서론
無題
英語原文
This chapter gives us an account of a war David has with the Ammonites and the Syrians their allies, with the occasion and success of it. I. David sent a friendly embassy to Hanun king of the Ammonites, 2Sa 10:1,2. II. He, upon a base surmise that it was ill intended, abused David's ambassadors, 2Sa 10:3,4. III. David resenting it (2Sa 10:5), and the Ammonites prepared for war against him, 2Sa 10:6. IV. David carried the war into their country, sent against them. Joab and Abishai, who addressed themselves to the battle with a great deal of conduct and bravery, 2Sa 10:7-12. V. The Ammonites, and the Syrians their allies, were totally routed, 2Sa 10:13,14. VI. The forces of the Syrians, which rallied again, were a second time defeated, 2Sa 10:15-19. Thus did David advance his own reputation for gratitude, in returning kindness, and for justice, in repaying injuries.
1-5
Hanun's Usage of David's Servants (1038 BC)
ダビデのしもべたちに対するハヌンの仕打ち(紀元前1038年)
¹ この後、アモンの人々の王が死に、その子ハヌンが彼に代わって治めた。
² その時、ダビデは言った。「ナハシュの子ハヌンに親切を示そう。その父が私に親切を示してくれたように。」ダビデは父のことで彼を慰めるために、そのしもべたちの手によって遣わした。ダビデのしもべたちはアモンの人々の地に入った。
³ アモンの人々のつかさたちはその主君ハヌンに言った。「ダビデがあなたの父を尊んで、慰める者たちをあなたに遣わしたとでもお思いですか。ダビデはむしろ、町を偵察し、探って、転覆させるために、そのしもべたちをあなたに遣わしたのではありませんか。」
⁴ それでハヌンはダビデのしもべたちを捕らえ、そのひげの半分をそり落とし、その着物の真ん中を尻まで切り落として、彼らを帰した。
⁵ これをダビデに告げると、その人々が非常に恥じていたので、彼は彼らに会うために遣わした。王は言った。「ひげが生えるまでエリコにとどまり、それから帰りなさい。」
ここには次のことがある。I. ダビデがその隣人アモン人の王に払った大いなる敬意(2Sa 10:1,2)。1. その動機は、彼が亡き王ナハシュからかつて受けたある親切であった。彼は私に親切を示してくれたとダビデは言う(2Sa 10:2)。それゆえ(最近、父のためにメピボシェテに親切を示すことに満足を得たばかりであったので)、彼はその子に親切を示し、友好的な交わりを保つことを決意する。このように、一つの親切で寛大な行いをする喜びは、私たちを次の行いへと駆り立てるべきである。ナハシュはイスラエルの敵、残酷な敵であった(1Sa 11:2)。しかしそれでもダビデに親切を示した。おそらく彼に不親切であったサウルに矛盾するためだけに。いずれにせよ、もしダビデが親切を受けるなら、彼はその根拠や原理を吟味することにこだわらず、感謝してそれに報いることを決意する。もしパリサイ人が高慢で施しをするとしても、神は彼に報いないとしても、施しを受ける者はそれに感謝を返すべきである。神は心をご存じである。しかし私たちは知らない。2. 敬意の特定の実例は、父の死を悼む弔問使節の派遣であった。同盟する君主たちの間で普通であるように、ダビデは彼を慰めるために遣わした。注意せよ、親たちが死んだ時に、その親の友人が自分たちのものであり、自分たちとの交わりを保つつもりであることを知ることは、子らにとって慰めである。嘆く者にとって、共に嘆く者、その喪失を感じ、それを共にする者がいることを知ることは慰めである。亡き親族の記憶を尊ぶ者にとって、同様にそれを尊び、自分たちが価値を置いた者に価値を置いた者がいることを知ることは慰めである。
