Barnes' Notes on the Bible · 호세아 13장

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호세아 13장

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1

Hosea 13:1

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エフライムが恐れおののいて語ったとき——すなわち、おそらくは「恐れおののきがあった」ということである。「エフライムはかつては非常に威厳があり、彼が語る間、他の部族たちは震えんばかりであった」。預言者は、エフライムの二つの状態、繁栄と破滅とを対比させる。その繁栄は、ヨセフのゆえに彼を祝福された、あるに値しない神のあわれみによるものであり、その破滅は、彼自身の罪によるものであった。「エフライムが恐れおのないて語った」時期、すなわちへりくだりにおいて語った時期は、記録されていない。高ぶりは、彼が部族として分離した存在を持つや否や、ほとんどその特徴であった(Hosea 5:5 の注釈を見よ)。ヨシュアの下では、それは表に出ようがなかった。彼ら自身の一人であるヨシュアが主の民の指揮者となったとき、エフライムは栄誉を得たからである。士師たちの下では、彼らの高ぶりが現れた。それでも神は、彼らの心の願いを与えることによって彼らを試みられた。彼らは高められることを切望し、神は彼らを満足させた。もしそのようにして彼らが神に仕えるならば、という望みのうちに。彼らは最高の力を持ち、ユダにとっての「恐怖」であった。「彼はイスラエルにおいて高められた(あるいはおそらく、彼は自らを高めた)。しかし彼がバアルによって罪を犯したとき、彼は死んだ」。文字どおりには「そして彼はバアルによって罪を犯し、死んだ」。

彼は神の善を濫用した。彼の罪は、神の彼への善の帰結として従った。神は彼を高められ、彼は罪を犯した。バアル礼拝をもたらした、ツロとシドンの王との同盟は、イスラエルの王たちの世的政策の一部であった(1 Kings 16:31。序論を見よ)。「ネバテの子ヤロブアムの罪に歩むことが、彼にとって軽い事であったかのように、彼はツロ人の王エテ・バアルの娘を妻にめとり、行ってバアルに仕え、これを礼拝した」。アハブの治世の22年間が、この礼拝を確立した。バアルの預言者たちは450人になり、類似の偶像であるアシュトレテ、すなわちアスタルテの預言者たちは400人になった。バアルは、神の宮に匹敵する、大規模で壮麗な一つの中心的神殿を持った(2 Kings 10:21-22, 2 Kings 10:25)。預言者エリヤは、この背教をほとんど普遍的なものと考えた。神は、ご自身が「イスラエルにおいて七千人を」「ご自身のために残された」ことを彼に啓示された。しかもこれらは、「バアルにひざをかがめなかったすべてのひざ、バアルに口づけしなかったすべての口」であった(1 Kings 19:18)。

そして死んだ——死は罪の刑罰である。エフライムは霊的に「死んだ」。罪は恵みのいのちを取り去り、すべてのいのちの源である神から、魂のまことのいのちを引き離すからである。彼は「死んで安息している者よりも、より真実に死んだ」。この死について、我らの主は、「死者にその死者を葬らせよ」(Matthew 8:22)と言われ、パウロは、「快楽に生きている者は、生きながら死んでいる」(1 Timothy 5:6)と言っている。彼はまた、国民また王国としても「死んだ」。神によって、存在をやめるよう宣告されたからである。

영문 원문

When Ephraim spake trembling - that is, probably "there was 'trembling.'" : "Ephraim was once very awful, so as, while he spake, the rest of the tribes were ready to tremble." The prophet contrasts two conditions of Ephraim, of prosperity, and destruction. His prosperity he owed to the undeserved mercy of God, who blessed him for Joseph's sake; his destruction, to his own sin. There is no period recorded, "when Ephraim spake trembling," i. e., in humility. Pride was his characteristic, almost as soon as he had a separate existence as a tribe (see the note at Hosea 5:5). Under Joshua, it could not be called out, for Ephraim gained honor, when Joshua, one of themselves, became the captain of the Lord's people. Under the Judges, their pride appeared. Yet God tried them, by giving them their hearts' desire. They longed to be exalted, and He satisfied them, if so be they would thus serve Him. They had the chief power, and were a "terror" to Judah. "He exalted himself," (or perhaps "he was exalted,) in Israel; but when he offended in Baal he died;" literally, "and he offended in Baal and died."

He abused the goodness of God; his sin followed as a consequence of God's goodness to him. God raised him, and he offended. The alliance with a king of Tyre and Sidon, which brought in the worship of Baal, was a part of the worldly policy of the kings of Israel (1 Kings 16:31, see Introduction). "As if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, he took to wife the daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Zidonians, and went and served Baal and worshiped him." The twenty-two years of Ahab's reign established the worship. The prophets of Baal became 450; the prophets of the kindred idolatry of Ashtoreth, or Astarte, became 400; Baal had his one central temple, large and magnificent 2 Kings 10:21-22, 2 Kings 10:25, a rival of that of God. The prophet Elijah thought the apostasy almost universal; God revealed to him that He had "reserved" to Himself "seven thousand in Israel." Yet these were "all the knees which had not bowed to Baal, and every mouth which had not kissed him" 1 Kings 19:18.

And died - Death is the penalty of sin. Ephraim "died" spiritually. For sin takes away the life of grace, and separates from God, the true life of the soul, the source of all life. He "died more truly, than he who is dead and at rest." Of this death, our Lord says, "Let the dead bury their dead" Matthew 8:22; and Paul, "She who liveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth" 1 Timothy 5:6. He "died" also as a nation and kingdom, being sentenced by God to cease to be.

