Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary · Daniel 第5章

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Daniel 5章

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日本語

バビロン王国の破壊は、それが遠くにあった時に長く、しばしば予告されていた。この章において私たちはその成就と、それが成就したまさにその夜のその予告を持つ。ベルシャザルが今バビロンで治めていた。ある者は十七年治めたと計算し、他の者はわずか三年とする。ここに私たちは彼の最後と彼の王国の終わりの物語を持つ。私たちは知らなければならない。これより約二年前、ペルシャの王クロス、成長する君主が、大軍を率いてバビロンに来た。ベルシャザルは彼に会い、戦い、野戦で彼に敗走させられた。彼とその散った軍勢は市に退き、そこでクロスが彼らを包囲した。彼らは非常に安心していた。ユーフラテス川が彼らの防壁であり、市に二十年分の食糧があったから。しかし包囲の第二年に彼はそれを取った。ここに記されているように。この章において私たちは次のものを持つ。I. ベルシャザルが設けた、乱暴で、偶像礼拝的で、神聖を冒涜する宴。その中で彼は不義の満杯を満たした。Da 5:1-4。II. 彼の陽気さの最中に壁に書かれた文字によって与えられた警報。彼の知恵ある者たちのだれもそれを読み、その意味を告げることができなかった。Da 5:5-9。III. ついに彼の前に連れて来られたダニエルによる神秘的な文字の解釈。ダニエルは彼と率直に取り組み、書かれた彼の運命を示した。Da 5:10-28。IV. 王の殺害と王国の占領における解釈の即座の成就。Da 5:30,31。

英語原文

The destruction of the kingdom of Babylon had been long and often foretold when it was at a distance; in this chapter we have it accomplished, and a prediction of it the very same night that it was accomplished. Belshazzar now reigned in Babylon; some compute he had reigned seventeen years, others but three; we have here the story of his exit and the period of his kingdom. We must know that about two years before this Cyrus king of Persia, a growing monarch, came against Babylon with a great army; Belshazzar met him, fought him, and was routed by him in a pitched battle. He and his scattered forces retired into the city, where Cyrus besieged them. They were very secure, because the river Euphrates was their bulwark, and they had twenty years; provision in the city; but in the second year of the siege he took it, as is here related. We have in this chapter, I. The riotous, idolatrous, sacrilegious feast which Belshazzar made, in which he filled up the measure of his iniquity, Da 5:1-4. II. The alarm given him in the midst of his jollity by a hand-writing on the wall, which none of his wise men could read or tell him the meaning of, Da 5:5-9. III. The interpretation of the mystical characters by Daniel, who was at length brought in to him, and dealt plainly with him, and showed him his doom written, Da 5:10-28. IV. The immediate accomplishment of the interpretation in the slaying of the king and seizing of the kingdom, Da 5:30,31.

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Belshazzar's Feast; The Hand-writing on the Wall (538 BC)

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日本語

ベルシャザルの宴;壁に書かれた文字(紀元前538年)

¹ ベルシャザル王はその家来の千人に大いなる宴会を催し、その千人の前でぶどう酒を飲んだ。
² ベルシャザルはぶどう酒を味わって、その父ネブカデレザルがエルサレムの神殿から持ち出した金や銀の器を持って来るよう命じた。王も、そのつかさたちも、その后たちも、そのめかけたちも、それで飲むためであった。
³ そこで彼らはエルサレムにある神の宮の神殿から持ち出された金の器を持って来た。そして王も、そのつかさたちも、その后たちも、そのめかけたちも、それで飲んだ。
⁴ 彼らはぶどう酒を飲み、金、銀、青銅、鉄、木、石の神々を賛美した。
⁵ その同じ時に人の手の指が出て来て、王の宮殿のしっくいの壁に、燭台の向かい側に文字を書いた。王は書く手の一部を見た。
⁶ その時王の顔色は変わり、その思いは彼を悩ませ、その腰の関節はゆるみ、そのひざは互いに打ち震えた。
⁷ 王は大声で、呪文師、カルデヤ人、占い師たちを入れるよう叫んだ。王は語って、バビロンの賢者たちに言った。だれでもこの文字を読み、その説明をわたしに示す者は、紫の衣を着せられ、金の鎖をつけられ、国で第三の支配者となるであろう、と。
⁸ その時王のすべての賢者たちがはいって来た。しかしその文字を読むことも、王にその説明を知らせることもできなかった。
⁹ そのためベルシャザル王はひどく悩み、その顔色は変わり、その家来たちも驚き恐れた。

ここにベルシャザル王は非常に陽気であったが、突然非常に陰鬱となり、その豊かな満足の中で苦境に陥る。彼がいかに神を侮り、神がいかに彼を恐れさせたかを見よ。そしてこの戦いの成り行きがどうなるか待て。心を神に対してかたくなにした者が栄えたかどうか。

I. 王がいかに神を侮り、神に軽べつを加えたかを見よ。彼は大いなる宴会、すなわちぶどう酒の宴を催した。おそらくそれは誕生日や戴冠式の記念、あるいは彼らの偶像のいくつかを尊ぶための記念の祭であった。歴史家たちは言う。今やその軍勢と共にバビロンを包囲していたキュロスはこの宴を知っており、彼らがその時警戒を解いている—somno vinoque sepulti—眠りとぶどう酒に埋もれて—と見て、その機に乗じて町を攻撃し、それゆえより容易にその主人となった。ベルシャザルはこの機に千人の家来たちを招いて共に飲んだ。おそらく彼らは包囲する者に逆らって町を守る中で名をなした者たちであったか。あるいはこれらは彼の大いなる戦争評議会であり、十分に飲んだ後、さらに何がなされるべきか協議するための者たちであった。そして彼が彼らの前でぶどう酒を飲んだことを大いなる恩恵とみなすべきであった。東方の王たちがめったに姿を見せないのが誇りであったからである。彼は彼らの前でぶどう酒を飲んだ。アハシュエロスがそうしたように、その威光の誉れを示すためにこの宴を催したのである。さてこの豪華な宴において、1. 彼は神の摂理に侮りを加え、そのさばきに挑戦した。彼の町は今や包囲されていた。力ある敵がその門にあった。そのいのちと王国が危機に瀕していた。これらすべてにおいて主の御手が彼に向かって出ており、それによって彼を泣き、悲しみ、荒布を腰にまとって呼んでおられた。神の御声が町で叫んだ。ヨナがニネベに対してしたように。「あと四十日、あるいはそれ以下で、バビロンは滅びる」。それゆえニネベの王がしたように断食を宣言すべきであった。しかし神に背を向けて歩むことを決意した者として、彼は宴を宣言し、見よ、喜び楽しみ、雄牛をほふり、羊を殺し、肉を食らい、ぶどう酒を飲み、全能者に最悪をなすよう挑戦するかのようであった。Isa 22:12-13。食糧の欠乏のゆえに降伏を強いられる恐れがいかに少ないかを示すために、彼はこのように浪費した。次のことに注意せよ。安逸と感覚的快楽は迫り来る滅びの悲しい前兆である。神のさばきによって警告されようとしない者は、それによって傷つけられることを期待し得る。2. 彼は神の神殿に侮りを加え、その聖所に挑戦した。Da 6:2。ぶどう酒を味わっている間に、神殿の器を持って来るよう命じた。彼らがそれで飲むために。そのぶどう酒がいかに豊かで上等であるかを味わった時、「ああ、」と彼は言った、「このような美味しいぶどう酒を飲むのに聖なる器を持たないのは惜しい」。それは機知に富む一つの時として見なされ、その気分を続けるために、神殿の器がすぐに取り寄せられた。いや、そこには浮かれ事以上の何か、悪意をもってイスラエルの神に敵対してなされたものであったようである。神の民の心はこれらの聖なる器に非常に向けられていた。Jer 27:16,18に見るように。彼らの帰還における主な関心はこれらについてであった。Ezr 1:7。今や、彼らは捕囚の七十年が終わりに近づいたと計算し、その解放の近づくことを期待していた。おそらく彼らの一部はまもなく聖所の器が彼らに返されるとの旨の言葉を漏らしていたかもしれず、それに挑戦してベルシャザルはここでそれらを自分のものと宣言し、もはや保存せず、自分の食器の間で用いようとした。次のことに注意せよ。聖なるものを汚し、それをもてあそぶような喜びは、まことに罪深く、人の不義の尺度を速やかに満たす。これがバビロンを滅びのために熟させた—シオンの歌(Ps 137:3)と聖所の器のほかに彼らを満足させるものはなかった。このように神とその誉れにささげられたものを聖なるものから奪って流用する者たちに知れ。神は侮られる方ではない。3. 彼は神ご自身に侮りを加え、その神性に挑戦した。彼らはぶどう酒を飲み、金や銀の神々を賛美した。Da 6:4。彼らは自分たちの手のわざであり、自分たちの空想の産物である偶像に、まことの生ける神にのみ due 当然さるべき栄光を帰した。彼らはそれにささげられるいけにえによって、あるいはその誉れに歌われる歌によってそれらを賛美した。彼らの頭がぶどう酒で眩み、心が陽気であった時、彼らは金や銀、木や石の神々を賛美するのに最もふさわしい状態にあった。正気な考えを持つ、明らかで節度ある思いを持つ人々がこれほどひどい不条理を犯し得るとは思えないからである。彼らはこのように愚かになる前に酔わなければならなかった。酔った礼拝者たち、人間ではなく獣である者たちは、神ではなく悪霊である、塵の山の神々の奉仕に最もふさわしい。彼らはぶどう酒によって迷った。Isa 27:7。彼らはぶどう酒を飲んで偶像の神々を賛美した。まるで彼らがその宴の創設者であり、すべての良いものの授与者であるかのように。あるいは、ぶどう酒を飲んでいる時に、神々の健康を飲んで賛美した。王は彼らの前でぶどう酒を飲んだ(Da 6:1)。すなわち、健康の乾杯を始めた。最初にこの神に、次にあの神に、木や石のものをも例外なく、彼らの数珠つなぎのリストを一通り終わるまで。次のことに注意せよ。不道徳と不信心、悪徳と冒涜は互いに手を強め、互いの利益を進める。酔った浮かれ事は偶像礼拝への入り口であり、次に偶像の健康を願う杯はさらなる酩酊へのくつわであった。