II. アモン人の王ハヌンがダビデの使者たちに与えた大いなる侮辱。1. 彼はそのつかさたちの悪意ある示唆に耳を傾けた。彼らは、ダビデの使者たちが慰める者のふりをして、密偵として遣わされたとほのめかした(2Sa 10:3)。偽る者は他者も自分と同じように偽ると思いがちである。また隣人に悪意を抱く者は、隣人が自分に好意を抱いていないと信じようと決意する。彼らはダビデが偽っていたとこのように想像したであろうが、それは自分たちが、都合のために偽れたことを自覚していたからである。根拠のない疑いは邪悪な心を示す。パトリック監督のこれについての注は、「どんなに善意あるものでも、悪く解釈され得、自分自身しか愛さない者によって通常そうされる」というものである。最も名誉と美徳のある人も、このように誤解されることを不思議に思ってはならない。*愛は悪を思わない。*2. この卑劣な示唆を受け入れて、彼はダビデの使者たちを卑劣にも虐待した。冠を戴くより溝を掻き回すのにふさわしい、卑しい悪辣な霊の者のように。もし彼がダビデの使者たちが悪意のある企みで来たと疑う理由があったなら、彼らに用心し、できるだけ早く帰すことは賢明であったであろう。しかしそれは明らかである。彼は彼らの王と国への反感から、彼らにできる最大の恥辱を与える機会を探しただけである。彼ら自身は名誉ある人であり、遣わした王子を代表する以上にそうであった。彼らとその評判は国際法の特別な保護の下にあった。彼らはアモン人に信頼を置き、丸腰で彼らの間に来た。しかしハヌンは彼らをならず者や浮浪者のように、いやそれ以上に扱った。ひげの半分をそり落とし、着物の真ん中を切り、そのしもべたちの軽蔑と嘲笑に彼らを晒し、彼らと戯れ、これらの人々が卑しく見えるようにした。
III. このように虐待されたしもべたちに対するダビデの優しい関心。彼は彼らに会うために遣わし、彼らの quarrel にどれほど自分が関与し、どれほど早くそれを復讐するかを彼らに知らせた。そして、そり落とされたひげの半分が、残りの半分がそれに合わせて体裁よく切れるほどの長さに成長するまで、人と会う機会のないエリコという私かな場所にとどまるよう彼らに指示した(2Sa 10:5)。ユダヤ人はひげを長く伸ばし、年をとり威厳があるように見えることを誉れとした。それゆえその身分と資格にある者が、隣人と異なって宮廷に現れるのはふさわしくなかった。着替えは、おそらく持っており、切り落とされたものの代わりに着た。しかしひげの喪失はそう速くには回復しない。しかし時が経てば再び生え、すべては良くなるであろう。不当なそしりをあまり心に留めないことを学ぼう。しばらくすればそれは自ずと消え、その著者の恥に帰し、傷つけられた評判は時を置いて、これらのひげのように再び成長する。神はあなたの義を光として輝かせられる。それゆえ彼を耐え忍んで待て(Ps 37:6,7)。
ダビデがアモンの王から受けた無礼は、イスラエルへの執拗な敵であることを知っていたあの異邦の君主に取り入っておべっかを使ったことへの、それなりに当然な報いであったと考える者もいる。そして彼は今、ヤベシ・ギルアデの人々の右目を抜こうとした時に、それがこの仕打ちと同じく、全イスラエルへのそしりとして意図したことを思い起こすことができた(1Sa 11:2)。そのように悪意に満ちた家族と民から、どのようなより良い扱いが期待できたか。なぜイスラエルがそれほど関わりを持つべきでない民の友情を欲するのか。アモン人は主の会衆には十代に至るまで入ってはならない(De 23:3)のであった。
英語原文
Hanun's Usage of David's Servants (1038 BC)
¹ And it came to pass after this, that the king of the children of Ammon died, and Hanun his son reigned in his stead.
² Then said David, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, as his father shewed kindness unto me. And David sent to comfort him by the hand of his servants for his father. And David's servants came into the land of the children of Ammon.
³ And the princes of the children of Ammon said unto Hanun their lord, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? hath not David rather sent his servants unto thee, to search the city, and to spy it out, and to overthrow it?
⁴ Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut off their garments in the middle, even to their buttocks, and sent them away.
⁵ When they told it unto David, he sent to meet them, because the men were greatly ashamed: and the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return.
