성경 주석서

Comp. the beginning of 1 Timothy 4.

This know (τοῦτο γίνωσκε)

The phrase N.T.o. Comp. Paul's γινώσκειν ὑμᾶς βούλομαι I would have you to know, Philippians 1:12; and θέλω δὲ ὑμᾶς εἰδέναι I would you should know, 1 Corinthians 11:3.

In the last days (ἐπ' ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις)

The phrase only here in Pastorals, Acts 2:17, James 5:3. Similar expressions are ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ in the last season, 1 Peter 1:5 : ἐπ' ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων at the last of the times, 1 Peter 1:20 : ἐπ' ἐσχάτου χρόνου at the last time, Jde 1:18 : ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν at the last of the days, 2 Peter 3:3 : ἐν ὑστέροις καιροῖς in the latter seasons, 1 Timothy 4:1. The times immediately preceding Christ's second appearing are meant. Comp. Hebrews 1:2; James 5:3.

Perilous times (καιροὶ χαλεποί)

Only here and Matthew 8:28. Lit. hard times: schwere Zeiten. Καιρός denotes a definite, specific season. See on Matthew 12:1; see on Acts 1:17.

Shall come (ἐνστήσονται)

Or will set in. Mostly in Paul. Only here in Pastorals. See on Galatians 1:4.

Lovers of their own selves (φίλαυτοι)

Better, lovers of self. N.T.o. lxx. Aristotle, De Repub. ii. 5, says: "It is not loving one's self, but loving it unduly, just as the love of possessions."

Covetous (φιλάργυροι)

Better, lovers of money. Only here and Luke 16:14. For the noun φιλαργυρία love of money, see on 1 Timothy 6:10. Love of money and covetousness are not synonymous. Covetous is πλεονέκτης; see 1 Corinthians 5:10, 1 Corinthians 5:11; Ephesians 5:6. See on Romans 1:29.

Boasters (ἀλαζόνες)

Or swaggerers. Only here and Romans 1:30. See on ἀλαζονείαις boastings, James 4:16.

Proud (ὑπερήφανοι)

Or haughty. See on ὑπερηφανία pride, Mark 7:22.

Blasphemers (βλάσφημοι)

See on 1 Timothy 1:13. Better, railers. See also on, βλασφημία blasphemy, Mark 7:22.

Unthankful (ἀχάριστοι)

Only here and Luke 6:35.

Unholy (ἀνόσιοι)

Only here and 1 Timothy 1:9 (note).

Without natural affection (ἄστοργοι)

Only here and Romans 1:31. olxx. See on ἀγάπη love, Galatians 5:22, under στέργειν to love with a natural affection.

Truce-breakers (ἄσπονδοι)

N.T.o. olxx. Rend. implacable. From ἀ not, and σπονδαί a treaty or truce. The meaning is, refusing to enter into treaty, irreconcilable.

Incontinent (ἀκρατεῖς)

Or intemperate, without self-control. N.T.o. Once in lxx, Proverbs 27:20. Ἁκρασία incontinence, Matthew 23:25; 1 Corinthians 7:5; 1 Macc. 6:26; Ps. of Sol. 4:3.

Fierce (ἀνήμεροι)

Or savage. N.T.o. olxx. Comp. ἀνελεήμονες merciless, Romans 1:31.

Despisers of those that are good (ἀφιλάγαθοι)

Better, haters of good. N.T.o. olxx, oClass. Comp. the opposite, φιλάγαθον lover of good, Titus 1:8.

Traitors (προδόται)

Or betrayers. Only here, Luke 6:16; Acts 7:52.

Heady (προπετεῖς)

Precipitate, reckless, headstrong in the pursuit of a bad end under the influence of passion. Only here and Acts 19:36. In lxx, slack, loose, hence foolish, Proverbs 10:14, and dividing or parting asunder, as the lips; of one who opens his lips and speaks hastily or thoughtlessly, Proverbs 13:3. Comp. Sir. 9:18.

High-minded (τετυφωμένοι)

Better, besotted or clouded with pride. See on 1 Timothy 3:6, and comp. 1 Timothy 6:4.

Lovers of pleasure more than lovers of God (φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢφιλόθεοι)

Pleasure-lovers rather than God-lovers. Both words N.T.o. olxx.

A form (μόρφωσιν)

Only here and Romans 2:20. Μορφὴ Form (for the want of any other rendering) is the expression or embodiment of the essential and permanent being of that which is expressed Μόρφωσις, lit. forming or shaping. Yet the meaning differs in different passages. In Romans 2:20, μόρφωσις is the truthful embodiment of knowledge and truth as contained in the law of God. Here, the mere outward semblance, as distinguished from the essential reality.

The power (τὴν δύναμιν)

The practical virtue. Comp. 1 Corinthians 4:20. It is impossible to overlook the influence of Romans 1:29-31 in shaping this catalogue.

Turn away (ἀποτρέπου)

N.T.o. Comp. παραιτοῦ avoid, 2 Timothy 2:23; ἐκτρεπόμενος turning away, 1 Timothy 6:20; and ἐκκλίνετε turn away, Romans 16:17.

Of this sort (ἐκ τούτων)

Lit. of these. The formula often in Paul.

Which creep (οἱ ἐνδύνοντες)

N.T.o. Thrust themselves into. Comp. Jde 1:4, παρεισεδύησαν crept in privily (see note); 2 Peter 2:1 (note), παρεισάξουσιν shall privily bring in; and Galatians 2:4, παρεισάκτους brought in by stealth.

Lead captive (αἰχμαλωτίζοντες)

Only here in Pastorals. See on captives, Luke 4:18; and see on 2 Corinthians 10:5.

Silly women (γυναικάρια)

N.T.o. olxx. Silly is expressed by the contemptuous diminutive. Comp. Vulg. mulierculas.

Laden (σεσωρευμένα)

Only here and Romans 12:20, citation. In lxx, see Judith 15:11, of loading a wagon with the property of Holofernes. It implies heaped up; heavily laden.

Led away (ἀγόμενα)

Away is superfluous. It is only an inference. The meaning is under the direction of. Comp. Romans 8:14; Galatians 5:18.

Divers (ποικίλαις)

In Pastorals only here and Titus 3:3. Lit. variegated, of different tints. See on manifold wisdom, Ephesians 3:10.

Ever learning

From any one who will teach them. See on 1 Timothy 5:13. It is a graphic picture of a large class, by no means extinct, who are caught and led by the instructions of itinerant religious quacks.

Never able (μηδέποτε δυνάμενα)

Because they have not the right motive, and because they apply to false teachers. Ellicott thinks that there is in δυνάμενα a hint of an unsuccessful endeavor, in better moments, to attain to the truth.

As (ὃν τρόπον)

The formula occurs in the Synoptic Gospels (see Matthew 23:37; Luke 13:34), and in Acts (Acts 1:11; Acts 7:28), but not in Paul. Jannes and Jambres. According to tradition, the names of the chiefs of the magicians who opposed Moses. Exodus 7:11, Exodus 7:22.

Of corrupt minds (κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν)

Better, corrupted in mind. The verb, N.T.o. Comp. διεφθαρμένων τὸν νοῦν corrupted in mind, 1 Timothy 6:5.

Reprobate (ἀδόκιμοι)

In Pastorals only here and Titus 1:16. A Pauline word. See on Romans 1:28, and see on castaway, 1 Corinthians 9:27.