II. 神がいかに王を恐れさせ、彼に恐怖を打ったかを見よ。ベルシャザルとその家来たちはその酒盛りの最中にあり、杯は速やかに回り、すべて陽気に、おそらくキュロスとその軍勢に混乱を、包囲の速やかな解除の確信に雄たけびを上げていた。しかしバビロンの王がペルシャとメディア人によってその町が包囲される時に言われたことが、いまや成就すべき時が来た。Isa 21:2-4。「わたしの楽しみの夜を彼はわたしに恐怖とされた」。宮廷でのこの舞踏会の陽気は台無しにされなければならず、王ご自身が宴の主人であってもその浮かれに水を差された。すぐに、神が御言葉を語られる時、私たちは彼とそのすべての客が極度の混乱にあるのを見る。彼らの陽気の終わりは重苦しさであった。1. 人の手の指が壁のしっくいに文字を書いているのが、王の前に現れる(Da 6:5)。ラビたちは言う。「御使いガブリエルがこれらの指を導き、それによって書いた」。ある英国のラビ(ライトフット博士)は言う。「その民のために律法として二つの石の板を書かれた神の手が今、バベルとベルシャザルの運命を壁に書かれた」と。ここに彼らを驚かすために送られた、音を立てるものも、彼らのいのちを脅かすものもなかった。雷鳴も稲妻もなく、剣を抜いた滅ぼしの御使いもいない。ただ手の中のペンだけで、壁に、彼らが自分自身の燭台の光ですべて見得るように燭台の向かい側に書いた。次のことに注意せよ。神の書かれた御言葉は、神がそれに勢いをつけることを喜ばれる時、最も誇り高く大胆な罪人をも恐怖に陥れるのに十分である。王は書く手の一部を見たが、その手がだれの手であるかを見なかった。それは事をより恐ろしくした。次のことに注意せよ。私たちが見る神の事、被造物の書と聖書の書に書く手の一部(「見よ、これらはその道の一部である」Job 26:14)は、私たちが見ない神の事について畏敬の思いを抱かせるのに役立ち得る。もしこれが神の指であるなら、その裸にされた腕は何であるか。そしてその方は何であられるか。2. 王はすぐにパニック的恐怖に襲われた(Da 6:6)。顔色は変わった(顔色は行ったり来たりした)。腰の関節はゆるんだ。腰に力がなくなり、大きな恐れの時に通常のように背中に痛みを感じた。ひざは互いに打ち震えた。柳の葉のように激しく震えた。しかし事は何であったのか。なぜ彼はこのように恐れるのか。彼は書かれているものを知覚せず、それが彼とその王国に解放の幸いな前兆でないとどうして知り得ようか。しかし事はその思いが彼を悩ませたことであった。彼自身の罪のある良心が彼の顔に飛びかかり、天からのいかなる良い知らせも期待する理由がないこと、そして御使いの手は彼にとって恐怖以外の何も書き得ないことを告げた。神の正義に責任を負うことを自ら知っていた彼は、これを直ちにその御名による逮捕、その前に出頭せよとの召喚と断定した。次のことに注意せよ。神は最も安逸な者をすぐに目覚めさせ、最も強情な罪人の心を震わせることができる。それには彼自身の思いを彼に解き放つだけでよい。それらはすぐに暴君のように振る舞い、彼に十分な悩みを与えるであろう。3. バビロンの賢者たちがすぐに呼ばれ、この壁の文字をどう解するか見るために。Da 6:7。王は大声で叫んだ。急ぐ者のようにも、切に願う者のようにも、魔術師の学院の全体を連れて来て、この文字を読み、その説明を示せるか試すために。王もそのすべての家来もそれを pretend できるとは思わず、それは彼らの領域を超えていたからである。神的啓示(彼らが持っていた、あるいは持っていたと思っていたもの)の研究と、霊の世界との交わりは、異邦人によって一つの職業に限定され、他の者はそれに口出ししなかった。しかし神の指によって私たちに書かれたものはすべての人に読める。だれでも聖書において神の御心を読むことができる。これらの賢者たちにこの事においてその技術の極みを発揮させ、その試みにおいて競争心を駆り立てるために、王はこの文字に満足のいく説明を与える者には宮廷の最高の誉れで尊ばれると約束した。彼はこれらの知恵を pretend する者たちが何を求め、何を喜ばせるかを知っており、それゆえ紫の衣と金の鎖を約束した。それより良いことを知らない者の目には栄光あるもの。いや、彼は王国の第三の支配者、すなわち王とその世継ぎに次ぐ国務の首席大臣とされるであろう。4. 王は彼らに対する期待で失望させられる。彼らのだれも文字を読むことができず、まして解することができない(Da 6:8)。それは王の混乱を増し(Da 6:9)、王は事をさらに悪く思い、危害が自分に向かっていることを恐れる。その家来たちも、彼と共に陽気であった者たちが、今や彼と共に恐怖を分かち合う。彼らも当惑して驚き恐れた。その数も、ぶどう酒による元気回復も、彼らの士気を保つのに役立たなかった。賢者たちが文字を読めなかった理由は、それが彼らの知らない言語や文字で書かれていたからではなく、神が彼らの目の前に霧を置くか、彼らの霊に混乱を与えて読めないようにされたかのいずれかであり、この神秘的な文字を解する誉れをダニエルのために残すためであった。次のことに注意せよ。目覚めさせられ罪を悟らされた良心の恐怖は、すべての被造物がそれに安らぎや満足を与えるのにまったく不十分であることによって、正当に増し加えられ得る。

英語原文

Belshazzar's Feast; The Hand-writing on the Wall (538 BC)

¹ Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords, and drank wine before the thousand.
² Belshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple which was in Jerusalem; that the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein.
³ Then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the temple of the house of God which was at Jerusalem; and the king, and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, drank in them.
⁴ They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone.
⁵ In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote over against the candlestick upon the plaster of the wall of the king's palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote.
⁶ Then the king's countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another.
⁷ The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. And the king spake, and said to the wise men of Babylon, Whosoever shall read this writing, and show me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom.
⁸ Then came in all the king's wise men: but they could not read the writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof.
⁹ Then was king Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was changed in him, and his lords were astonied.

We have here Belshazzar the king very gay, but all of a sudden very gloomy, and in straits in the fulness of his sufficiency. See how he affronts God, and God affrights him; and wait what will be the issue of this contest; and whether he that hardened his heart against God prospered.