Here is, I. The great respect David paid to his neighbour, the king of the Ammonites, 2Sa 10:1,2. 1. The inducement to it was some kindness he had formerly received from Nahash the deceased king. He showed kindness to me, says David (2Sa 10:2), and therefore (having lately had satisfaction in showing kindness to Mephibosheth for his father's sake) he resolves to show kindness to his son, and to keep up a friendly correspondence with him. Thus the pleasure of doing one kind and generous action should excite us to another. Nahash had been an enemy to Israel, a cruel enemy (1Sa 11:2), and yet had shown kindness to David, perhaps only in contradiction to Saul, who was unkind to him: however, if David receives kindness, he is not nice in examining the grounds and principles of it, but resolves gratefully to return it. If a Pharisee give alms in pride, though God will not reward him, yet he that receives the alms ought to return thanks for it. God knows the heart, but we do not. 2. The particular instance of respect was sending an embassy to condole with him on his father's death, as is common among princes in alliance with each other: David sent to comfort him. Note, It is a comfort to children, when their parents are dead, to find that their parents' friends are theirs, and that they intend to keep up an acquaintance with them. It is a comfort to mourners to find that there are those who mourn with them, are sensible of their loss and share with them in it. It is a comfort to those who are honouring the memory of their deceased relations to find there are others who likewise honour it and who had a value for those whom they valued.
II. The great affront which Hanun the king of the Ammonites put upon David in his ambassadors. 1. He hearkened to the spiteful suggestions of his princes, who insinuated that David's ambassadors, under pretence of being comforters, were sent as spies, 2Sa 10:3. False men are ready to think others as false as themselves; and those that bear ill-will to their neighbours are resolved not to believe that their neighbours bear any good-will to them. They would not thus have imagined that David dissembled but that they were conscious to themselves that they could have dissembled, to serve a turn. Unfounded suspicion argues a wicked mind. Bishop Patrick's note on this is that "there is nothing so well meant but it may be ill interpreted, and is wont to be so by men who love nobody but themselves." Men of the greatest honour and virtue must not think it strange if they be thus misrepresented. Charity thinketh no evil. 2. Entertaining this vile suggestion, he basely abused David's ambassadors, like a man of a sordid villainous spirit, that was fitter to rake a kennel than to wear a crown. If he had any reason to suspect that David's messengers came on a bad design, he would have done prudently enough to be upon the reserve with them, and to dismiss them as soon as he could; but it is plain he only sought an occasion to put the utmost disgrace he could upon them, out of an antipathy to their king and their country. They were themselves men of honour, and much more so as they represented the prince that sent them; they and their reputation were under the special protection of the law of nations; they put a confidence in the Ammonites, and came among them unarmed; yet Hanun used them like rogues and vagabonds, and worse, shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut off their garments in the midst, to expose them to the contempt and ridicule of his servants, that they might make sport with them and that these men might seem vile.
III. David's tender concern for his servants that were thus abused. He sent to meet them, and to let them know how much he interested himself in their quarrel and how soon he would avenge it, and directed them to stay at Jericho, a private place, where they would not have occasion to come into company, till that half of their beards which was shaved off had grown to such a length that the other half might be decently cut to it, 2Sa 10:5. The Jews wore their beards long, reckoning it an honour to appear aged and grave; and therefore it was not fit that persons of their rank and figure should appear at court unlike their neighbours. Change of raiment, it is likely, they had with them, to put on, instead of that which was cut off; but the loss of their beards would not be so soon repaired; yet in time these would grow again, and all would be well. Let us learn not to lay too much to heart unjust reproaches; after awhile they will wear off of themselves, and turn only to the shame of their authors, while the injured reputation in a little time grows again, as these beards did. God will bring forth thy righteousness as the light, therefore wait patiently for him, Ps 37:6,7.
Some have thought that David, in the indignity he received from the king of Ammon, was but well enough served for courting and complimenting that pagan prince, whom he knew to be an inveterate enemy to Israel, and might now remember how, when he would have put out the right eyes of the men of Jabesh-Gilead, he designed that, as he did this, for a reproach upon all Israel, 1Sa 11:2. What better usage could he expect from such a spiteful family and people? Why should he covet the friendship of a people whom Israel must have so little to do with as that an Ammonite might not enter into the congregation of the Lord, even to the tenth generation? De 23:3.