2

Hosea 13:2

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「彼らは今、ますます罪を犯す」――罪は罪を引き寄せる。これは罪の第三段階と思われる。第一に、ヤロブアムのもとでの子牛礼拝。次に、アハブのもとでのバアル礼拝。第三に、ほかの偶像の増殖であり(2 Kings 17:9-10 参照)、それは裕福でない民の私生活にまでも浸透し、行き渡っていった。子牛は金であったが、今や彼らは「自分たちの銀で鋳造した像」を作った。おそらく銀をかぶせたものであろう。偶像礼拝の母であるエジプトでは、木、石、青銅で造った偶像に金をかぶせるのが普通であった。こうして偶像礼拝は、いっそう習慣的となり、日常的となり、遍く行き渡るものとなった。これらの偶像は「彼ら自身の銀」で作られた。彼ら自身がその銀から偶像を「鋳造させた」のである。強欲であった彼らは(前注 2 Kings 12:7-8 参照)、「自分たちの神々」とするために「自分たちの銀」を惜しみなく注ぎ込んだ。「自分たちの悟りに従って」それを造らせたのである。彼らは偶像を増やすために工夫と発明を尽くした。これを禁じられた神の知恵と命令とを軽んじた。偶像の制作と彩色に関する規定は、神がご自身への礼拝のためにお与えになった規定と同じほど細心のものだった。偶像礼拝は、目に見える世界を神としてその働きを描き出す、独自の壮大な体系を持っていた。それは、造り主なる神への礼拝に対立するものとしてである。しかしそのすべては「彼ら自身の悟り」であった。偶像の観念は、それを造る者の心の中にあった。それは彼自身の創造物であった。彼は、自分の偶像が何を表すべきか、自分の心に思い描いたものをどのように表現すべきかを考え抜いた。自分自身のうちで論じ、退け、選び、選択を変え、定めたものに手を加えた。すべては「彼自身の悟りに従って」である。彼ら自身の悟りがそれを案出し、工匠たちの労苦がそれを完成させたのである。

「それらはみな工匠の作品である」――人がそれのためにできることは、人はすべて行った。しかし人には、偶像にいのちの息を吹き込むことはできなかった。それゆえそこには、霊もいのちも、より高い本性から流れ出る何ものも、それらの中に宿る神格もなかった。最初から最後まで、それは「すべて」人の「作品」であり、人自身の知恵がそれを断罪していたのである。造られた物は、必ずその造り主より劣る。神は人を、ご自身よりは劣るが、地とその中のすべてのものの主としてお造りになった。人は、神がお与えになった地の物から自分の偶像を造った。それゆえ偶像もまた、その造り主である「人」より劣っていた。それゆえ人は、偶像の中で、自分の心の観念を、自分の手のわざを礼拝していたのである。

「彼らは彼らについて言う」――厳密には、これらのものについて、すなわちこのようなものについて、「人々は言う、犠牲をささげる者たちは子牛に口づけせよ」と。預言者は、ヤロブアムが「エルサレムに上ることは、あなたがたには多すぎる。イスラエルよ、見よ、あなたの神々を」と言ったときの、その布告の要旨、あるいは言葉を伝えている。「犠牲をささげようとする者はだれでも、子牛に敬意を払え」。彼は子牛礼拝こそ神への唯一の礼拝にしようとしたのである。誤りは、十分に力を持つならば、それを腐らせることができないかぎり、常に真理を迫害する。偶像礼拝は、自分を断罪する神への礼拝を根絶しようと努めていた。アハブとイゼベルのもとでは、それは成功したかに見えた。エリヤは神のすぐ近くで神に訴えている。「イスラエルの子らはあなたの契約を捨て、あなたの祭壇を取りこわし、あなたの預言者たちを剣で殺しました。私だけが残っていますが、彼らは私の命を取ろうとねらっています」1 Kings 19:10, 1 Kings 19:14。口づけは東方における敬意の表現であり、手や足、膝や肩に対して行われた。それは偶像に対するものであれ(1 Kings 19:18 とここ)、神に対するものであれ(Psalm 2:12)、神的栄誉を表すしるしであった。それは、像に実際に口づけすることによって、あるいは対象に近づけないときには(月のように)、手に口づけすること Job 31:26-27 によって、いわば口づけをそれに送ることによって行われた。詩篇では、それは、神が受肉された「御子」を「聖なるシオンの山の王」とされるとき、その御子に向かって捧げられるべき礼拝の象徴として立てられているのである。

영문 원문

And now they sin more and more - Sin draws on sin. This seems to be a third stage in sin. First, under Jeroboam, was the worship of the calves. Then, under Ahab, the worship of Baal. Thirdly, the multiplying of other idols (see 2 Kings 17:9-10), penetrating and pervading the private life, even of their less wealthy people. The calves were of gold; now they "made them molten images of their silver," perhaps plated with silver. In Egypt, the mother of idolatry, it was common to gild idols, made of wood, stone, and bronze. The idolatry, then, had become more habitual, daily, universal. These idols were made of "their silver;" they themselves had had them "molten" out of it. Avaricious as they were (see the note above 2 Kings 12:7-8), they lavished "their silver," to make them their gods. "According to their own understanding," they had had them formed. They employed ingenuity and invention to multiply their idols. They despised the wisdom and commands of God who forbad it. The rules for making and coloring the idols were as minute as those, which God gave for His own worship. Idolatry had its own vast system, making the visible world its god and picturing its operations, over against the worship of God its Creator. But it was all, "their own understanding:" The conception of the idol lay in its maker's mind. It was his own creation. He devised, what his idol should represent; how it should represent what his mind imagined; he debated with himself, rejected, chose, changed his choice, modified what he had fixed upon; all "according to his own understanding." Their own understanding devised it; the labor of the craftsmen completed it.

All of it the work of the craftsmen - What man could do for it, he did. But man could not breathe into his idols the breath of life; there was then no spirit, nor life, nor any effluence from any higher nature, nor any deity residing in them. From first to last it was "all" man's "work;" and man's own wisdom was its condemnation. The thing made must be inferior to its maker. made man, inferior to Himself, but lord of the earth, and all things therein; man made his idol of the things of earth, which God gave him. It too then was inferior to "its" maker, man. He then worshiped in it, the conception of his own mind, the work of his own hands.