I. See how the king affronted God, and put contempt upon him. He made a great feast, or banquet of wine; probably it was some anniversary solemnity, in honour of his birth-day or coronation-day, or in honour of some of their idols. Historians say that Cyrus, who was now with his army besieging Babylon, knew of this feast, and presuming that they then would be off their guard, somno vinoque sepulti—buried in sleep and wine, took that opportunity to attack the city, and so with the more ease made himself master of it. Belshazzar upon this occasion invited a thousand of his lords to come and drink with him. Perhaps they were such as had signalized themselves in defense of the city against the besiegers; or these were his great council of war, with whom, when they had well drunk, he would advise what was further to be done. And they were to look upon it as a great favour that he drank wine before them, for it was the pride of those eastern kings to be seldom seen. He drank wine before them, for he made this feast, as Ahasuerus did, to show the honour of his majesty. Now in this sumptuous feast, 1. He put an affront upon the providence of God and bade defiance to his judgments. His city was now besieged; a powerful enemy was at his gates; his life and kingdom lay at stake. In all this the hand of the Lord had gone out against him, and by it he called him to weeping, and mourning, and girding with sackcloth. God's voice cried in the city, as Jonah to Nineveh, Yet forty days, or fewer, and Babylon shall be destroyed. He should therefore, like the king of Nineveh, have proclaimed a fast; but, as one resolved to walk contrary to God, he proclaims a feast, and behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, killing sheep, eating flesh, and drinking wine, as if he dared the Almighty to do his worst, Isa 22:12,13. To show how little fear he had of being forced to surrender, for want of provisions, he spent thus extravagantly. Note, Security and sensuality are sad presages of approaching ruin. Those that will not be warned by judgments of God may expect to be wounded by them. 2. He put an affront upon the temple of God, and bade defiance to his sanctuary, Da 6:2. While he tasted the wine, he commanded to bring the vessels of the temple, that they might drink in them. When he tasted how rich and fine the wine was, "O," said he, "it is a pity but we should have holy vessels to drink such delicious wine as this in," which was looked upon as a piece of wit, and, to carry on the humour, the vessels of the temple were immediately sent for. Nay, there seems to have been something more in it than a frolic, and that it was done in a malicious despite to the God of Israel. The heart of his people was very much upon these sacred vessels, as appears from Jer 27:16,18. Their principal care, at their return, was about these, Ezr 1:7. Now, we may suppose, they had an expectation of their deliverance approaching, reckoning the seventy years of their captivity near a period; and some of them might perhaps have given out some words to that purport, that shortly they should have the vessels of the sanctuary restored to them, in defiance of which Belshazzar here proclaims them to be his own, will keep them in store no longer, but will make use of them among his own plate. Note, That mirth is sinful indeed, and fills the measure of men's iniquity apace, which profanes sacred things and jests with them. This ripened Babylon for ruin—that no songs would serve them but the songs of Zion (Ps 137:3), no vessels but the vessels of the sanctuary. Let those who thus sacrilegiously alienate what is dedicated to God and his honour know that he will not be mocked. 3. He put an affront upon God himself, and bade defiance to his deity; for they drank wine, and praised the gods of gold and silver, Da 6:4. They gave that glory to images, the work of their own hands and creatures of their own fancy, which is due to the true and living God only. They praised them either with sacrifices offered to them or with songs sung in honour of them. When their heads were giddy, and their hearts merry, with wine, they were in the fittest frame to praise the gods of gold and silver, wood and stone; for one would think that men in their senses, who had the command of a clear and sober thought, could not be guilty of so gross an absurdity; they must be intoxicated ere they could be so infatuated. Drunken worshippers, who are not men, but beasts, are the most proper for the service of dunghill deities, that are not gods, but devils. They have erred through wine, Isa 27:7. They drank wine, and praised their idol-gods, as if they had been the founders of their feast and the givers of all good things to them. Or, when they were drinking wine, they praised their gods by drinking healths to them; and the king drank wine before them (Da 6:1), that is, he began the health, first to this god, and then to the other, till they went through the bead-roll or farrago of them, those of wood and stone not excepted. Note, Immorality and impiety, vice and profaneness, strengthen the hands and advance the interests one of another. Drunken frolics were an introduction to idolatry, and then idolatrous healths were a shoeing-horn to further drunkenness.

II. See how God affrighted the king, and struck a terror upon him. Belshazzar and his lords are in the midst of their revels, the cups going round apace, and all upon the merry pin, drinking confusion, it may be, to Cyrus and his army, and roaring out huzzas, in confidence of the speedy raising of the siege; but the hour had come when that must be fulfilled which had been long ago said of the king of Babylon, when his city should be besieged by the Persians and Medes, Isa 21:2-4. The night of my pleasures has he turned into fear to me. The mirth of this ball at court must be spoiled, and a damp cast upon their jollity, though the king himself be master of the revels; immediately, when God speaks the word, we have him and all his guests in the utmost confusion, and the end of their mirth is heaviness. 1. There appear the fingers of a man's hand writing on the plaster of the wall, before the king's face (Da 6:5), "the angel Gabriel," say the rabbin, "directing these fingers and writing by them." "That divine hand" (says a rabbi of our own, Dr. Lightfoot) "that had written the two tables for a law to his people now writes the doom of Babel and Belshazzar upon the wall." Here was nothing sent to frighten them which made a noise, or threatened their lives, no claps of thunder nor flashes of lightning, no destroying angel with his sword drawn in his hand, only a pen in the hand, writing upon the wall, over-against the candlestick, where they might all see it by the light of their own candle. Note, God's written word is sufficient to put the proudest boldest sinners into a fright, when he is pleased to give it the setting on. The king saw the part of the hand that wrote, but saw not the person whose hand it was, which made the thing more frightful. Note, What we see of God, the part of the hand that writes in the book of the creatures and the book of the scriptures (Lo, these are parts of his ways, Job 26:14), may serve to possess us with awful thoughts concerning that of God which we do not see. If this be the finger of God, what is his arm made bare? And what is he? 2. The king is immediately seized with a panic fear (Da 6:6): His countenance was changed (his colour went and came); the joints of his loins were loosed, so that he had no strength in them, but was struck with a pain in his back, as is usual in a great fright; his knees smote one against another, so violently did he tremble like an aspen leaf. But what was the matter? Why is he in such a fright? He perceives not what is written, and how does he know but it may be some happy presage of deliverance to him and to his kingdom? But the business was his thoughts troubled him; his own guilty conscience flew in his face, and told him that he had no reason to expect any good news from Heaven, and that the hand of an angel could write nothing but terror to him. He that knew himself liable to the justice of God immediately concluded this to be an arrest in his name, a summons to appear before him. Note, God can soon awaken the most secure and make the heart of the stoutest sinner to tremble; and there needs no more to do it than to let loose his own thoughts upon him; they will soon play the tyrant, and give him trouble enough. 3. The wise men of Babylon are immediately called in, to see what they can make of this writing upon the wall, Da 6:7. The king cried aloud, as one in haste, as one in earnest, to bring the whole college of magicians, to try if they can read this writing, and show the interpretation of it; for the king and all his lords cannot pretend to it, it is out of their sphere. The study of divine revelation (such as they had, or thought they had) and converse with the world of spirits were by the heathen confined to one profession, and no other meddled with it; but what is written to us by the finger of God is legible to all; whoever will may read the mind of God in the scriptures. To engage these wise men to exert the utmost of their skill in this matter, and provoke them to an emulation in the attempt, he promised that whoever would give him a satisfactory account of this writing should be dignified with the highest honours of the court. He knew what these pretenders to wisdom aimed at, and what would please them, and therefore promised them a scarlet robe and a gold chain, glorious things in the eyes of those that know no better. Nay, he should be primus par regni—chief minister of state, the third ruler in the kingdom, next to the king and his heir apparent. 4. The king is disappointed in his expectations from them; they can none of them read the writing, much less interpret it (Da 6:8), which increases the king's confusion, Da 6:9. He likes the thing yet worse and worse, and fears that mischief is towards him. His lords also, that had been partners with him in his jollity, are now sharers with him in his terrors; they also were astonished at their wits' end; and neither their numbers nor their refreshment by wine would serve to keep up their spirits. The reason why the wise men could not read the writing was not because it was written in any language or characters unknown to them, but God either cast a mist before their eyes or put such confusion upon their spirits that they could not read it, that the honour of expounding this mystical writing might be reserved for Daniel. Note, The terror of an awakened convinced conscience may justly be increased by the utter insufficiency of all creatures to give it ease or satisfaction.

10-29

Daniel Brought before Belshazzar (538 BC)

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日本語

ダニエルがベルシャザルの前に連れて来られる(紀元前538年)

