성경 주석서

Servant (δουλος). Precisely as James (James 1:1), only James added κυριου (Lord). Brother of James (αδελφος Ιακωβου). Thus Jude identifies himself. But not the "Judas of James" (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13). To them that are called (τοισ--κλητοις). But this translation (treating κλητοις as a substantive like Romans 1:6; 1 Corinthians 1:24) is by no means certain as two participles come in between τοις and κλητοις. Κλητοις may be in the predicate position (being called), not attributive. But see 1 Peter 1:1. Beloved in God the Father (εν θεω πατρ ηγαπημενοις). Perfect passive participle of αγαπαω, but no precise parallel to this use of εν with αγαπαω. Kept for Jesus Christ (Ιησου Χριστω τετηρημενοις). Perfect passive participle again with dative, unless it is the instrumental, "kept by Jesus Christ," a quite possible interpretation.

return to '

Be multiplied (πληθυνθειη). First aorist passive optative of πληθυνω as in 1 Peter 1:2; 2 Peter 1:2.

return to '

Beloved (αγαπητο). As in 3 John 1:2. All diligence (πασαν σπουδην). As in 2 Peter 1:5. Of our common salvation (περ της κοινης ημων σωτηριας). See this use of κοινος (common to all) in Titus 1:4 with πιστις, while in 2 Peter 1:1 we have ισοτιμον πιστιν, which see. I was constrained (αναγκην εσχον). "I had necessity" like Luke 14:18; Hebrews 7:27. To contend earnestly (επαγωνιζεσθα). Late and rare (in Plutarch, inscriptions) compound, here only in N.T. A little additional (επ) striving to the already strong αγωνιζεσθα (αγων contest). Cf. 1 Timothy 6:12 αγωνιζου τον καλον αγωνα. For the faith (τηι--πιστε). Dative of advantage. Here not in the original sense of trust, but rather of the thing believed as in verse Jude 1:20; Galatians 1:23; Galatians 3:23; Philippians 1:27. Once for all delivered (απαξ παραδοθειση). First aorist passive participle feminine dative singular of παραδιδωμ, for which see 2 Peter 2:21. See also 2 Thessalonians 2:15; 1 Corinthians 11:2; 1 Timothy 6:20.

return to '

Are crept in (παρεισεδυησαν). Second aorist passive indicative of παρεισδυω (-νω), late (Hippocrates, Plutarch, etc.) compound of παρα (beside) and εις (in) and δυω to sink or plunge, so to slip in secretly as if by a side door, here only in N.T. Set forth (προγεγραμμενο). Perfect passive participle of προγραφω, to write of beforehand, for which verb see Galatians 3:1; Romans 15:4. Unto this condemnation (εις τουτο το κριμα). See 2 Peter 2:3 for κριμα and εκπαλα. Παλα here apparently alludes to verses Jude 1:14; Jude 1:15 (Enoch). Ungodly men (ασεβεις). Keynote of the Epistle (Mayor), in Jude 1:15 again as in 2 Peter 2:5; 2 Peter 3:7. Turning (μετατιθεντες). Present active participle of μετατιθημ, to change, for which verb see Galatians 1:6. For the change of "grace" (χαριτα) into "lasciviousness (εις ασελγειαν) see 1 Peter 2:16; 1 Peter 4:3; 2 Peter 2:19; 2 Peter 3:16. Our only Master and Lord (τον μονον δεσποτην κα κυριον ημων). For the force of the one article for one person see on 2 Peter 1:1. For δεσποτην of Christ see 2 Peter 2:1. Denying (αρνουμενο). So 2 Peter 2:1. See also Matthew 10:33; 1 Timothy 5:8; Titus 1:16; 1 John 2:22.

return to '

To put you in remembrance (υπομνησα). See 2 Peter 1:12 υπομιμνησκειν (present active infinitive there, first aorist active infinitive here). Though ye know all things once for all (ειδοτας απαξ παντα). Concessive perfect (sense of present) active participle as in 2 Peter 1:12, but without καιπερ. The Lord (κυριος). Some MSS. add Ιησους. The use of κυριος here is usually understood to mean the Lord Jesus Christ, as Clement of Alex. (Adumbr. p. 133) explains, Exodus 23:20, by ο μυστικος εκεινος αγγελος Ιησους (that mystical angel Jesus). For the mystic reference to Christ see 1 Corinthians 10:4; 1 Corinthians 10:9; Hebrews 11:26. Some MSS. here add θεος instead of Ιησους. Afterward (το δευτερον). Adverbial accusative, "the second time." After having saved the people out of Egypt. Destroyed (απωλεσεν). First aorist active indicative of απολλυμ, old verb, to destroy. Them that believed not (τους μη πιστευσαντας). First aorist active articular participle of πιστευω. The reference is to Numbers 14:27-37, when all the people rescued from Egypt perished except Caleb and Joshua. This first example by Jude is not in II Peter, but is discussed in 1 Corinthians 10:5-11; Hebrews 3:18-4.