They say of them - Strictly, Of them, (i. e., of these things, such things, as these,) "they, say, Let the men that sacrifice kiss the calves." The prophet gives the substance or the words of Jeroboam's edict, when he said, "It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem, behold thy gods, O Israel." "Whoever would sacrifice, let him do homage to the calves." He would have calf-worship to be the only worship of God. Error, if it is strong enough, ever persecutes the truth, unless it can corrupt it. Idol-worship was striving to extirpate the worship of God, which condemned it. Under Ahab and Jezebel, it seemed to have succeeded. Elijah complains to God in His own immediate presence; "the children of Israel have forsaken Thy covenant, thrown down Thine altars, and slain Thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I, only am left, and they seek my life, to take it away 1 Kings 19:10, 1 Kings 19:14. Kissing was an act of homage in the East, done upon the hand or the foot, the knees or shoulder. It was a token of divine honor, whether to an idol (1 Kings 19:18 and here,) or to God Psalm 2:12. It was performed, either by actually kissing the image, or when the object could not be approached, (as the moon) kissing the hand Job 31:26-27, and so sending, as it were, the kiss to it. In the Psalm, it stands as a symbol of worship, to be shown toward "the" Incarnate "Son," when God should make Him "King upon His holy hill of Sion."

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Hosea 13:3

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「それゆえ、彼らは朝の雲のようになる」――神を離れた繁栄の見かけは美しいことが多いが、それは短命である。異邦人のことわざも言う、「不正な利得を得た三代目はそれを享受しない」。神を恐れない国家の最も高い繁栄は、しばしばその没落の直前である。イスラエルは、ヤロブアム二世の時代ほど栄えたことはなかった。「早朝の露」は明るく、光って輝く。一時間のうちに、最初から存在しなかったかのように消え去る。「朝の雲」は太陽に照らされて輝く。その美しさに見とれているうちに、その色合いは消えうせる。「もみがら」は麦と共に「打ち場」に一つの山として横たわっていた。その持ち主は、混ざり合ったもみがらと麦を強い風に向かって投げ上げる。瞬間的に、もみがらは「風によって打ち場から吹き払わ」れる。一粒一粒の穀粒が地面に落ちていく間、軽く、乾き、価値がなく、中身のないもみがらは、抗うことなく、目に見えない風の遊びものとして運び去られ、やがてそれ自体も見えなくなる。「煙」は、一本の、一見固そうな、十分に高い柱として上り、膨らみ、盛り上がり、消える。その形は、散らされて見えなくならんとするときも、最初に「暖炉から」出たときと同じくらい固い。「煙は高く上げられ、そのまさに持ち上げられることによって、広大な球へと膨らむ。しかしその球が大きければ大きいほど、いっそう空虚である。その固くなく、基礎がなく、ふくらませた偉大さから、煙は空中に消え去るのであり、その偉大さ自体が煙を害する。上げられれば上げられるほど、広げられ、あらゆる方面に大きく広がるほど、それだけいっそう貧しくなり、衰え、消え去るからである」。エフライムの繁栄とはそのようなものであった。永遠に消え去る、単なる見せかけであった。「もみがら」の像において、預言者は、東方の人々が選別のために用いた風の代わりに「つむじ風」を置いて、彼らがどれほどの激しさをもって自分たちの地から吹き飛ばされるかを描こうとしているのである。

この四つの象徴が共に移ろいやすいものを描いている一方で、「早朝の露」と「朝の雲」の二つは、それ自体は良いが過ぎ去るものの象徴であり、他の二つ、もみがらと煙は、価値のないものの象徴である。露と雲は、彼らから取り去られる、神の一時的な憐れみであった。「それ自体は良いが、彼らの悪のゆえに、すぐに過ぎ去る」ものである。露がその短い間に草木を潤さなかったなら、その跡形は何も残らない。焼けつく太陽に道を譲るだけである。恵みがたましいの中でそのわざを成し遂げていないなら、恵みの日々は過ぎ去ったのである。イスラエルに与えられた多くの預言者たちはそのような露であり、ホセア自身もそうであった。最も輝かしいが、すぐに過ぎ去る者として。もみがらは民自身であり、主の地から運び出されるものであった。煙は「その誇りとその誤りであり、その消失は、神の家族のために大気を純粋に保つ」ものであった。「こう書かれている。『煙が追い払われるように、あなたは彼らを追い払われる。蝋が火の前に溶けるように、悪者は神の御前で滅びうせる』Psalm 68:2 と。また箴言には、『つむじ風が過ぎ去るように』Proverbs 10:25、悪者はもはやいない。『しかし正しい者は永遠の礎である』と。彼らは体のいのちに関しては生き、栄えているが、霊的には死んでおり、いや、無に帰せしめられる。罪によって人は無になったからである。徳は人をまっすぐで安定した者とし、悪徳は空虚で安定しない者とする。それゆえイザヤは言う。『悪者は荒れた海のようだ。静まることができない』Isaiah 57:20 と。ヨブも言う。『あなたの手に不義があるなら、それを遠く離しなさい。そうすれば、あなたは堅く立つことができる』Job 11:14-15 と。

영문 원문

Therefore they shall be as the morning cloud - There is often a fair show of prosperity, out of God; but it is short-lived. "The third generation," says the pagan proverb, "never enjoys the ill-gotten gain." The highest prosperity of an ungodly state is often the next to its fall. Israel never so flourished, as under Jeroboam II. Bright and glistening with light is "the early dew;" in an hour it is gone, as if it had never been. Glowing and gilded by the sun is "the morning cloud;" while you admire its beauty, its hues have vanished. "The chaff" lay in one heap "on the floor" with the wheat. Its owner casts the mingled chaff and wheat against the strong wind; in a moment, it is "driven by the wind out of the floor." While every gram falls to the ground, the chaff, light, dry, worthless, unsubstantial, is hurried along, unresisting, the sport of the viewless wind, and itself is soon seen no more. The "smoke," one, seemingly solid, full, lofty, column, ascendeth, swelleth, welleth, vanisheth . In form, it is as solid, when about to be dispersed and seen no more, as when it first issued "out of the chimney." : "It is raised aloft, and by that very uplifting swells into a vast globe; but the larger that globe is, the emptier, for from that unsolid, unbased, inflated greatness it vanisheth in air, so that its very greatness injures it. For the more it is uplifted, extended, diffused on all sides into a larger compass, so much the poorer it becometh, and faileth, and disappeareth." Such was the prosperity of Ephraim, a mere show, to vanish forever. In the image of "the chaff," the prophet substitutes the "whirlwind" for the wind by which the Easterns used to winnow, in order to picture the violence with which they should be whirled away from their own land.