6-19
The Ammonites and Syrians Defeated (1037 BC)
アモン人とアラム人の敗北(紀元前1037年)
⁶ アモンの人々は自分たちがダビデに忌み嫌われているのを見た時、アモンの人々は人を遣わし、ベテ・レホブのアラム人とゾバのアラム人二万の歩兵、マアカの王の千人、およびイシュ・トブの一万二千人を雇った。
⁷ ダビデがこれを聞いた時、彼はヨアブとすべての勇士の軍勢を遣わした。
⁸ アモンの人々は出て来て、門の入口に戦いの隊列を敷いた。ゾバ、レホブ、イシュ・トブのアラム人とマアカは、野にあって単独であった。
⁹ ヨアブは戦いの前衛が前後に自分に向かっているのを見た時、イスラエルのすべての精鋭の中から選んで、アラム人に対して隊列を敷いた。
¹⁰ 残りの民は彼の兄弟アビシャイの手に渡し、アモンの人々に向かって隊列を敷かせた。
¹¹ 彼は言った。「もしアラム人が私より強ければ、あなたは私を助けなさい。しかしもしアモンの人々があなたより強ければ、私は行ってあなたを助けよう。
¹² 勇敢であれ。私たちの民のために、私たちの神の都市のために、男らしく戦おう。主が良しと見られることを行われますように。」
¹³ ヨアブと共にいた民がアラム人との戦いに近づいた時、彼らは彼の前から逃げた。
¹⁴ アモンの人々はアラム人が逃げたのを見た時、彼らもまたアビシャイの前から逃げて、町に入った。こうしてヨアブはアモンの人々から引き返し、エルサレムに来た。
ここに次のことがある。I. アモン人の戦いの準備(2Sa 10:6)。彼らはダビデに非常に忌み嫌われ、その正当な不満にさらされているのを見た。これは彼らがその使者を虐待した時に容易に予見できたことであった。それは戦いへの挑戦であり、彼への大胆な挑発であった。しかしその数千でも彼の数千に会する能力がないことを彼らは考えていなかったようである。今や彼らは不釣り合いな相手であることを知り、他国の軍勢をその奉仕に雇わなければならなかった。このように罪人は大胆に神を怒らせ、その怒りに自らを晒し、神が彼らより強いことを考慮しない(1Co 10:22)。アモン人が最初に侮辱を与え、彼らがそれを正当化するために最初に軍勢を集めた。もしへりくだってダビデに赦しを乞うたなら、おそらく名誉ある満足がその罪を贖ったであろうに。しかし彼らがなしたことを断固として支えようと決心した時、彼らは自らの破滅を招いた。
II. ダビデの軍勢が彼らに下した迅速な進撃(2Sa 10:7)。ダビデは彼らの軍事準備を聞いた時、ヨアブを大軍と共に彼らを攻撃するために遣わした(2Sa 10:7)。ダビデの子と戦う者は挑発を与えるだけでなく、戦いを始める。彼は恵もうとして待ち、彼らは彼に向かって強くなるから。それゆえ彼らが帰らなければ、彼はその剣を研ぐ(Ps 7:12)。神はその怒りに挑む者に向けて送る軍勢を持たれる(Isa 5:19)。それは遅すぎる時に、神に向かって心を強くして栄えた者はいなかったことを確信させるであろう。ダビデの賢明さは、戦いを彼らの国に持ち込み、彼らの首都ラバ(ある者はそう考える)の門の入口、あるいは国境の町メデバで戦うことであった。彼らはその海岸を守るためにそこに陣を敷いた(1Ch 19:7)。戦いの恐怖と荒廃は、すべての良い王がその民への愛から、できるだけ彼らから遠ざけるものである。
III. 両軍の交戦への準備。1. 敵は二つの軍団に分かれた。一つはアモン人であり、自らの軍勢として町の門に配置された。もう一つはアラム人であり、彼らが雇い入れたゆえに、アモン人が前から攻撃する間にその側面または後方からイスラエルの軍勢を攻撃するために、離れて野に配置された(2Sa 10:8)。2. ヨアブは賢い将軍のように、直ちにその計略に気づき、それにしたがって軍勢を分けた。精鋭を自らの指揮の下に取り、おそらくより良い兵士であり、雇われ兵として戦いの術に通じたアラム人と戦うために(2Sa 10:9)。残りの軍勢は兄弟アビシャイの指揮の下に置き、アモン人と戦わせた(2Sa 10:10)。ヨアブは敵がこれほど待ち構えているのを見て、その指導力と勇気が今ほど試されたことがなかったようである。