¹⁰ 王の言葉とその家来たちの言葉のゆえに、太后は宴会の間にはいって来た。太后は語って言った。王よ、とこしえに生き長らえられよ。あなたの思いを悩ませず、顔色を変えないでください。
¹¹ あなたの国に、聖なる神々の霊の宿る人がいます。あなたの父の時代に、彼のうちに光と理解と、神々の知恵のような知恵が見いだされたので、王であるあなたの父ネブカデレザル—すなわちあなたの父である王—は彼を魔術師、呪文師、カルデヤ人、占い師たちのかしらとしました。
¹² このダニエル—王は彼をベルテシャザルと名づけた—のうちには、すぐれた霊と知識と理解、夢の解き明かし、難しいことばの解明、疑いの解決が見いだされたからです。今ダニエルを呼びなさい。彼はその説明を示すでしょう。
¹³ その時、ダニエルは王の前に連れられた。王はダニエルに語って言った。あなたはユダの捕囚の子らのうちの、わたしの父がユダの地から連れて来たダニエルか。
¹⁴ わたしはあなたについて聞いた。神々の霊があなたのうちにあり、光と理解とすぐれた知恵があなたに見い出されると。
¹⁵ わたしの前に賢者たち、呪文師たちが連れられて来た。彼らがこの文字を読み、その説明をわたしに知らせるためであったが、彼らはその事の説明を示すことができなかった。
¹⁶ わたしはあなたについて聞いた。あなたは解き明かしをし、疑いを解くことができると。今、もしあなたが文字を読み、その説明をわたしに知らせることができるなら、紫の衣を着せ、金の鎖をあなたの首につけ、あなたを国で第三の支配者とするであろう。
¹⁷ その時ダニエルは答えて王の前に言った。あなたの贈り物はあなた自身のものとし、あなたの報酬はほかの人に与えよ。それでもわたしは文字を王に読み、その説明を知らせよう。
¹⁸ 王よ。いと高き神はあなたの父ネブカデレザルに国と、威厳と、栄光と、誉れとをお与えになった。
¹⁹ そして神が彼にお与えになった威厳のゆえに、すべての民、国々、国語の者たちは彼の前におののき、恐れた。彼は殺したい者を殺し、生かしたい者を生かし、立てたい者を立て、引き下ろしたい者を引き下ろした。
²⁰ しかし彼の心が高ぶり、その思いが誇りでかたくなになった時、彼は王の位から退けられ、その栄光は彼から取り去られた。
²¹ 人の子らから追い出され、その心は獣と同じにされ、その住まいは野ろばと共にされた。彼は牛のように草で養われ、そのからだは天の露で濡れた。いと高き神が人の国を治め、その好きな者をこれの上に立てることを知るまで。
²² しかしベルシャザルよ、その子であるあなたは、これらすべてを知っていながら、心をへりくだらせなかった。
²³ あなたは天の主に向かって高ぶり、その宮の器をあなたの前に持って来させた。そしてあなたも、あなたの家来たちも、あなたの后たちも、あなたのめかけたちも、それでぶどう酒を飲んだ。あなたは見えず、聞こえず、何も知らない銀、金、青銅、鉄、木、石の神々を賛美した。しかし、あなたの息の在其の手にあり、あなたのすべての道がその方のものである神を、あなたは栄光に帰さなかった。
²⁴ その時、手の一部が彼から送られ、この文字が書かれた。
²⁵ 書きしるされた文字はこれである。メネ、メネ、テケル、ウパルシン。
²⁶ その事の説明はこれである。メネ—神はあなたの国を数えて、それを終わらせられた。
²⁷ テケル—あなたははかりで量られ、不足しているのが見いだされた。
²⁸ ペレス—あなたの国は分けられ、メディアとペルシャに与えられた。
²⁹ その時ベルシャザルは命じ、彼らはダニエルに紫の衣を着せ、その首に金の鎖をつけ、彼について国で第三の支配者となるべきことを宣言した。

ここに、I. 王太后によるダニエルについての、この難しい場合に相談するのにいかにふさわしいかの王への情報。この王妃はエビル・メロダクの未亡人であり、ヘロドトスが extraordinary 非常に思慮深い女性として言及するあの有名なニトクリスであったと推定される。彼女は宴にはいなかった。王の后やめかけたちがそうであったように(Da 6:2)。その年齢と品位に合わなかったからである。しかし王とその家来たちが陥った恐怖の知らせが彼女の居室にもたらされ、彼女は自ら宴会の間に来て、王の憂鬱のために医師を勧めた。彼女は王の賢者たちがこのなぞを解くのに不十分であることに落胆しないように願った。彼の祖父がそのような窮地で何度も助け、疑いなく彼も助け得る人が彼の国にいることを。Da 6:11-12。彼女自身は文字を読むことを引き受けなかったが、読める者を指し示した。今ダニエルを呼べ。真っ先に呼ぶべきであった者を。さて観察せよ。1. 彼女がダニエルに与える高い人物評価。「聖なる神々の霊の宿る人」。人の以上のものを持つ者。単に人の霊—すべての人において主のともしびである—だけでなく、神的な霊。彼女の国と宗教の言葉によれば、これ以上高い encomium 賛辞をだれにも与えることはできなかった。彼女は誉れ高く彼について語る。(1) 驚くほど良い頭を持つ者として。「光と理解と知恵、神々の知恵のような知恵が彼に見いだされた」隠された事にこれほど洞察し、来るべき事にこれほど先見があったので、彼が神的霊感を受けていることが明らかであった。彼は他のすべての賢者をこえる夢の解き明かし、難解な文の説明、結び目を解き、疑いを解くための知識と理解を持っていた。ソロモンはこの種の素晴らしい鋭さを持っていた。しかしこれらの事においてダニエルはより直接的な神的導きを持っていたようである。見よ、ソロモン以上の者がここにいる。しかし彼ら両方の知恵は、キリストに隠された知恵の宝と比べれば何であろうか。(2) 彼は驚くほど良い心を持っていた。「すぐれた霊が彼に見いだされた」。それは彼の知恵と知識の大いなる飾りであり、その賜物を受ける資格を与えた。神はその目の前に良い人に知恵と知識と喜びを与えられるから。彼はへりくだった、聖なる、天的な霊を持ち、神の栄光と人の善への熱心な霊、信心深く恵み深い霊を持っていた。これは実にすぐれた霊であった。2. ネブカデレザルが彼に対して持った敬意について彼女が与える説明。彼は大いにその寵みにあり、彼によって昇進した。「あなたの父である王」(すなわち祖父。しかし多くの代にわたってネブカデレザルはその王室の父と適切に呼ばれ得た。彼がそれをこれほどの grandeur 壮大さにまで高めたから)「すなわちあなたの父である王は、彼を魔術師の主人とした」おそらくベルシャザルは時にその誇りの中でネブカデレザルについて、その政治、その統治の方法、彼が用いた大臣たちについてわずかに語り、自分の方が賢いと思っていた。それゆえその母はそこに HARPS しつこく触れる。「すなわちあなたの父である王。あなたの持つすべてはその良い経営に負うている。彼は彼をバビロンのすべての賢者たちのかしらと宣言し、彼らの上に支配権を与え、その神の名にちなんで彼をベルテシャザルと名づけた。それによって彼に誉れを与えようとして」と。しかしダニエルは常に自らのユダヤ名を用いることによって(彼はその宗教への忠実な固執の印としてそれを保つと決意した)、その名を out wore 磨り減らさせた。王妃母だけがそれを覚えていた。それ以外は一般にダニエルと呼ばれた。次のことに注意せよ。控え目で、忘れられることを望む価値ある人々の良い奉仕の記憶を蘇らせることは非常に良い務めである。3. 彼女が彼についてする申し出。「ダニエルを呼べ。彼は説明を示すであろう」これによってダニエルが今や宮廷で忘れられていることが分かる。ベルシャザルは彼を知らず、その王国にこのような宝石を持っていることを知らなかった。新王と共に新内閣が入り、古いものは退けられた。次のことに注意せよ。大いに価値ある人々、非常に有用になり得る人々が長く無名に埋もれ、目立った奉仕をした何人かが見落とされ、注意を払われないまま生きる。しかし人が何であれ、神はその国になされた奉仕を忘れる不義な方ではない。ダニエルはその場所から退けられ、ひそかに生き、再び注目を得る機会を求めなかった。しかしそれでも彼は宮廷の近くに、呼び出しの届く所に住んだ。バビロンが今や包囲されているにもかかわらず。必要があれば、偉い人たちの間のその利害によって、その民の子らのために何らかの良い務めをする準備のために。しかし摂理はこのように定めた。まさにその君主国の没落の時に、彼が王妃の手段によって再び宮廷に連れて来られ、続く政府において昇進のためにそこに準備されているように。このように義人は無名の中から輝き出る。そして誉れに先立つのはへりくだりである。

II. ダニエルが王に紹介され、文字を読み解き明かすよう求められる。ダニエルは王の前に連れられた。Da 6:13。彼は今や九十歳近くであった。それでその年齢と誉れと以前の昇進は、王の面前に自由に入る資格を与えたであろう。しかしそれでも彼は儀礼長官によって見知らぬ者として導かれることを望んだ。次のことに注意せよ。1. 王は誇らしげに問う。「あなたは捕囚の子らのダニエルか」ユダヤ人であり捕囚であるゆえに、できるなら彼に恩義を受けたくなかった。2. 彼は彼について聞いた賛辞を告げる(Da 6:14)。神々の霊が彼のうちにあると。そして彼がそれほど高い人物評価に値するかどうか試すために彼を呼んだ。3. バビロンのすべての賢者たちが当惑したことを認める。彼らはこの文字を読むことも説明を示すこともできなかった。Da 6:16。4. もし彼がすれば彼らに約束したのと同じ報酬を約束する。Da 6:16。魔術師たちが今や、そしてネブカデレザルの時に一度ならず当惑した時に、その権威を救うために何かを試みなかったのは不思議であった。もし彼らが良い確信をもって「これはこれこれの夢、これこれの文字の意味である」と言ったなら、だれが反証できたであろうか。しかし神はこのように定めた。彼らには全く言うべきことがなかった。キリストがお生まれになった時に、異邦人の神託が口を閉ざされたように。

III. ダニエルがこれらの神秘的な文字について与えた説明。それは王の恐れを和らげるどころか、むしろそれを増したと思われる。ダニエルは今や年老いており、ベルシャザルは若かった。それで彼はネブカデレザルに対する同様の場合よりも、より大きく率直に、そしてきっぱりと扱うように思われる。だれをとがめるにも、とりわけ偉大な人をとがめるには、すべての状況を考慮する知恵が必要である。いましめのとがめはいのちの道であるから。ダニエルのここでの語りにおいて、