While these four emblems, in common, picture what is fleeting, two, the "early dew" and the "morning cloud," are emblems of what is in itself good, but passing ; the two others, the chaff and the smoke, are emblems of what is worthless. The dew and the cloud were temporary mercies on the part of God which should cease from them, "good in themselves, but to their evil, soon to pass away." If the dew have not, in its brief space, refreshed the vegetation, no trace of it is left. It gives way to the burning sun. If grace have not done its work in the soul, its day is gone. Such dew were the many prophets vouchsafed to Israel; such was Hosea himself, most brilliant, but soon to pass away. The chaff was the people itself, to be carried out of the Lord's land; the smoke, "its pride and its errors, whose disappearance was to leave the air pure for the household of God." : "So it is written; 'As the smoke is driven away, so shalt thou drive' them 'away; as wax melteth before the fire, so shall the ungodly perish before the presence of God' Psalm 68:2; and in Proverbs; 'As the whirlwind passeth' Proverbs 10:25, so is 'the wicked no' more; 'but the righteous is an everlasting foundation.' Who although they live and flourish, as to the life of the body; yet spiritually they die, yea, and are brought to nothing, for by sin man became a nothing. Virtue makes man upright and stable; vice, empty and unstable. Whence Isaiah says, 'the wicked are like the troubled sea, which cannot rest' Isaiah 57:20; and Job; 'If iniquity be in thy hand, put it far away; then shalt thou be steadfast.' Job 11:14-15."

4

Hosea 13:4

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「しかし(文字通りには『そして』)わたしはエジプトの地から、あなたの神、主である」――神は、エジプトから彼らを導き出されたとき以来ずっと、摂理をもって彼らを守ってこられた、同じ神のままであられた。神は、彼らを助ける同じ力と同じ御旨とを持っておられる。それゆえ彼らの義務も同じであり、彼らの滅びは、神のうちの何らかの変化からではなく、彼ら自身から生じたのである。「神は、創造と一般的摂理によって、神を恐れない者の神でもある」。

「わたしのほかに(文字通りには『そして』)あなたはほかの神を知ってはならない。わたしのほかに救い主はいないからである」――神であること、主であること、救い主であることは、譲渡できない神の特性である。それゆえ神は、イスラエルにご自身を啓示されたときから、これらの称号を繰り返しご自身のものとして主張された。彼らが復唱するよう命じられたモーセの歌において、神は言われる。「今、見よ。わたし、このわたしこそ、神である。わたしと並ぶ神はない。わたしは殺し、また生かし、傷つけ、またいやす。わたしの手から救い出せる者はいない」Deuteronomy 32:39。イザヤもこれと同じことを繰り返す。「わたしのほかに神があろうか。いや、ほかにはない。わたしは知らない」Isaiah 44:8。また、「わたしのほかに神はない。義なる神、救い主があって、ほかにはだれもいない。わたしの方を仰ぎ見て、救われよ。わたしは神であって、ほかにはいない」Isaiah 45:21, Isaiah 45:2。さらに、「わたしは主である。それがわたしの名である。わたしの栄光を他の者に与えず、わたしの賛美を彫像に与えない」Isaiah 42:8。「その神にして救い主とはキリストである。神であるのは、万物を創造されたからであり、救い主であるのは、人と成って救われたからである。それゆえキリストは、イエス、すなわち救い主と呼ばれることを望まれた」。まことに、キリストの「ほかには救い主はおらず、ほかのだれのうちにも救いはない。天の下では、私たちが救われるべき名として人々に与えられた名は、ほかにはない」Acts 4:12。「神のうちに救い主というこの性質を認めるだけでは十分ではない。それは『ほかのいかなる者』とも分有されてはならない。人の救いを決定するいかなる力であれ、それを神と結びつける者はだれでも、偶像を造り、新しい神を導入しているのである」。

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Yet - , (literally, and) I am the Lord thy God from the land of Egypt God was still the same God who had sheltered them with His providence, ever since He had delivered them from Egypt. He had the same power and will to help them. Therefore their duty was the same, and their destruction arose, not from any change in Him, but from themselves. "God is the God of the ungodly, by creation and general providence."

And thou shalt - (i. e., oughtest to) know no God but Me, for (literally, and) there is not a Saviour but me "To be God and Lord and Saviour are incommunicable properties of God. Wherefore God often claimed these titles to Himself, from the time He revealed Himself to Israel. In the song of Moses, which they were commanded to rehearse, He says, "See now that I, I am He, and there is no God with Me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal; neither is there any that can deliver out of My hand" Deuteronomy 32:39. Isaiah repeats this same, "Is there a God besides Me? yea there is no God; I know not any" Isaiah 44:8; and "There is no God else besides Me, a just God and a Saviour; there is none else. Look unto Me and be ye saved, for I am God and there is none else" Isaiah 45:21, Isaiah 45:2; and, "I am the Lord, that is My Name; and My glory will I not give to another; neither My praise to graven images" Isaiah 42:8. : "That God and Saviour is Christ; God, because He created; Saviour, because, being made Man, He saved. Whence He willed to be called Jesus, i. e., Saviour. Truly "beside" Him, "there is no Saviour; neither is there salvation in any other, for there is none other name under heaven, given among men, whereby we must be saved" Acts 4:12. "It is not enough to recognize in God this quality of a Saviour. It must not be shared with "any other." Whoso associates with God any power whatever to decide on man's salvation makes an idol, and introduces a new God."