IV. 戦いの前のヨアブのことば(2Sa 10:11,12)。長くないが、的を射て勇敢である。1. 彼は賢明に兄弟アビシャイと事を計り合わせた。軍勢を分けることが弱めることにならないように。どちらかが苦境に立たされたら、もう一方がその援助に来るようにと。最悪の事態、すなわち一方が後退を余儀なくされる場合を想定し、その場合、合図によってもう一方が救援隊を送る。注意せよ、相互の助け合いは兄弟の義務である。機会があれば、*あなたは私を助け、私はあなたを助ける。*キリストの兵士はこのようにその霊的な戦いにおいて互いの手を強めるべきである。強い者は弱い者を助けなければならない。恵みによって誘惑に勝つ者は、誘惑されている者に助言し、慰め、祈らなければならない。あなたが立ち返ったら、兄弟たちを強めよ(Lu 22:32)。自然のからだの器官は互いに助け合う(1Co 12:21)。2. 彼は勇敢に自らと兄弟、そして他の将校と兵士たちを奮い立たせ、最善を尽くすように。大いなる危険は真の勇気に鋭さを与える。ヨアブは戦いの前衛が前後から自分に向かっているのを見た時、名誉ある撤退を命じる代わりに、いっそう激しく突撃するよう兵を励ました。*勇敢であれ、私たちの民のために男らしく戦おう。*報酬と昇進のため、誉れと名声のためでなく。*私たちの民のために、私たちの神の都市のために。*公共の安全と福祉のために。そこに神の栄光が大いに関わる。神と我らの国が合言葉であった。「イスラエルへの愛の原理から勇敢であろう。彼らは私たちの民であり、同じ血筋から出た者。私たちが仕え、その平和において私たちも平和を持つ者。そして神への愛の原理から。彼らは神の都市であり、私たちがその守りにおいて戦っているから。」何人あるいは何事であれ、神との関係はそれを私たちにいとおしくさせ、その奉仕において最善を尽くすよう私たちを駆り立てるべきである。3. 彼は敬虔にその結果を神に委ねる。「私たちがその場所の義務にしたがって最善を尽くした時、主が良しと見られることを行われますように。」成功がどうであれ、私たちに欠けるところがないように。神のわざが私たちによってなされ、そして神のみこころが私たちについてなされるように。私たちは義務を果たすことを良心とする時、最大の満足をもってその出来事を神に委ねることができる。私たちの勇気が神に私たちを繁栄させることを縛ると思うのでなく、神がなおご随意にできることを知りつつ、神の救いを神の方法と時に望む。
V. ヨアブがアラムとアモンの連合軍に対して得た勝利(2Sa 10:13,14)。彼は最悪の事態に備え、アラム人とアモン人が自分より強いかもしれない場合を想定した(2Sa 10:11)が、彼はその両方より強いことを示した。失望に備えることで成功を妨げない。アラム人がまずヨアブによって潰走し、次いでアモン人がアビシャイによって潰走した。アモン人はまったく戦わなかったようであり、アラム人の退却を見て町に逃げ込んだ。兵士が逃げ込む町を背に持つ時、逃げることは誘惑となる。戦うか逃げるかができる場合と、戦うか死ぬかでなければならない場合とは別である。
¹⁵ アラム人は自分たちがイスラエルの前に打たれたのを見た時、自らを集めた。
¹⁶ ハダレゼルは人を遣わし、川の向こう側のアラム人を連れ出した。彼らはヘラムに来た。ハダレゼルの軍の長ショバクがその先頭に立った。
¹⁷ これがダビデに告げられた時、彼は全イスラエルを集め、ヨルダンを渡り、ヘラムに来た。アラム人はダビデに対して隊列を敷き、彼と戦った。
¹⁸ アラム人はイスラエルの前から逃げた。ダビデはアラム人の戦車七百乗の者と騎兵四万を殺し、その軍の長ショバクを打った。ショバクはそこで死んだ。
¹⁹ ハダレゼルに仕えていたすべての王は自分たちがイスラエルの前に打たれたのを見た時、イスラエルと平和を結び、彼らに仕えた。こうしてアラム人はもはやアモンの子らを助けることを恐れた。
ここに、1. アラム人が失った名誉を回復し、ダビデの勝利の軍勢の進行をくい止める新たな試みがある。最近散らされた軍勢が再び集まり、自らを集めた(2Sa 10:15)。挫折した大義もその中に命がある限り勢いを盛り返す。ダビデの子の敵もそうする(Mt 22:34、Re 19:19)。彼らは自らの力不足を自覚し、川の向こう側の同盟国と属国に援助を求め(2Sa 10:16)、こうして補強されて、彼らはイスラエルに対して自らの立場を主張できると希望した。しかし彼らは主の思いを知らなかった。主が彼らを麦束のように打ち場に集められたから(Mic 4:11-13を見よ)。2. ダビデの警戒と勇気によるこの試みの敗北。ダビデはその計略を知らされた時、彼らが攻撃して来るのを待つことを決めず、自ら軍勢の先頭に立ってヨルダンを渡り(2Sa 10:17)、野戦でアラム人を潰走させた(2Sa 10:18)。戦車七百乗に属する七千人与、他の兵士、騎兵と歩兵四万を殺した(1Ch 19:18と比較して明らか)。その将軍は戦いで殺され、ダビデは疑いなく凱旋した。3. アラム人に対するこの勝利の結果。(1) ダビデはいくつかの貢ぎ物を得た(2Sa 10:19)。