1. 彼らにこの警告を与えた文字を読み、その説明を示すことを引き受ける。Da 6:17。彼は王が offers 申し出た報酬を軽んじ、それが言及されたことを喜ばない。金のために占いをする者ではないから。ネブカデレザルが後に与えた贈り物は喜んで受けたが、それについて取引することや、約束された誉れのために王に文字を読むことをScorned 侮った。いや。「あなたの贈り物はあなた自身のものとせよ。それらはまもなくあなたのものではなくなるのだから。あなたの報酬はほかの者に与えよ。それを得ることを最も望む賢者のだれにでも。わたしはそれを価しない」ダニエルは今やその王国が最後の息にあるのを見、それゆえその贈り物と報酬を軽べつして見る。そしてこのように私たちは、信仰によってその最終の終わりが急ぎ来るのを見るなら、この世が与え得るすべての贈り物と報酬を軽べつすべきである。その滅びゆく贈り物をほかの者に与えよ。私たちの目と心があるより良い贈り物がある。しかし私たちは世でその務めをなし、なしうるすべての真の奉仕をなし、信仰の告白において神の文字を世に読み、それにかなう歩みによってその説明を知らせ、その後神の贈り物、報酬に信頼すべきである。それに比べれば世が与え得るすべては単なるがらくくずと trifle ささいなことである。

2. 彼は王に、神がその父ネブカデレザルになされたことの大きな記録をする。Da 6:18-21。それは彼への教えと警告のために意図されたものであった。これは飾りや気晴らしのためではなく、文字の説明に必要な準備である。次のことに注意せよ。神が私たちと何をなされているかを正しく理解するために、神がほかの者たちと何をなされたかを振り返ることは有用である。

(1) 彼は神的摂理がネブカデレザルを昇進させた大いなる尊厳と力を描写する。Da 6:18-19。彼は国と、威厳と、栄光と、誉れを持っていた。おそらく彼以前のいかなる異邦の君も持たなかった以上に。彼はその栄光を自らの並外れた思慮と勇気によって得たと思い、その成功を自らの活発な天才に帰した。しかしダニエルは彼が労して得たものを今楽しんでいる者に、それがいと高き神(ネブカデレザル自身がそう呼んだ神々の神、王たちの主)がその国を、その広大な支配を、その中の事柄を司る威厳を、その繁栄する経営によって獲得した栄光と誉れをお与えになったのだと告げる。次のことに注意せよ。どんな程度の外的繁栄に達しても、それは神の賜物であり、自らの獲得ではないことを認めなければならない。わたしの力、わたしの手の力がこの富を得たと言ってはならない。それは常に神が富を得る力を与え、その努めに成功を与えられることを覚えなければならない。[1] その力は非常に強く、抗し難いものであった。神が与えた威厳はそのようなものであり、その指揮する軍勢は数多く、その指揮の見事な腕前は admirably 驚くべきものであったので、その剣がどちらを向いても栄えた。彼は脅すことによって国々を捕らえ、服させることができた。一撃も打たずに。すべての民が彼の前におののき、恐れたから。そのいのちをどんな条件でも救うために妥協した。力とは何か、そしてその恐れが何をするかを見よ。それは世界の—人類の世界の—獣的な部分が支配し、支配されるものである。[2] その権威は絶対的で、制御不能であった。彼に与えられた、あるいは彼が少なくとも仮定した権力は、異論なく、絶対的で専制的であった。立法にも執行にも彼と分かち合う者はいなかった。罰を与えるにおいて、彼は思いのままに罪に定め、あるいは放免した。殺したい者を殺し、生かしたい者を生かした。両者が同様に無実あるいは同様に有罪であっても。生殺の権は完全にその手にあった。報酬を与えるにおいて、彼は思いのままに昇進を与え、あるいは拒んだ。立てたい者を立て、引き下ろしたい者を引き下ろした。単なる気まぐれで、自分自身にさえ理由を与えずに。しかしそれはすべてex mero motu—その良い思いのままにであり、stat pro ratione voluntas—その意志が理由の代わりに立つ。東方の君主国の constitution 憲法はそのようなものであった。その王たちの様式も。

(2) 彼はネブカデレザルが犯した—神を怒らせた—罪を彼の前に置く。[1] 彼は下の者たちに対して侮り的に振る舞い、专制的で圧迫的になった。その力の描写はその力の乱用を示唆し、彼が思慮と公正ではなく、気まぐれと情欲によって導かれたことを示す。それで彼はしばしば無実の者を罪に定め、有罪の者を放免した。両方とも主の忌み嫌うものである。彼は功績ある者を退け、価値ない者を昇進させ、公共の大きな損害のために。そしてこのために彼は力をお与えになったいと高き神に責任を負っていた。次のことに注意せよ。絶対的専制的な力を持ち、それを悪用しないことは非常に難しく、まれなことである。しかしそれはすべてではなかった。[2] 彼は上の神に対して不遜に振る舞い、誇り高く高ぶった(Da 6:20)。その心は高ぶった。そこにその罪と滅びが始まった。その思いは誇りでかたくなになった。神の命令とそのさばきに対してかたくなに。彼は強情で頑固で、神の御言葉もそのむちも永続する印象を与えなかった。次のことに注意せよ。誇りは他のすべての罪において心をかたくなにし、悔い改めと改革の手段を無効にする罪である。

(3) 彼はその誇りと頑固のために彼にもたらされた神のさばきを思い出させる。理性を奪われ、王の位から退けられ(Da 6:20)、人の子らから追い出され、野ろばと共に住むようになった。Da 6:21。理性の規則によって家臣を治めることをしなかった者は、自らを治めるのに十分な理性を持たなかった。次のことに注意せよ。人が不合理になりそれを用いようとしない時、神はその理性を奪い、圧迫的になりそれを悪用する時、その力を奪われるのは正しい。彼はいと高き神が治めるという宗教の第一原理を知り、受け入れるまで、獣のようにあり続けた。そして獣から区別され、獣の上に尊ばれるのは理性よりも宗教によってである。また至高の創造主の subject 下にあることの方が、下級の被造物の主であることよりもその誉れである。次のことに注意せよ。王たちは知らなければならない、あるいは知らされるであろう。いと高き神がその王国において治められること(それはimperium in imperio—帝国の中の帝国であり、例外してはならない)。そしてその方のお好きな者をその上に立てられること。相続人を作るように、君を作る。

3. 神の御名において、彼はベルシャザルに対して弾劾条項を提示する。壁の文字からその運命を読む前に、その罪を示す。神が語られる時に義とされ、さばかれる時に清いとされるために。さて彼が告発するのは、(1) 父の上の神のさばきによって警告を受けなかったこと(Da 6:22)。「その子であるあなた、ベルシャザルよ。これらすべてを知っていながら、心をへりくだらせなかった」次のことに注意せよ。私たちの心がその戒めと摂理の両方に従って神の前にへりくだられないなら、それは神に対する大いなる罪である。悔い改め、従順、忍耐によってへりくだられる。いや、神は最も偉大な者たちからもその心がへりくだられることを期待される。彼らがどんなに偉大であっても、彼らは神に対して責任を負うことを認めることによって。そして私たちの心のへりくだらなさを重くするのは、それらをへりくだらせるに十分なことを知っていながら、考え、向上させない時である。特に、曲がらなかった者が砕かれたこと、屈さなかった者が倒れたことを知っていながら、なお強情で融通が利かない時に。子どもたちの罪を重くするのは、その結果がどんなに高くついたか、その結果がどんなに有害であったかを見ながら、親の悪の足跡を踏む時である。これを知っているのか、これらすべてを知っているのか、それでもへりくだらないのか。(2) ネブカデレザル自身よりもさらに厚かましく神を侮ったこと。この非常の放蕩があかしする。その最中に彼はこの恐怖に襲われた(Da 6:23)。「あなたは天の主に向かって高ぶった。その方に向かって怒り、その冠と尊厳に向かって武器を取った。この特定の点において。あなたはその宮の器を汚し、その聖所の器具をあなたの不義の道具とした。そして実際の、計画された軽べつにおいて、見ず、聞かず、何も知らない銀や金の神々を賛美した。見、聞き、すべてを知る神にまさるとでもいうように」罪を続けようと決心した罪人たちは、見ず、聞かず、知らない神々を喜ぶ。そうすれば安全に罪を犯せるから。しかし彼らはその惑いにおいて、彼らが選んだ神々は彼らが審判される神々ではないこと、すべてが裸で開かれている方を見いだすであろう。(3) その創造と維持の目的に答えなかったこと。「あなたの息のあるその手にあり、あなたのすべての道がその方のものである神を、あなたは栄光に帰さなかった」これは私たちすべてに当てはまる一般的な告発である。どう答えるか考えよう。観察せよ。[1] 私たちの創造主、保持者、恩人、所有者、支配者としての神への依存。その手から最初に息を得ただけでなく、その手に私たちの息は今もある。それは神が私たちのたましいをいのちに保ち、その息を取り去られるなら私たちは死ぬから。私たちの時がその手にあるように、私たちの息もそうである。息によって私たちの時は測られるから。私たちは神において生き、動き、存在する。神によって生き、神に頼って生き、神なしには生きられない。人の道は自分にない。自分の命令に、自分の自由にない。その方は私たちのすべての道のもの。私たちの心がその手にあり、すべての人の—最も自由な行為者として行動する王の—心もそうである。[2] この依存を考慮しての神への義務。私たちは神を栄光に帰すべきである。その誉れのために自分をささげ、その奉仕に雇い、その方を喜ばせることを自分の関心事とし、その方を賛美することを自分の務めとする。[3] この依存にもかかわらず、この義務における私たちの怠慢。私たちはそうしていない。すべては罪を犯し、神の栄光に達しないから。これがベルシャザルに対する告発である。証明は必要ない。事実の著しい証拠によって裏付けられ、彼自身の良心も有罪を認めざるを得ない。それゆえ、