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Hosea 13:5

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「わたしは荒野であなたを知った」――「神は、彼らに知られるに値するしかたで彼らを知られた。彼らを『知る』ことによって、神がどのように彼らに認められるべきかを示されたのである」。「私たちが神を愛するのは、神がまず私たちを愛してくださったからである」のと同じように、私たちは、まず神に所有され、知られてから、神を知り、認めるようになる。神は、彼らの必要を知り、それに備えることによって、彼らへの知識を示された。神は彼らを「荒野で、ひどい干ばつの地で」知られた。その地は食物も水も出さないところであった。神は彼らに「天からのパン」と「堅い岩からの水」とを供給された。神は摂理によって彼らすべてを知り、所有された。神は是認と愛をもって知り、神に知られたことによって神を知り、神を自分のものとした者たちを、体においてもたましいにおいても養われたのである。「すべてのものと人とを知っておられる方が、恵みによって、あのまことのイスラエル人モーセに『あなたはわたしの目に恵みを受けており、あなたは名によって知られている』Exodus 33:17 と言われるその知識をもって、私たちを知ってくださることは、些細なことではない。これはあの一人に言われたこととして読む。しかし、一人に言われることは、その時の前にも後にも、神が選ばれたすべての者に言われることである。彼らはあらかじめ知られ、あらかじめ定められているからである。神はそのすべての名をいのちの書に記された。これらの選ばれた者たちは皆、「荒野で知られている」。孤独の地で、だれも神を見たことのないこの世の荒野で、心の孤独と隠された知識の秘密において。そこでは神だけが、誘惑によって試みられるたましいを見て、それを鍛え、試し、「正しく走っている」とき、ご自身の知識に値するものと認めて、それを「知った」と言明される。このように知られた、名づけられた者たちに、神ご自身が福音の中で言われる。「天にあなたがたの名が書き記されていることを喜びなさい」Luke 10:20。

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I did know thee in the wilderness - "God so knew them, as to deserve to be known by them. By "knowing" them, He shewed how He ought to be acknowledged by them." "As we love God, because He first loved us," so we come to know and own God, having first been owned and known of Him. God showed His knowledge of them, by knowing and providing for their needs; He knew them "in the wilderness, in the land of great drought," where the land yielded neither food nor water. He supplied them with the "bread from heaven" and with "water from the flinty rock." He knew and owned them all by His providence; He knew in approbation and love, and fed in body and soul those who, having been known by Him, knew and owned Him. : "No slight thing is it, that He, who knoweth all things and men, should, by grace, know us with that knowledge according to which He says to that one true Israelite, Moses, "thou hast found grace in My sight, and I know thee by name" Exodus 33:17. This we read to have been said to that one; but what He says to one, He says to all, whom now, before or since that time, He has chosen, being foreknown and predestinate, for He wrote the names of all in the book of life. All these elect are "known in the wilderness," in the land of loneliness, in the wilderness of this world, where no one ever saw God, in the solitude of the heart and the secret of hidden knowledge, where God alone, beholding the soul tried by temptations, exercises and proves it, and accounting it, when "running lawfully," worthy of His knowledge, professes that He "knew it." To those so known, or named, He Himself saith in the Gospel, "rejoice, because your names are written in heaven" Luke 10:20.

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Hosea 13:6

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「彼らの牧草地のゆえに、彼らは満ち足りた」――「預言者は、『彼らは自分たちの牧草地に従って満ちた』と言うことによって、彼らの『満たされ方』が良きものでも誉められるものでもないことを含意している。では、この『彼らの牧草地』とは何か。どのようなものか。彼らが切に望み、そのために不平を言い、神について悪く語ったものである。例えば、『だれが肉を食べさせてくれるだろうか。エジプトで自由に食べていた肉を思い出す。私たちのたましいは枯れ果てる。私たちの目には、このマナのほかに何も見えないのだから』Numbers 11:4-6 と言ったときのものである。彼らがそのようなものをそのように望み、望んだ結果、飽きるまでそれで満たされたのであれば、それらが『彼らの牧草地』と呼ばれるのは当然である。彼らは、神ご自身のためにではなく、それらのために神を尋ね求めたからである。神ご自身のために神に従う者たちにとっては、この種のものは『彼らの』牧草地とは呼ばれない。神の言葉こそが彼らの牧草地である。『人はパンだけで生きるのではなく、神の口から出るすべての言葉によって生きる』Deuteronomy 8:3 のとおりに」。

「自分たちの牧草地に従って」というこの言葉は、強い非難を伝えている。あたかも預言者が、「彼らは食べ、飲むことにおいて、エジプトの地から出たことと、しばらくの間神の律法を受けたことの報いのすべてを受け取った」と言っているかのようである。このような「牧草地」のために神に従うことは罪である。福音書でこのような者たちを責めて、イエスは言われる。「まことに、まことに、あなたがたに告げます。あなたがたがわたしを探しているのは、しるしを見たからではなく、パンを食べて満腹したからです。滅びる食物のために働くのではなく、永遠のいのちに至る食物のために働きなさい」John 6:26-27。同様に、祝している聖礼典への愛のためではなく、ただ「祭壇によって生きる」ためだけにキリストの祭壇に仕える者はすべて、自分が責められていると考えるがよい。この満腹は、詩篇記者が「主は彼らの望むものを与え、その骨にやせ衰えを送られた」Psalm 106:15 と言う満腹に似ている。そのような腹の満ち足りは霊の高ぶりを生み、そのような飽満は神を忘れさせるからである。

