚合人以莱、 ³⁰ 尼陀法人玛哈莱、尼陀法人巴拿的儿子希立、 ³¹ 便雅悯族基比亚人利拜的儿子以太、毗拉通人比拿雅、 ³² 迦施溪户莱、亚拉巴人亚比勒、 ³³ 巴哈琳人亚斯玛威、沙亚宾人以利亚巴、 ³⁴ 基逊人哈深的儿子们、哈拉人沙基的儿子约拿单、 ³⁵ 哈拉人撒迦利的儿子亚希暗、乌尔的儿子以利法勒、 ³⁶ 米基拉人希弗、比伦人亚希雅、 ³⁷ 迦密人希斯罗、以斯拜的儿子拿莱、 ³⁸ 拿单的兄弟约珥、哈基利的儿子米勃哈、 ³⁹ 亚扪人洗勒、比录人拿哈莱——是洗鲁雅的儿子约押拿兵器的人、 ⁴⁰ 以帖人以拉、以帖人迦立、 ⁴¹ 赫人乌利亚、亚莱的儿子撒拔、 ⁴² 流便人示撒的儿子亚第拿——是流便人的一个首领，跟着他的有三十人、 ⁴³ 玛迦的儿子哈难、密特尼人约沙法、 ⁴⁴ 亚施他拉人乌西雅、亚罗珥人何坦的儿子沙玛和耶叶、 ⁴⁵ 示米利的儿子耶叠和他的兄弟约哈——提洗人、 ⁴⁶ 玛哈未人以列、以利拿单的儿子耶利拜、约沙未雅、摩押人伊特玛、 ⁴⁷ 以列、俄备得、米琐巴人雅西业。
我们在此看到大卫勇士的记载——就是他那个时代服事他、被他擢升的伟人。这份名录的第一版记于撒下23:8-39等处。本处大致相同，只是代上11:41-47直至末尾所记的人名是增补的。当观察：
I. 这份名录与代上11:9所记关于大卫的话之间的关联。一、大卫日见强盛，而这些就是他的勇士。伟人的力量和尊荣，很大一部分是从仆人借来的，也依赖于他们——这在有见识的人眼中，不能不稍稍减损权势和威仪的光彩。大卫所以伟大，是因为他周围有伟大的人；若把这些人都撤去，他便如从前一样。二、万军之耶和华与他同在，而这些就是他所有的勇士。神与他同在，为他行事，却是借着人和手段、并次要原因的使用。借着这事便显明神与他同在——神感动那些有能力服事他利益之人的心，使他们归向他。正如神若为我们，便无人能敌挡我们；照样，神若为我们，凡我们所需要的一切也都必为我们。然而大卫将自己的成功和增长，不归功于他所有的军队，而归功于万军之耶和华；不归功于与他同在的勇士，而归功于大能的神——他的同在于我们就是一切的一切。
II. 这份名录的标题（代上11:10）：这些人与他一同坚立自己。 在坚立他时，他们也坚立了自己和自己的利益；因为他的高升就是他们的高升。我们在自己的岗位上为支持大卫之子的国度所作的，自己也必从中得益。我们在坚立这国度时，也在坚立自己。或可读作：他们与他、并与全以色列紧紧相连。 注意：当神有工作要作时，他不缺合用的器皿去作。若是需要勇士才能作成的工，就必有勇士被发现或被兴起去成全——照耶和华所吩咐的话。
III. 使这一切人都得尊贵的，就是他们为君王和国家所行的善工；他们帮助使大卫作王（代上11:10）——这是一件善工。他们击杀非利士人和其他公众仇敌，作了拯救以色列的器皿。注意：伟大的途径，就是行善。他们得此尊贵，也不是不费劳苦、不冒性命危险而得的。基督国度里的尊荣，是为那些打那美好信心的仗、劳苦受苦、并甘心为基督和良知而冒险一切——甚至性命本身——之人预备的。我们必须以恒久行善来寻求荣耀、尊贵、不朽；忠心于大卫之子的人，必发现他们的名字被记下、被登录，其尊荣远胜过这些人在名声的记录中所有。
IV. 在大卫勇士的一切伟大事迹中，关于大卫本人被记下的伟大之处，不过是他将他所渴想的水奠在耶和华面前（代上11:18-19）。大卫在那举动中显出四种极可敬的气质——据我所知，这些使那举动与那些勇士的任何功绩一样伟大。一、为他自己的软弱而悔改。当一个人被提醒自己曾轻率地说过或作过什么，他便撤销它、借着悔改重新挽回——这实在是一个人的尊荣；正如一个人明知说错作错却执迷不改，是他的羞耻。二、对自己欲望的克制。他渴想伯利恒井里的水；但得着水之后，他却不肯喝，因为他不愿如此迁就自己、满足一个愚妄的想望。治服己心的，强如取城。 能管辖自己，是一个人的尊荣；但要管辖自己，有时必须违逆自己。三、对神的敬虔。他认为对他自己饮用而言太好、太珍贵的水，他奠在耶和华面前作奠祭。我们若有比别人更好的，就当用它来尊荣神——他本是至善者，也当得着最好的。四、对仆人的体恤。一想到三个勇士冒着性命危险去为他打水，他便陷入极大的不安。在他眼中，那水变成了血。伟人的尊荣，在于不挥霍所用之人的血，而是在所给他们的一切命令中，把自己的灵魂放在他们灵魂的地位上。
V. 在这些英雄的奇妙事迹中，必须承认神的大能。若非神格外与他们同在——照着约书亚记23:10的应许：你们一人必追赶千人，因耶和华你们的神为你们争战——一人怎能杀三百，另一人怎也能杀同样数目（代上11:11、20），又一人怎能杀两个狮子般的人（代上11:22），还有一人怎能杀一个埃及巨人（代上11:23）？
VI. 这些勇士中有一位被称为亚扪人（代上11:39），另一位是摩押人（代上11:46），然而律法上说亚扪人和摩押人不可入耶和华的会（申23:3）。这些人，我们可推想，已显明他们对以色列的利益何等忠诚，所以在他们的事上，他们认为可以豁免那条律法；而尤其因为这是大卫之子将在列国中得着勇士的预表——在他并不分希腊人、犹太人。
英語原文
David's Mighty Men (1048 BC)
¹⁰ These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel.
¹¹ And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had; Jashobeam, a Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain by him at one time.
¹² And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighties.
¹³ He was with David at Pas-dammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines.
¹⁴ And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the LORD saved them by a great deliverance.
¹⁵ Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.
¹⁶ And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines' garrison was then at Bethlehem.
¹⁷ And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate!
¹⁸ And the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to the LORD,
¹⁹ And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing: shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it. Therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mightiest.
²⁰ And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a name among the three.
²¹ Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three.
²² Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab: also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day.
²³ And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear.
²⁴ These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among the three mighties.
²⁵ Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard.
²⁶ Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem,
²⁷ Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite,
²⁸ Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite,
²⁹ Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite,
³⁰ Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite,
³¹ Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite,
³² Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite,
³³ Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite,
³⁴ The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite,
³⁵ Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur,
³⁶ Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite,
³⁷ Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai,
³⁸ Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Haggeri,
³⁹ Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,
⁴⁰ Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,
⁴¹ Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai,
⁴² Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him,
⁴³ Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite,
⁴⁴ Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite,
⁴⁵ Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite,
⁴⁶ Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite,
⁴⁷ Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite.