ハダレゼルに仕えていた王たち、すなわち小さな君主たちは、ダビデがいかに力強いを見て、非常に賢明にイスラエルと平和を結んだ。戦うことができないと見出したから。そして彼らに仕えた。保護を与えることができると知ったから。こうしてアブラハムになされた(Ge 15:18)、ヨシュアに繰り返された(2Sa 1:4)約束、すなわちイスラエルの国境がユーフラテス川に及ぶという約束が、ついに果たされた。(2) アモン人は古い同盟国を失った。*アラム人はアモンの子らを助けることを恐れた。*彼らが不義の大義を持っていたからではなく(万国の法の違反である罪を正当化する)、それが不成功の大義であると見出したから。神が彼らに敵する者を助けることは危険である。彼らが倒れる時、その助け手も共に倒れるから。
ダビデの子イエス・キリストは、すべてのしもべである預言者の後に、その使徒と牧者である使者をユダヤの教会と国民に遣わされた。しかし彼らはハヌンがダビデの使者にしたように、彼らを辱しめ、あざけり、虐待し、殺した。これが彼らの不義の量りを満たし、癒やしようのない破滅をもたらした(Mt 21:35,41,22:7、2Ch 26:16)。キリストはその牧者らになされた侮辱と傷害を自らになされたとして受け取り、それに応じて復讐されるから。
英語原文
The Ammonites and Syrians Defeated (1037 BC)
⁶ And when the children of Ammon saw that they stank before David, the children of Ammon sent and hired the Syrians of Beth-rehob, and the Syrians of Zoba, twenty thousand footmen, and of king Maacah a thousand men, and of Ishtob twelve thousand men.
⁷ And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men.
⁸ And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array at the entering in of the gate: and the Syrians of Zoba, and of Rehob, and Ishtob, and Maacah, were by themselves in the field.
⁹ When Joab saw that the front of the battle was against him before and behind, he chose of all the choice men of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians:
¹⁰ And the rest of the people he delivered into the hand of Abishai his brother, that he might put them in array against the children of Ammon.
¹¹ And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will come and help thee.
¹² Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people, and for the cities of our God: and the LORD do that which seemeth him good.
¹³ And Joab drew nigh, and the people that were with him, unto the battle against the Syrians: and they fled before him.
¹⁴ And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, then fled they also before Abishai, and entered into the city. So Joab returned from the children of Ammon, and came to Jerusalem.