繁栄を耐え忍ぶことは、逆境を耐え忍ぶことよりも難しい。荒れ狂う荒野においてある程度の務めにとどまっていた彼らが、神が与えてくださった良い地で、神を完全に忘れたのである。そこから次が続く。

「彼らは満ちて、心が高ぶり、それゆえ、私を忘れた」――すべてを神から受けていることを認めなかったので、彼らは高慢にふくれ上がり、神の賜物において、またその賜物のゆえに、神を忘れた。これが彼らの罪の加重点であり、ホセアは繰り返しこれによって彼らを責める Hosea 2:5; Hosea 4:7; Hosea 10:1。彼らは(今日のキリスト者がするように)神の賜物を、神ご自身に逆らうために濫用し、神が彼らに良くしてくださるほど、より多くの悪を行った。神はこの危険をあらかじめ彼らに警告しておられた。「あなたが食べて満ち足りるとき、あなたをエジプトの地、奴隷の家から導き出された主を忘れないように、慎みなさい」(Deuteronomy 6:11-12、さらに Deuteronomy 8:11 以下)。神はモーセの歌によってこれを彼らに描かれた。「エシュルンは肥えて、蹴った。あなたは肥え、太り、脂肪で覆われた。そして彼は自分を造った神を捨てた。あなたは自分を形造った神を忘れた」Deuteronomy 32:15, Deuteronomy 32:18。

彼らは(今日の大多数のキリスト者が何らかの仕方でするように)、神が彼らの悪行について予告されたこと、あるいは警告されたことを、あたかも神が命じられたかのように行動した。「先祖たちがしたように、あなたがたの先祖と同じことを彼らも行った」Acts 7:51。「彼らは、主がイスラエルの子らの前から追い払われた異邦人の規定と、彼らが立てたイスラエルの王たちの規定とに従って歩んだ。彼らは主を怒らせる悪事を行った。主はすべての預言者とすべての先見者とによってイスラエルとユダとに証言し、『あなたがたの悪の道から立ち返りなさい』と言われた。しかし彼らは聞かず、主なる自分たちの神を信じなかった先祖たちと同じく、首を固くした」2 Kings 17:8, 2 Kings 17:11, 2 Kings 17:13-14。「この言葉はまた、神が霊的・一時的な善をもって満たされた、あの富める感謝しない者たちにも真実である。しかし彼らは、『誉れのうちにありながら悟りがない』者として、神の賜物を濫用し、受けた恵みに値しない者となり、心が高められ、高慢にふくれ上がり、他人をさげすみ、『受けなかったかのように誇り』、神の戒めに従わない。このような者たちについて、主はイザヤ書で言われる。『わたしは子どもたちを育て、大きくした。しかし彼らはわたしにそむいた』」。

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According to their pasture, so were they filled - o: "He implies that their way of being 'filled' was neither good nor praiseworthy, in that he says, 'they were filled according to their pastures.' What or of what kind were these "their pastures?" What they longed for, what they murmured for, and spoke evil of God. For instance, when they said, 'who wil give us flesh to eat? We remember the flesh which we did eat in Egypt freely. Our soul is dried up, because our eyes see nothing but this manna' Numbers 11:4-6. Since they desired such things in such wise, and, desiring, were filled with them to loathing, well are they called 'their pastures.' For they sought God, not for Himself, but for them. They who follow God for Himself, things of this sort are not called 'their' pastures, but the word of God is their pasture, according to that, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word, which proceedeth out of the mouth of God' Deuteronomy 8:3.

These words, 'according to their pastures,' convey strong blame. It is as if he said, 'in their eating and drinking, they received their whole reward for leaving the land of Egypt and receiving for a time the law of God.' It is sin, to follow God for such 'pastures.' Blaming such in the Gospel, Jesus saith, 'Verily, verily, I say unto you, ye seek Me, not because ye saw the miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves and were filled. Labor not for the meat which perisheth, but for that which endureth unto everlasting life' John 6:26-27. In like way, let all think themselves blamed, who attend the altar of Christ, not for the love of the sacraments which they celebrate, but only to 'live of the altar.' This fullness is like that of which the Psalmist says, 'The Lord gave them their desire and sent leanness withal into their bones' Psalm 106:15. For such fullness of the belly generates elation of spirit; such satiety produces forgetfulness of God." It is more difficult to bear prosperity than adversity. They who, in the waste howling wilderness, had been retained in a certain degree of duty, forgat God altogether in the good land which he had given them. Whence it follows;

They were filled, and their heart was exalted; therefore have they forgotten Me - For they owned not that they had all from Him, therefore they were puffed up with pride, and forgot Him in and by reason of His gifts. This was the aggravation of their sin, with which Hosea often reproaches them Hosea 2:5; Hosea 4:7; Hosea 10:1. They abused God's gifts, (as Christians do now) against Himself, and did the more evil, the more good God was to them. God had forewarned them of this peril, "When thou shalt have eaten and be full, beware lest thou forget the Lord which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage" (Deuteronomy 6:11-12; add Deuteronomy 8:11, ...). He pictured it to them with the song of Moses; "Jeshurun waxed fat and kicked; thou art waxen fat; thou art grown thick; thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him; thou hast forgotten God that formed thee" Deuteronomy 32:15, Deuteronomy 32:18.