We have here an account of David's worthies, the great men of his time that served him and were preferred by him. The first edition of this catalogue we had, 2Sa 23:8-39, etc. This is much the same, only that those named here from 1Ch 11:41-47 to the end are added. Observe,
I. The connexion of this catalogue with that which is said concerning David, 1Ch 11:9. 1. David waxed greater and greater, and these were his mighty men. Much of the strength and honour of great men is borrowed from their servants and depends upon them, which cannot but somewhat diminish pomp and power in the opinion of those that are wise. David is great because he has great men about him; take these away, and he is where he was. 2. The Lord of hosts was with him, and these were the mighty men which he had. God was with him and wrought for him, but by men and means and the use of second causes. By this it appeared that God was with him, that he inclined the hearts of those to come over to him that were able to serve his interest. As, if God be for us none can be against us, so, if God be for us, all shall be for us that we have occasion for. Yet David ascribed his success and increase, not to the hosts he had, but to the Lord of hosts, not to the mighty men that were with him, but to the mighty God whose presence with us is all in all.
II. The title of this catalogue (1Ch 11:10): These are the men who strengthened themselves with him. In strengthening him they strengthened themselves and their own interest; for his advancement was theirs. What we do in our places for the support of the kingdom of the Son of David we shall be gainers by. In strengthening it we strengthen ourselves. It may be read, They held strongly with him and with all Israel. Note, When God has work to do he will not want fit instruments to do it with. If it be work that requires mighty men, mighty men shall either be found or made to effect it, according to the word of the Lord.
III. That which made all these men honourable was the good service that they did to their king and country; they helped to make David king (1Ch 11:10)—a good work. They slew the Philistines, and other public enemies, and were instrumental to save Israel. Note, The way to be great is to do good. Nor did they gain this honour without labour and the hazard of their lives. The honours of Christ's kingdom are prepared for those that fight the good fight of faith, that labour and suffer, and are willing to venture all, even life itself, for Christ and a good conscience. It is by a patient continuance in well-doing that we must seek for glory, and honour, and immortality; and those that are faithful to the Son of David shall find their names registered and enrolled much more to their honour than these are in the records of fame.
IV. Among all the great exploits of David's mighty men, here is nothing great mentioned concerning David himself but his pouring out water before the Lord which he had longed for, 1Ch 11:18,19. Four very honourable dispositions of David appeared in that action, which, for aught I know, made it as great as any of the achievements of those worthies. 1. Repentance for his own weakness. It is really an honour to a man, when he is made sensible that he has said or done any thing unadvisedly, to unsay it and undo it again by repentance, as it is a shame to a man when he has said or done amiss to stand to it. 2. Denial of his own appetite. He longed for the water of the well of Bethlehem; but, when he had it, he would not drink it, because he would not so far humour himself and gratify a foolish fancy. He that has such a rule as this over his own spirit is better than the mighty. It is an honour to a man to have the command of himself; but he that will command himself must sometimes cross himself. 3. Devotion towards God. That water which he thought too good, too precious, for his own drinking, he poured out to the Lord for a drink offering. If we have any thing better than another, let God be honoured with it, who is the best, and should have the best. 4. Tenderness of his servants. It put him into the greatest confusion imaginable to think that three brave men should hazard their lives to fetch water for him. In his account it turns the water into blood. It is the honour of great men not to be prodigal of the blood of those they employ, but, in all the commands they give them, to put their own souls into their souls' stead.
V. In the wonderful achievements of these heroes the power of God must be acknowledged. How could one slay 300 and another the same number (1Ch 11:11,20), another two lion-like men (1Ch 11:22), and another an Egyptian giant (1Ch 11:23), if they had not had the extraordinary presence of God with them, according to that promise, Jos 23:10, One man of you shall chase a thousand, for the Lord your God fighteth for you?
VI. One of these worthies is said to be an Ammonite (1Ch 11:39), another a Moabite (1Ch 11:46), and yet the law was that an Ammonite and a Moabite should not enter into the congregation of the Lord, De 23:3. These, it is likely, had approved themselves so hearty for the interest of Israel that in their case it was thought fit to dispense with that law, and the rather because it was an indication that the Son of David would have worthies among the Gentiles: with him there is neither Greek nor Jew.
本章重述：I. 扫罗死后，大卫在众人共识之下随即被立为王（代上 11:1-3）。II. 他从耶布斯人手中夺取了锡安的保障（代上 11:4-9）。III. 他国中勇士与伟人的名录（代上 11:10-47）。