return to '

And angels (αγγελους δε). The second example in Jude, the fallen angels, accusative case after τετηρηκεν (perfect active indicative of τηρεω, for which verb see 2 Peter 2:4; 2 Peter 2:7) at the end of the verse (two emphatic positions, beginning and end of the clause). Kept not (μη τηρησαντας). First aorist active participle with negative μη, with play on "kept not" and "he hath kept." Principality (αρχην). Literally, "beginning," "rule," (first place of power as in 1 Corinthians 15:24; Romans 8:38). In Acts 10:11 it is used for "corners" (beginnings) of the sheet. In Ephesians 6:12 the word is used for evil angels. See Deuteronomy 32:8. Both Enoch and Philo (and Milton) discuss the fallen angels. But left (αλλα απολιποντας). Second aorist active participle of απολειπω, old verb, to leave behind (2 Timothy 4:13; 2 Timothy 4:20). Their own proper habitation (το ιδιον οικητηριον). Old word for dwelling-place (from οικητηρ, dweller at home, from οικος), in N.T. only here and 2 Corinthians 5:2 (the body as the abode of the spirit). In everlasting bonds (δεσμοις αιδιοις). Either locative (in) or instrumental (by, with). Αιδιος (from αε, always), old adjective, in N.T. only here and Romans 1:20 (of God's power and deity). It is synonymous with αιωνιος (Matthew 25:46). Mayor terms αιδιος an Aristotelian word, while αιωνιος is Platonic. Under darkness (υπο ζοφον). See 2 Peter 2:4 for ζοφος. In Wisd. 17:2 we find δεσμιο σκοτους (prisoners of darkness). Great (μεγαλης). Not in 2 Peter 2:9, which see for discussion.

return to '

Even as (ως). Just "as." The third instance (Jude passes by the deluge) in Jude, the cities of the plain. The cities about them (α περ αυτας πολεις). These were also included, Admah and Zeboiim (Deuteronomy 29:23; Hosea 11:8). Zoar, the other city, was spared. In like manner (τον ομοιον τροπον). Adverbial accusative (cf. ως). Like the fallen angels. Having given themselves over to fornication (εκπορνευσασα). First aorist active participle feminine plural of εκπορνευω, late and rare compound (perfective use of εκ, outside the moral law), only here in N.T., but in LXX (Genesis 38:24; Exodus 34:15, etc.). Cf. ασελγειαν in verse Jude 1:4. Strange flesh (σαρκος ετερας). Horrible licentiousness, not simply with women not their wives or in other nations, but even unnatural uses (Romans 1:27) for which the very word "sodomy" is used (Genesis 19:4-11). The pronoun ετερας (other, strange) is not in 2 Peter 2:10. Are set forth (προκειντα). Present middle indicative of προκειμα, old verb, to lie before, as in Hebrews 12:1. As an example (δειγμα). Predicate nominative of δειγμα, old word (from δεικνυμ to show), here only in N.T., sample, specimen. 2 Peter 2:6 has υποδειγμα (pattern). Suffering (υπεχουσα). Present active participle of υπεχω, old compound, to hold under, often with δικην (right, justice, sentence 2 Thessalonians 1:9) to suffer sentence (punishment), here only in N.T. Of eternal fire (πυρος αιωνιου). Like δεσμοις αιδιοις in verse Jude 1:7. Cf. the hell of fire (Matthew 5:22) and also Matthew 25:46. Jude has no mention of Lot.

return to '

Yet (μεντο). See John 4:27. In spite of these warnings. In like manner (ομοιως). Like the cities of the plain. These also (κα ουτο). The false teachers of verse Jude 1:4. In their dreamings (ενυπνιαζομενο). Present middle participle of ενυπνιαζω, to dream (from ενυπνιον dream, Acts 2:17, from εν and υπνος, in sleep), in Aristotle, Hippocrates, Plutarch, papyri, LXX (Joel 2:28), here only in N.T. Cf. Colossians 2:18. Defile (μιαινουσιν). Present active indicative of μιναινω, old verb, to stain, with sin (Titus 1:15) as here. 2 Peter 2:10 has μιασμου. Set at nought (αθετουσιν). Present active indicative of αθετεω, to annul. Both κυριοτης (dominion) and δοξα (dignities) occur in 2 Peter 2:10, which see for discussion.

return to '