4. 彼は今、壁に書かれた通りに判決を読み進める。「その時」とダニエルは言う。「あなたがこのように最も聖なるものを踏みつけるほどの不信心の高みに達した時、その時、あなたがその冒とく的な偶像礼拝の宴の最中にいた時、その時、手の一部—書く指—が彼から、あなたがこれほど大胆に侮り、これほど長く耐えてこられたが、もはや耐えない神から送られ、この文字が書かれた」Da 6:24。神が今あなたに対して苦い事を書き、あなたに不義を持たせられるのはその方である。Job 13:26。次のことに注意せよ。罪人の罪が神の全知の書に書かれているように、罪人の運命は神の律法の書に書かれている。そしてその書物が開かれ、それらによって審判される日が来る。さて文字はメネ、メネ、テケル、ウパルシンであった。Da 6:25。これらの言葉の権威ある解説が添えられているのは良いことである。そうでなければほとんど理解できなかったであろう。それほど簡潔であるから。その意味は、数えた、量った、彼らは分ける。カルデヤの賢者たちは、唯一の神がおられることを知らなかったので、この彼がだれであるかを理解できず、それゆえ(ある者は思う)文字は彼らを当惑させた。(1) メネ。それは繰り返される。事は確かであるから—メネ、メネ。それはヘブル語でもカルデヤ語でも数えた、終わらせたを意味する。ダニエルはこれをこう説明する(Da 6:26)。「神はあなたの国を数えられた。その継続の年と日を。これらは神の計り事において数えられ、今や終わった。あなたがそれを持つために定められた期間は満ち、今やそれは明け渡されなければならない。ここにあなたの王国の終わりがある」(2) テケル。それはカルデヤ語であなたは量られた、ヘブル語であなたは軽すぎるを意味する。ライトフット博士のように。この王とその行いが、正しく誤りのない神的公正のはかりで量られる。神は金細工師が最も精密なはかりで量ったものの重さを知るように、その真の性質を完全に知る。神はその行いを熟考し、その場合の merit 功績を考慮した後に初めて、彼に判決を下す。「しかし不足しているのが見いだされた。そのような信頼を託されるに value 価しない。空虚で軽い人、重みや考慮のない人」(3) ウパルシン。これはそしてパルシン、あるいはペレスと訳されるべき。パルシンはヘブル語でペルシャ人を意味し、パレシンはカルデヤ語で分けるを意味する。ダニエルは両方を合わせる(Da 6:28)。「あなたの国は分けられた。あなたから引き裂かれ、メディアとペルシャに与えられた。彼らの間で分けるための獲物として」これは無理なく、罪人の運命に適用できる。メネ、テケル、ペレスは死、審判、地獄を意味し得る。死において、罪人の日々は数えられ、終わる。死の後に審判があり、彼ははかりで量られ、不足しているのが見いだされる。そして審判の後、罪人は切り裂かれ、悪魔とその御使いたちに獲物として与えられる。ダニエルはここでベルシャザルに、ネブカデレザルに与えたような悔い改めの勧めや励ましを与えない。判決が出ており、悔い改めの余地が与えられないのを見たからである。

ベルシャザルはダニエルに対して激怒し、自らの場合が絶望的であるのを見て、彼に怒るであろうと思われた。しかし彼は自らの良心によって、彼の語ったすべての事の合理性をconvict 確信させられ、それに何も反対しなかった。むしろ逆に、ダニエルに約束した報酬を与え、紫の衣と金の鎖を着せ、国で第三の支配者であると宣言した(Da 6:29)。その言葉を守ろうとし、文字の解き明かしが彼の望むようなものでなかったとしても、それはダニエルの fault 責任ではなかったから。次のことに注意せよ。多くの者が神の預言者たちに大いなる敬意を示すが、その御言葉には考慮を払わない。ダニエルはこれらの誉れの称号と標章を価しなかったが、それらを拒まなかった。それらは君の好意の印であったから。しかし私たちは、それらがすべてそれを与えた者と共にいかにまもなく枯れるかを予見して、微笑みをもって受け取ったと考える理由がある。それらはヨナのとうごまのようであった。一晩で生え、一晩で滅びた。それゆえそれらを大いに喜ぶことは愚かであった。

英語原文

Daniel Brought before Belshazzar (538 BC)

¹⁰ Now the queen, by reason of the words of the king and his lords, came into the banquet house: and the queen spake and said, O king, live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy countenance be changed:
¹¹ There is a man in thy kingdom, in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, I say, thy father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, and soothsayers;
¹² Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, interpreting of dreams, and showing of hard sentences, and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar: now let Daniel be called, and he will show the interpretation.
¹³ Then was Daniel brought in before the king. And the king spake and said unto Daniel, Art thou that Daniel, which art of the children of the captivity of Judah, whom the king my father brought out of Jewry?
¹⁴ I have even heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods is in thee, and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom is found in thee.
¹⁵ And now the wise men, the astrologers, have been brought in before me, that they should read this writing, and make known unto me the interpretation thereof: but they could not show the interpretation of the thing:
¹⁶ And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make interpretations, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about thy neck, and shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom.
¹⁷ Then Daniel answered and said before the king, Let thy gifts be to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the writing unto the king, and make known to him the interpretation.
¹⁸ O thou king, the most high God gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and honour:
¹⁹ And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down.
²⁰ But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from him:
²¹ And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses: they fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven; till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of men, and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will.
²² And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled thine heart, though thou knewest all this;
²³ But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified:
²⁴ Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written.
²⁵ And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN.
²⁶ This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it.
²⁷ TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.
²⁸ PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians.
²⁹ Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.

Here is, I. The information given to the king, by the queen-mother, concerning Daniel, how fit he was to be consulted in this difficult case. It is supposed that this queen was the widow of Evil-Merodach, and was that famous Nitocris whom Herodotus mentions as a woman of extraordinary prudence. She was not present at the feast, as the king's wives and concubines were (Da 6:2); it was not agreeable to her age and gravity to keep a merry night. But, tidings of the fright which the king and his lords were put into being brought to her apartment, she came herself to the banqueting-house, to recommend to the king a physician for his melancholy. She entreated him not to be discouraged by the insufficiency of his wise men to solve this riddle, for that there was a man in his kingdom that had more than once helped his grandfather at such a dead lift, and, no doubt, could help him, Da 6:11,12. She could not undertake to read the writing herself, but directed him to one that could; let Daniel be called now, who should have been called first. Now observe, 1. The high character she gives of Daniel: He is a man in whom is the spirit of the holy gods, who has something in him more than human, not only the spirit of a man, which, in all, is the candle of the Lord, but a divine spirit. According to the language of her country and religion, she could not give a higher encomium of any man; she speaks honourably of him as a man that had, (1.) An admirably good head: Light, and understanding, and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, were found in him. Such an insight had he into things secret, and such a foresight of things to come, that it was evident he was divinely inspired; he had knowledge and understanding beyond all the other wise men for interpreting dreams, explaining enigmas or hard sentences, untying knots, and resolving doubts. Solomon had a wonderful sagacity of this kind; but it should seem that in these things Daniel had more of an immediate divine direction. Behold, a greater than Solomon himself is here. Yet what was the wisdom of them both compared with the treasures of wisdom hidden in Christ? (2.) He had an admirably good heart: An excellent spirit was found in him, which was a great ornament to his wisdom and knowledge, and qualified him to receive that gift; for God gives to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and knowledge, and joy. He was of a humble, holy, heavenly spirit, had a devout and gracious spirit, a spirit of zeal for the glory of God and the good of men. This was indeed an excellent spirit. 2. The account she gives of the respect that Nebuchadnezzar had for him; he was much in his favour, and was preferred by him: "The king thy father" (that is, thy grandfather, but even to many generations Nebuchadnezzar might well be called the father of that royal family, for he it was that raised it to such a pitch of grandeur), "the king, I say, thy father, made him master of the magicians." Perhaps Belshazzar had sometimes, in his pride, spoken slightly of Nebuchadnezzar, and his politics, and the methods of his government, and the ministers he employed, and thought himself wiser than he; and therefore his mother harps upon that. "The king, I say, thy father, to whose good management all thou hast owing, he pronounced him chief of, and gave him dominion over, all the wise men of Babylon, and named him Belteshazzar, according to the name of his god, thinking thereby to put honour upon him;" but Daniel, by constantly making use of his Jewish name himself (which he resolved to keep, in token of his faithful adherence to his religion), had worn out that name; only the queen-dowager remembered it, otherwise he was generally called Daniel. Note, It is a very good office to revive the remembrance of the good services of worthy men, who are themselves modest, and willing that they should be forgotten. 3. The motion she makes concerning him: Let Daniel be called, and he will show the interpretation. By this it appears that Daniel was now forgotten at court. Belshazzar was a stranger to him, knew not that he had such a jewel in his kingdom. With the new king there came in a new ministry, and the old one was laid aside. Note, There are a great many valuable men, and such as might be made very useful, that lie long buried in obscurity, and some that have done eminent services that live to be overlooked and taken no notice of; but, whatever men are, God is not unrighteous to forget the services done to his kingdom. Daniel, being turned out of his place, lived privately, and sought not any opportunity to come into notice again; yet he lived near the court and within call, though Babylon was now besieged, that he might be ready, if there were occasion, to do any good office, by what interest he had among the great ones, for the children of his people. But Providence so ordered it that now, just at the fall of that monarchy, he should by the queen's means be brought to court again, that he might lie there ready for preferment in the ensuing government. Thus do the righteous shine forth out of obscurity, and before honour is humility.