Here we have, I. The preparation which the Ammonites made for war, 2Sa 10:6. They saw they had made themselves very odious to David and obnoxious to his just displeasure. This they might easily have foreseen when they abused his ambassadors, which was no other than a challenge to war, and a bold defiance of him. Yet, it seems, they had not considered how unable they were, with their thousands, to meet his; for now they found themselves an unequal match, and were forced to hire forces of other nations into their service. Thus sinners daringly provoke God, and expose themselves to his wrath, and never consider that he is stronger than they, 1Co 10:22. The Ammonites gave the affront first, and they were the first that raised forces to justify it. Had they humbled themselves, and begged David's pardon, probably an honorary satisfaction might have atoned for the offence. But, when they were thus desperately resolved to stand by what they had done, they courted their own ruin.
II. The speedy descent which David's forces made upon them, 2Sa 10:7. When David heard of their military preparations, he sent Joab with a great army to attack them, 2Sa 10:7. Those that are at war with the Son of David not only give the provocation, but begin the war; for he waits to be gracious, but they strengthen themselves against him, and therefore, if they turn not, he will whet his sword, Ps 7:12. God has forces to send against those that set his wrath at defiance (Isa 5:19), which will convince them, when it is too late, that none ever hardened his heart against God and prospered. It was David's prudence to carry the war into their country, and fight them at the entering in of the gate of their capital city, Rabbah, as some think, or Medeba, a city in their borders, before which they pitched to guard their coast, 1Ch 19:7. Such are the terrors and desolations of war that every good prince will, in love to his people, keep it as much as may be at a distance from them.
III. Preparations made on both sides for an engagement. 1. The enemy disposed themselves into two bodies, one of Ammonites, which, being their own, were posted at the gate of the city; the other of Syrians, whom they had taken into their pay, and who were therefore posted at a distance in the field, to charge the forces of Israel in the flank or rear, while the Ammonites charged them in the front, 2Sa 10:8. 2. Joab, like a wise general, was soon aware of the design, and accordingly divided his forces: the choicest men he took under his own command, to fight the Syrians, whom probably he knew to be the better soldiers, and, being hired men, better versed in the arts of war, 2Sa 10:9. The rest of the forces he put under the command of Abishai his brother, to engage the Ammonites, 2Sa 10:10. It should seem, Joab found the enemy so well prepared to receive them that his conduct and courage were never so tried as now.
IV. Joab's speech before the battle, 2Sa 10:11,12. It is not long, but pertinent, and brave. 1. He prudently concerts the matter with Abishai his brother, that the dividing of the forces might not be the weakening of them, but that, which part soever was borne hard upon, the other should come in to its assistance. He supposes the worst, that one of them should be obliged to give back; and in that case, upon a signal given, the other should send a detachment to relieve it. Note, Mutual helpfulness is brotherly duty. If occasion be, thou shalt help me, and I will help thee. Christ's soldiers should thus strengthen one another's hands in their spiritual warfare. The strong must succour and help the weak. Those that through grace are conquerors over temptation must counsel, and comfort, and pray for, those that are tempted. When thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren, Lu 22:32. The members of the natural body help one another, 1Co 12:21. 2. He bravely encourages himself, and his brother, and the rest of the officers and soldiers, to do their utmost. Great dangers put an edge upon true courage. When Joab saw the front of the battle was against him, both before and behind, instead of giving orders to make an honourable retreat, he animated his men to charge so much more furiously: Be of good courage and let us play the men, not for pay and preferment, for honour and fame, but for our people, and for the cities of our God, for the public safety and welfare, in which the glory of God is so much interested. God and our country was the word. "Let us be valiant, from a principle of love to Israel, that are our people, descended from the same stock, for whom we are employed, and in whose peace we shall have peace; and from a principle of love to God, for they are his cities that we are fighting in the defence of." The relation which any person or thing stands in to God should endear it to us, and engage us to do our utmost in its service. 3. He piously leaves the issue with God: "When we have done our part, according to the duty of our place, let the Lord do that which seemeth to him good." Let nothing be wanting in us, whatever the success be; let God's work be done by us, and then God's will be done concerning us. When we make conscience of doing our duty we may, with the greatest satisfaction, leave the event with God, not thinking that our valour binds him to prosper us, but that still he may do as he pleases, yet hoping for his salvation in his own way and time.