They acted (as in one way or other do most Christians now,) as though God had commanded what he foretold of their evil deeds, or what he warned them against. "As their fathers did, so did they" Acts 7:51. "They walked in the statutes of the pagan, whom the Lord cast out from before the children of Israel, and of the kings of Israel which they made. They did wicked things to provoke the Lord to anger. And the Lord testified against Israel and against Judah by all the prophets and by all the seers, saying, turn ye from your evil ways. And they hearkened not, and hardened their necks, like to the neck of their fathers, that did not believe in the Lord their God" 2 Kings 17:8, 2 Kings 17:11, 2 Kings 17:13-14. : "The words are true also of those rich and ungrateful, whom God hath filled with spiritual or temporal goods. But they, 'being in honor, and having no understanding,' abuse the gifts of God, and, becoming unworthy of the benefits which they have received, have their hearts uplifted and swollen with pride, despising others, 'glorying as though they had not received,' and not obeying the commands of God. Of such the Lord saith in Isaiah, 'I have nourished and brought up children and they have rebelled against Me. '"

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Hosea 13:7

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「わたしは彼らにとって獅子のようになる」――彼らは肥え、満ち足りていた。しかしそれは、彼ら自身が獲物となるためであった。彼らが誇り、濫用していた富が、敵を引き寄せたのである。神の憐れみへのすべての望みを断ち切るために、神は、決して容赦しないご自身の被造物たちのように、彼らになると言われる。獅子の猛々しさと豹の速さとが、共に、速やかで容赦のない懲らしめを描き出している。しかし、何という対比であろうか!荒野で父のようにイスラエルを負い、鷲の翼の上に彼らを負い、人間の綱で、愛の帯で彼らを引かれた方。憐れみと愛の神、彼らの父、保護者、擁護者、復讐者であられるその方こそ、彼らを滅ぼす者となられるのである。

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I will be unto them as a lion - They had waxen fat, were full; yet it was, to become themselves a prey. Their wealth which they were proud of, which they abused, allured their enemies. To cut off all hopes of God's mercy, He says that he will be to them, as those creatures of His, which never spare. The fierceness of the lion, and the swiftness of the leopard, together portray a speedy inexorable chastisement. But what a contrast I He who bare Israel in the wilderness like a Father, who bare them on eagle's wings, who drew them with the cords of a man, with bands of love, He, the God of mercy and of love, their Father, Protector, Defender, Avenger, He it is who will be their destroyer.

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Hosea 13:8

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「子を奪われた熊のよう」――シリヤの熊は、私たちの慣れ親しんだ褐色熊よりも凶暴である。羊の群れを 1 Samuel 17:34、雄牛さえも襲う。子を奪われた雌熊の凶暴性は、ことわざとなった(2 Samuel 17:8; Proverbs 17:12、そしてここ)。「野獣の性質について書いた者たちは、子を失ったか、食物を欠くときの雌熊ほど残忍なものはないと言っている」。雌熊は、最も心を打つ愛と凶暴さとを驚くほど融合させている。命を顧みずに傷ついた子を優しく守り、連れ出す。そして、子を滅ぼす者に猛然と立ち向かう。子への愛が、傷つけた者への激怒となるのである。それならなおさら、神のむすこむすめたちを滅ぼし、罪と体とたましいの滅びへと導き、誘う者たちを、神がどれほど復讐されることであろうか。

「彼らの心の膜を引き裂く」――(心を)包んでいるもの、すなわち心膜のことである。彼らは神に向かって心を閉ざしていた。彼らの刑罰は、閉ざされた心が引き裂かれて開かれることによって描かれる。獅子は本能的にまっすぐ心臓へ向かい、それを引き抜き、血を吸うと言われる。裁きの日には恐るべきことがあろう。罪人の心が、神の御心に逆らって宿し、隠してきた、あらゆる汚れた、残酷な、悪意に満ちた、穢れた思いと共に、開き示されるとき。「生ける神の手の中に落ちることは、恐ろしいことである」Hebrews 10:31。

「そこで私は彼らを食い尽くす」――「そこで」、すなわち彼らが罪を犯したその場所で、彼らは罰せられる。「野獣が彼らを引き裂く」。神がなさることは、その大半が道具を通してなされる。そして神の道具たちのすることは、彼ら自身の盲目の意志あるいは食欲を通して、神の御旨を果たしているのである。ここまで神は、いわばご自身の優しさをすべて脇に置きつつ、ご自身が彼らを罰する者であるかのように語ってこられた。今や、罰しておられるのがなおも愛の神であるという思いが彼らに望みを与えないように、神は言われる。「野獣が彼らを食い尽くす」。いわば、ご自身の手から滅ぼす者へと、彼らを引き渡されるのである。

영문 원문

As a bear bereaved of her whelps - The Syrian bear is fiercer than the brown bears to which we are accustomed. It attacks flocks 1 Samuel 17:34, and even oxen . The fierceness of the she-bear, "bereaved of her whelps," became a proverb (2 Samuel 17:8; Proverbs 17:12; and here). : "They who have written on the nature of wild beasts, say that none is more savage than the she-bear, when she has lost her whelps or lacks food." It blends wonderfully most touching love and fierceness. It tenderly protects its wounded whelps, reckless of its life, so that it may bring them off, and it turns fiercely on their destroyer. Its love for them becomes fury against their injurer. Much more shall God avenge those who destroy His sons and daughters, leading and enticing them into sin and destruction of body and soul.

Rend the caul of - (what encloses) their heart that is, the pericardium. They had closed their hearts against God. Their punishment is pictured by the rending open of the closed heart, by the lion which is said to go instinctively straight to the heart, tears it out, and sucks the blood . Fearful will it be in the Day of Judgment, when the sinner's heart is laid open, with all the foul, cruel, malicious, defiled, thoughts which it harbored and concealed, against the will of God. "It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God" Hebrews 10:31.

And there will I devour them - "There," where they sinned, shall they be punished. "The wild beast shall tear them." What God does, He does mostly through instruments, and what His instruments do, they do fulfilling His will through their own blind will or appetite. Hitherto, He had spoken, as being Himself their punisher, although laying aside, as it were, all His tenderness; now, lest the thought, that still it was He, the God of love who punished, should give them hope, He says, "the wild beast shall devour them." He gives them up, as it were, out of His own hands to the destroyer.