II. The introducing of Daniel to the king, and his request to him to read and expound the writing. Daniel was brought in before the king, Da 6:13. He was now nearly ninety years of age, so that his years, and honours, and former preferments, might have entitled him to a free admission into the king's presence; yet he was willing to be conducted in, as a stranger, by the master of the ceremonies. Note, 1. The king asks, with an air of haughtiness: Art thou that Daniel who art of the children of the captivity? Being a Jew, and a captive, he was loth to be beholden to him if he could help it. 2. He tells him what an encomium he had heard of him (Da 6:14), that the spirit of the gods was in him; and he had sent for him to try whether he deserved so high a character or no. 3. He acknowledges that all the wise men of Babylon were baffled; they could not read this writing, nor show the interpretation, Da 6:16. But, 4. He promises him the same rewards that he had promised them if he would do it, Da 6:16. It was strange that the magicians, when now, and in Nebuchadnezzar's time, once and again, they were nonplussed, did not attempt something to save their credit; if they had with a good assurance said, "This is the meaning of such a dream, such a writing," who could disprove them? But God so ordered it that they had nothing at all to say, as, when Christ was born, the heathen oracles were struck dumb.

III. The interpretation which Daniel gave of these mystic characters, which was so far from easing the king of his fears that we may suppose it increased them rather. Daniel was now in years, and Belshazzar was young; and therefore he seems to take a greater liberty of dealing plainly and roundly with him than he had done upon the like occasions with Nebuchadnezzar. In reproving any man, especially great men, there is need of wisdom to consider all circumstances; for they are the reproofs of instruction that are the way of life. In Daniel's discourse here,

1. He undertakes to read the writing which gave them this alarm, and to show them the interpretation of it, Da 6:17. He slights the offer he made him of rewards, is not pleased that it was mentioned, for he is not one of those that divine for money; what gratuities Nebuchadnezzar gave him afterwards he gladly accepted, but he scorned to bargain for them, or to read the writing to the king for and in consideration of such and such honours promised him. No: "Let thy gifts be to thyself, for they will not be long thine, and give thy fee to another, to any of the wise men whom thou wouldst have most wished to earn it; I value it not." Daniel sees his kingdom now at its last gasp, and therefore looks with contempt upon his gifts and rewards. And thus should we despise all the gifts and rewards that this world can give did we see, as we may by faith, its final period hastening on. Let it give its perishing gifts to another; there are better gifts which we have our eyes and hearts upon; but let us do our duty in the world, do it all the real service we can, read God's writing to it in a profession of religion, and by an agreeable conversation make known the interpretation of it, and then trust God for his gifts, his rewards, in comparison with which all the world can give is mere trash and trifles.

2. He largely recounts to the king God's dealings with his father Nebuchadnezzar, which were intended for instruction and warning to him, Da 6:18,21. This is not intended for a flourish or an amusement, but is a necessary preliminary to the interpretation of the writing. Note, That we may understand aright what God is doing with us, it is of use to us to review what he has done with others.

(1.) He describes the great dignity and power to which the divine Providence had advanced Nebuchadnezzar, Da 6:18,19. He had a kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and honour, for aught we know, above what any heathen prince ever had before him; he thought that he got his glory by his own extraordinary conduct and courage, and ascribed his successes to a projecting active genius of his own; but Daniel tells him who now enjoyed what he had laboured for that it was the most high God, the God of gods and Lord of kings (as Nebuchadnezzar himself had called him), that gave him that kingdom, that vast dominion, that majesty wherewith he presided in the affairs of it, and that glory and honour which by his prosperous management he acquired. Note, Whatever degree of outward prosperity any arrive at, they must own that it is of God's giving, not their own getting. Let it never be said, My might, and the power of my hand, have gotten me this wealth, this preferment; but let it always be remembered that it is God that gives men power to get wealth, and gives success to their endeavours. Now the power which God gave to Nebuchadnezzar is here described to be very great in respect both of ability and of authority. [1.] His ability was so strong that it was irresistible; such was the majesty that God gave him, so numerous were the forces he had at command, and such an admirable dexterity he had at commanding them, that, which way soever his sword turned, it prospered. He could captivate and subdue nations by threatening them, without striking a stroke, for all people trembled and feared before him, and would compound with him for their lives upon any terms. See what force is, and what the fear of it does. It is that by which the brutal part of the world, even of the world of mankind, both governs and is governed. [2.] His authority was so absolute that it was uncontrollable. The power which was allowed him, which descended upon him, or which, at least, he assumed, was without contradiction, was absolute and despotic, none shared with him either in the legislative or in the executive part of it. In dispensing punishments he condemned or acquitted at pleasure: Whom he would he slew, and whom he would he saved alive, though both were equally innocent or equally guilty. The jus vitæ et necis—the power of life and death was entirely in his hand. In dispensing rewards he granted or denied preferment at pleasure: Whom he would he set up, and whom he would he put down, merely for a humour, and without giving a reason so much as to himself; but it is all ex mero motu—of his own good pleasure, and stat pro ratione voluntas—his will stands for a reason. Such was the constitution of the eastern monarchies, such the manner of their kings.

(2.) He sets before him the sins which Nebuchadnezzar had been guilty of, whereby he had provoked God against him. [1.] He behaved insultingly towards those that were under him, and grew tyrannical and oppressive. The description given of his power intimates his abuse of his power, and that he was directed in what he did by humour and passion, not by reason and equity; so that he often condemned the innocent and acquitted the guilty, both which are an abomination to the Lord. He deposed men of merit and preferred unworthy men, to the great detriment of the public, and for this he was accountable to the most high God, that gave him his power. Note, It is a very hard and rare thing for men to have an absolute arbitrary power, and not to make an ill use of it. Camden has a distich of Giraldus, wherein he speaks of it as a rare instance, concerning our king Henry II of England, that never any man had so much power and did so little hurt with it.

But that was not all. [2.] He behaved insolently towards the God above him, and grew proud and haughty (Da 6:20): His heart was lifted up, and there his sin and ruin began; his mind was hardened in pride, hardened against the commands of God and his judgments; he was willful and obstinate, and neither the word of God nor his rod made any lasting impression upon him. Note, Pride is a sin that hardens the heart in all other sins and renders the means of repentance and reformation ineffectual.

(3.) He reminds him of the judgments of God that were brought upon him for his pride and obstinacy, how he was deprived of his reason, and so deposed from his kingly throne (Da 6:20), driven from among men, to dwell with the wild asses, Da 6:21. He that would not govern his subjects by rules of reason had not reason sufficient for the government himself. Note, Justly does God deprive men of their reason when they become unreasonable and will not use it, and of their power when they become oppressive and use it ill. He continued like a brute till he knew and embraced that first principle of religion, That the most high God rules. And it is rather by religion than reason that man is distinguished from, and dignified above, the beasts; and it is more his honour to be a subject to the supreme Creator than to be lord of the inferior creatures. Note, Kings must know, or shall be made to know, that the most high God rules in their kingdoms (that is an imperium in imperio—an empire within an empire, not to be excepted against), and that he appoints over them whomsoever he will. As he makes heirs, so he makes princes.