V. The victory Joab obtained over the confederate forces of Syria and Ammon, 2Sa 10:13,14. He provided for the worst, and put the case that the Syrians and Ammonites might prove too strong for him (2Sa 10:11), but he proved too strong for them both. We do not hinder our success by preparing for disappointment. The Syrians were first routed by Joab, and then the Ammonites by Abishai; the Ammonites seem not to have fought at all, but, upon the retreat of the Syrians, to have fled into the city. It is a temptation to soldiers to fly when they have a city at their backs to fly to. It is one thing when men may either fight or fly and another thing when they must either fight or die.
¹⁵ And when the Syrians saw that they were smitten before Israel, they gathered themselves together.
¹⁶ And Hadarezer sent, and brought out the Syrians that were beyond the river: and they came to Helam; and Shobach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them.
¹⁷ And when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together, and passed over Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Syrians set themselves in array against David, and fought with him.
¹⁸ And the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew the men of seven hundred chariots of the Syrians, and forty thousand horsemen, and smote Shobach the captain of their host, who died there.
¹⁹ And when all the kings that were servants to Hadarezer saw that they were smitten before Israel, they made peace with Israel, and served them. So the Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon any more.
Here is, 1. A new attempt of the Syrians to recover their lost honour and to check the progress of David's victorious arms. The forces that were lately dispersed rallied again, and gathered themselves together, 2Sa 10:15. Even the baffled cause will make head as long as there is any life in it; the enemies of the Son of David do so, Mt 22:34, Re 19:19. These, being conscious of their insufficiency, called in the aid of their allies and dependencies on the other side of the river (2Sa 10:16), and, being thus recruited, they hoped to make their part good against Israel, but they knew not the thoughts of the Lord, for he gathered them as sheaves into the floor; see Mic 4:11-13. 2. The defeat of this attempt by the vigilance and valour of David, who, upon notice of their design, resolved not to stay till they attacked him, but went in person at the head of his army over Jordan (2Sa 10:17), and, in a pitched battle, routed the Syrians (2Sa 10:18), slew 7000 men, who belonged to 700 chariots, and 40,000 other soldiers, horse and foot, as appears by comparing 1Ch 19:18. Their general was killed in the battle, and David came home in triumph, no doubt. 3. The consequence of this victory over the Syrians. (1.) David gained several tributaries, 2Sa 10:19. The kings, or petty princes, that had been subject to Hadarezer, when they saw how powerful David was, very wisely made peace with Israel, whom they found they could not make war with, and served them, since they were able to give them protection. Thus the promise made to Abraham (Ge 15:18), and repeated to Joshua (2Sa 1:4), that the borders of Israel should extend to the river Euphrates, was performed, at length. (2.) The Ammonites lost their old allies: The Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon, not because they had an unrighteous cause (justifying a crime which was a breach of the law of nations), but because they found it was an unsuccessful cause. It is dangerous helping those that have God against them; for, when they fall, their helpers will fall with them.
Jesus Christ, the Son of David, sent his ambassadors, his apostles and ministers, after all his servants the prophets, to the Jewish church and nation; but they treated them shamefully, as Hanun did David's ambassadors, mocked them, abused them, slew them; and it was this that filled the measure of their iniquity, and brought upon them ruin without remedy (Mt 21:35,41,22:7, 2Ch 26:16); for Christ takes the affronts and injuries done to his ministers as done to himself and will avenge them accordingly.
本章は、ダビデがアモン人とその同盟民であるシリヤ人と行った戦争、その発端と結果について記している。I. ダビデがアモン人の王ハヌンに友好的な使節を送った(2Sa 10:1,2)。II. ハヌンは、それが悪意ある企みであるとの根拠のない疑いから、ダビデの使節たちを虐待した(2Sa 10:3,4)。III. ダビデはこれに憤り(2Sa 10:5)、アモン人は彼に対する戦争の準備をした(2Sa 10:6)。IV. ダビデは戦いを彼らの国に持ち込み、彼らに向かって軍を遣わした。ヨアブとアビシャイは、極めて巧みな指揮と勇敢さをもって戦いに臨んだ(2Sa 10:7-12)。V. アモン人とその同盟民のシリヤ人は完全に打ち破られた(2Sa 10:13,14)。VI. 再び集結したシリヤの軍勢は、二度目にも敗北した(2Sa 10:15-19)。こうしてダビデは、親切には親切をもって返す感謝と、害には害をもって報いる正義において、自らの名声を高めたのである。