3. In God's name, he exhibits articles of impeachment against Belshazzar. Before he reads him his doom, from the hand-writing on the wall, he shows him his crime, that God may be justified when he speaks, and clear when he judges. Now that which he lays to his charge is, (1.) That he had not taken warning by the judgments of God upon his father (Da 6:22): Thou his son, O Belshazzar! hast not humbled thy heart, though thou knewest all this. Note, It is a great offence to God if our hearts be not humbled before him to comply both with his precepts and with his providences, humbled by repentance, obedience, and patience; nay, he expects from the greatest of men that their hearts should be humbled before him, by an acknowledgment that, great as they are, to him they are accountable. And it is a great aggravation of the unhumbledness of our hearts when we know enough to humble them but do not consider and improve it, particularly when we know how others have been broken that would not bend, how others have fallen that would not stoop, and yet we continue stiff and inflexible. It makes the sin of children the more heinous if they tread in the steps of their parents' wickedness, though they have seen how dearly it has cost them, and how pernicious the consequences of it have been. Do we know this, do we know all this, and yet are we not humbled? (2.) That he had affronted God more impudently than Nebuchadnezzar himself had done, witness the revels of this very night, in the midst of which he was seized with this horror (Da 6:23): "Thou hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven, hast swelled with rage against him, and taken up arms against his crown and dignity, in this particular instance, that thou hast profaned the vessels of his house, and made the utensils of his sanctuary instruments of thy iniquity, and, in an actual designed contempt of him, hast praised the gods of silver and gold, which see not, nor hear, nor know anything, as if they were to be preferred before the God that sees, and hears, and knows every thing." Sinners that are resolved to go on in sin are well enough pleased with gods that neither see, nor hear, nor know, for then they may sin securely; but they will find, to their confusion, that though those are the gods they choose those are not the gods they must be judged by, but one to whom all things are naked and open. (3.) That he had not answered the end of his creation and maintenance: The God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified. This is a general charge, which stands good against us all; let us consider how we shall answer it. Observe, [1.] Our dependence upon God as our creator, preserver, benefactor, owner, and ruler; not only from his hand our breath was at first, but in his hand our breath is still; it is he that holds our souls in life, and, if he take away our breath, we die. Our times being in his hand, so is our breath, by which our times are measured. In him we live, and move, and have our being; we live by him, live upon him, and cannot live without him. The way of man is not in himself, not at his own command, at his own disposal, but his are all our ways; for our hearts are in his hand, and so are the hearts of all men, even of kings, who seem to act most as free-agents. [2.] Our duty to God, in consideration of this dependence; we ought to glorify him, to devote ourselves to his honour and employ ourselves in his service, to make it our care to please him and our business to praise him. [3.] Our default in this duty, notwithstanding that dependence; we have not done it; for we have all sinned, and come short of the glory of God. This is the indictment against Belshazzar; there needs no proof, it is made good by the notorious evidence of the fact, and his own conscience cannot but plead guilty to it. And therefore,

4. He now proceeds to read the sentence, as he found it written upon the wall: "Then" (says Daniel) "when thou hast come to such a height of impiety as thus to trample upon the most sacred things, then when thou wast in the midst of thy sacrilegious idolatrous feast, then was the part of the hand, the writing fingers, sent from him, from that God whom thou didst so daringly affront, and who had borne so long with thee, but would bear no longer; he sent them, and this writing, thou now seest, was written, Da 6:24. It is he that now writes bitter things against thee, and makes thee to possess thy iniquities," Job 13:26. Note, As the sin of sinners is written in the book of God's omniscience, so the doom of sinners is written in the book of God's law; and the day is coming when those books shall be opened, and they shall be judged by them. Now the writing was, Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin, Da 6:25. It is well that we have an authentic exposition of these words annexed, else we could make little of them, so concise are they; the signification of them is, He has numbered, he has weighed, and they divide. The Chaldean wise men, because they knew not that there is but one God only, could not understand who this He should be, and for that reason (some think) the writing puzzled them. (1.) Mene; that is repeated, for the thing is certain—Mene, mene; that signifies, both in Hebrew and Chaldee, He has numbered and finished, which Daniel explains thus (Da 6:26): "God has numbered thy kingdom, the years and days of the continuance of it; these were numbered in the counsel of God, and now they are finished; the term has expired for and during which thou wast to hold it, and now it must be surrendered. Here is an end of thy kingdom." (2.) Tekel; that signifies, in Chaldee, Thou art weighed, and, in Hebrew, Thou art too light. So Dr. Lightfoot. For this king and his actions are weighed in the just and unerring balances of divine equity. God does as perfectly know his true character as the goldsmith knows the weight of that which he has weighed in the nicest scales. God does not give judgment against him till he has first pondered his actions, and considered the merits of his case. "But thou art found wanting, unworthy to have such a trust lodged in thee, a vain, light, empty man, a man of no weight or consideration." (3.) Upharsin, which should be rendered, and Pharsin, or Peres. Parsin, in Hebrew, signifies the Persians; Paresin, in Chaldee, signifies dividing; Daniel puts both together (Da 6:28): "Thy kingdom is divided, is rent from thee, and given to the Medes and Persians, as a prey to be divided among them." Now this may, without any force, be applied to the doom of sinners. Mene, Tekel, Peres, may easily be made to signify death, judgment, and hell. At death, the sinner's days are numbered and finished; after death the judgment, when he will be weighed in the balance and found wanting; and after judgment the sinner will be cut asunder, and given as a prey to the devil and his angels. Daniel does not here give Belshazzar such advice and encouragement to repent as he had given Nebuchadnezzar, because he saw the decree had gone forth and he would not be allowed any space to repent.

One would have thought that Belshazzar would be exasperated against Daniel, and, seeing his own case desperate, would be in a rage against him. But he was so far convicted by his own conscience of the reasonableness of all he said that he objected nothing against it; but, on the contrary, gave Daniel the reward he promised him, put on him the scarlet gown and the gold chain, and proclaimed him the third ruler in the kingdom (Da 6:29), because he would be as good as his word, and because it was not Daniel's fault if the exposition of the hand-writing was not such as he desired. Note, Many show great respect to God's prophets who yet have no regard to his word. Daniel did not value these titles and ensigns of honour, yet would not refuse them, because they were tokens of his prince's good-will: but we have reason to think that he received them with a smile, foreseeing how soon they would all wither with him that bestowed them. They were like Jonah's gourd, which came up in a night and perished in a night, and therefore it was folly for him to be exceedingly glad of them.

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Daniel Deals Plainly with Belshazzar; Interpreting of the Writing on the Wall (538 BC)

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日本語

ベルシャザルに率直に語るダニエル/壁の文字の解き明かし(紀元前538年)

³⁰ その夜、カルデヤ人の王ベルシャザルは殺された。
³¹ メディア人ダレイオスは六十二歳くらいで国を取った。

ここには次のことがある。1. 王の死。彼が震える十分な理由があった。まさに恐怖の王の手に落ちようとしていたからである(Da 6:30)。その夜、彼の心が酒で楽しんでいたとき、包囲者たちは市内に侵入し、宮殿を狙った。そこで彼らは王を見つけ、致命傷を与えた。彼は身を隠すほど秘密な場所も、身を守るほど堅固な場所も見つけられなかった。異教の著者たちは、キュロスが二人の脱走者の助けを借りて奇襲によってバビロンを取ったと語る。彼らは市内への最良の道を彼に示した。そしてそれが宮廷にどれほどの動揺をもたらすかが預言されていた(Jer 51:11,39)。 note、暴食と泥酔で心が重くなった者に、死はわなのように来る。2. 王国が他の手に移ること。金の頭から銀の胸と腕に下る。メディア人ダレイオスは王国を取った。それを征服したキュロスの同意と共同で(Da 6:31)。彼らは戦争と征服において共同であり、支配においてもそうであった(Da 6:28)。彼の年齢が記されている。今六十二歳であった。その理由で、彼の甥であるキュロスは彼に優先権を与えた。ある人々は、彼が今六十二歳で、捕囚の最後の年に、その第八年に生まれたと観察する。それはエコニヤが捕らえられ、すべての貴族たちが連行された年であった(2Ki 24:13-15を見よ)。まさにその致命的な打撃が与えられたときに、時が経てばエルサレムのためにバビロンに復讐し、今与えられた傷をいやす王子が生まれた。このように神の民に対する神の counsel(計画)は深く、彼らに対する神の計画は親切である。

英語原文

Daniel Deals Plainly with Belshazzar; Interpreting of the Writing on the Wall (538 BC)

³⁰ In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain.
³¹ And Darius the Median took the kingdom, being about threescore and two years old.

Here is, 1. The death of the king. Reason enough he had to tremble, for he was just falling into the hands of the king of terrors, Da 6:30. In that night, when his heart was merry with wine, the besiegers broke into the city, aimed at the palace; there they found the king, and gave him his death's wound. He could not find any place so secret as to conceal him, or so strong as to protect him. Heathen writers speak of Cyrus's taking Babylon by surprise, with the assistance of two deserters that showed him the best way into the city. And it was foretold what a consternation it would be to the court, Jer 51:11,39. Note, Death comes as a snare upon those whose hearts are overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness. 2. The transferring of the kingdom into other hands. From the head of gold we now descend to the breast and arms of silver. Darius the Mede took the kingdom in partnership with, and by the consent of, Cyrus, who had conquered it, Da 6:31. They were partners in war and conquest, and so they were in dominion, Da 6:28. Notice is taken of his age, that he was now sixty-two years old, for which reason Cyrus, who was his nephew, gave him the precedency. Some observe that being now sixty-two years old, in the last year of the captivity, he was born in the eighth year of it, and that was the year when Jeconiah was carried captive and all the nobles, etc. See 2Ki 24:13-15. Just at that time when the most fatal stroke was given was a prince born that in process of time should avenge Jerusalem upon Babylon, and heal the wound that was now given. Thus deep are the counsels of God concerning his people, thus kind are his designs towards them.