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Hosea 13:9

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「イスラエルよ。あなたを滅ぼしたのはあなたである。しかし、あなたの助けはただわたしにある」――これは、多くの意味の色合いを持ち得る、ホセアの簡潔な言葉の一つである。五つの語を一つずつに分けると、文字通りには「イスラエル、あなたの滅び、というのも、あるいは、わたしにおいて、あるいはわたしに逆って、あなたの助けにおいて、あるいはあなたの助けに逆って」となる。いずれにせよ何かが補われなければならない。最も単純なのは、「イスラエルよ、あなたの滅びとは、あなたが『わたしに』、『あなたの助けである方に』逆らってきたことである」ということのようである。しかし、どのように言葉が補われようと、全体の意味は同じである。神お一人だけが私たちの助けであり、私たち自身が自分の滅びの源である。しかも、神から自分を切り離すこと、私たちの助けであられる方に逆らうことにおいてそうである。神だけが助けであり得たのであり、私たちが立ち返るなら、神が助けとなられる。意味の要約はこうである。私たちの滅びはすべて自分から、私たちの救いはすべて神から。

「滅び、見捨て、かたくなさ、断罪は、本来それ自体としては、滅びに定め、見捨て、かたくなにし、断罪する神からではなく、罪を犯し、生涯の終わりまで罪のかたくなさのうちに自分を硬くする人から来る。逆に、予定、召し、恵みは、予定された者の予見された功績からではなく、予定し、召し、恵みによって予定された者に先んじて来られる神から来る。それゆえ、彼らが予定される理由や根拠は予定された者のうちにはないが、予定されない者たちのうちには、彼らが予定されない理由や根拠がある」。

「それゆえ、この『イスラエルよ、あなたを滅ぼしたのはあなたである。しかしわたしにあなたの助けがある』という言葉は、次のように展開され得る。 イスラエルよ、あなたの捕囚はあなたから。あなたの贖いはわたしから。 あなたの滅びはあなたから。あなたの救いはわたしから。 あなたの死はあなたから。あなたのいのちはわたしから。 あなたの悪はあなたから。あなたの善はわたしから。 あなたの見捨てられはあなたから。あなたの予定は、いつもあなたの心の戸口に立ち、憐れみをもって叩くわたしから。 あなたの見放されはあなたから。あなたの召しはわたしから。 あなたの惨めさはあなたから。あなたの至福はわたしから。 あなたの断罪はあなたから。あなたの救いと至福化はわたしから」。

なぜなら、「神が人のうちに行われる多くの良いことは人が行うのではないが、人が行うことのうち、神が人に行う力を与えられないものは一つもない」からである。「恵みの欠如の第一原因は私たちから。しかし、恵みの賜物の第一原因は神からである」。「神が、さばきの父、復讐の父ではなく、『憐れみの父』と呼ばれるのは正しい。その憐れみの原因と起源は神ご自身からであり、さばき、あるいは復讐の原因は私たちからであるからである」。

「これを、悟性だけでなく心をもって理解するたましいは幸いである。神の前で私たちを滅ぼすことができるのは、罪という、ただ一つのまことの悪だけである。そしてその罪は全く私たちから来る。神はその中に何の分も持ち得ない。しかし、私たちを罪から引き離し、あるいは罪に陥るのを妨げるすべての助けは、私たちの救いの唯一の源である神お一人から来る。それゆえたましいは、その苦しみにおいても良いものにおいても、常に神をほめたたえなければならない。苦しみにおいては、自分自身だけがその苦難の原因であることを告白することによって。良いものにおいては、全く値しないときに神が恵みをもって先んじ、その全能の善をもって毎瞬それを保っておられることを認めることによって」。

「それゆえ、敵のどんな力もあなたに害を及ぼすことはできなかった。あなたの罪によって、あなたが滅びのために神の怒りを自分の上に呼び起こさない限りは。それを敵ではなく、自分に帰せよ。その罪によって神の復讐を自分の上に引き寄せる、それぞれの罪的なまち、罪的なたましいもまた、そう言うがよい」。

この、神お一人のうちにだけ助けがあるという真理を、神は続く言葉によって確認される。

영문 원문

O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself, but in Me is thy help - This is one of the concise sayings of Hosea, which is capable of many shades of meaning. The five words, one by one, are literally, "Israel, thy destruction, for" or "that, in" or "against Me, in" or "against thy help." Something must be supplied any way; the simplest seems; "O Israel, thy destruction" is, "that" thou hast been, hast rebelled "against Me, against thy help" . Yet, in whatever way the words are filled up, the general sense is the same, that God alone is our help, we are the sources of our own destruction; and "that," in separating ourselves from God, or rebelling against Him who is our help until we depart from Him, who alone could be, and who if we return, will be, our help. The sum of the meaning is, all our destruction is from ourselves; all our salvation is from God. : "Perdition, reprobation, obduration, damnation, are not, properly and in themselves, from God, dooming to perdition, reprobating, obdurating, damning, but from man sinning, and obduring or hardening himself in sin to the end of life. Contrariwise, predestination, calling, grace, are not from the foreseen merits of the predestinate, but from God, predestinating, calling, and, by His grace, forecoming the predestinate. Wherefore although the cause or ground, why they are predestinated, does not lie in the predestinate, yet in the not-predestinated does lie the ground or cause why they are not predestinated."

"This saying then, 'O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself, but in Me is thy help,' may be thus unfolded;

Thy captivity, Israel, is from thee; thy redemption from Me.

Thy perishing is from thee; thy salvation from Me.

Thy death from thee; thy life from Me.

Thy evil from thee; thy good from Me.

Thy reprobation from thee; thy predestination from Me, who ever stand at the door of thy heart and in mercy knock.

Thy dereliction from thee; thy calling from Me.

Thy misery from thee; thy bliss from Me.

Thy damnation from thee, thy salvation and beatifying from Me."

For " many good things doeth God in man, which man doeth not, but none doeth man, which God endueth not man to do." : "The first cause of the defect of grace is from us; but the first cause of the gift of grace is from God." : "Rightly is God called, not the Father of judgments or of vengence, but the "Father of mercies," because from Himself is the cause and origin of His mercy, from us the cause of His judging or avenging."

"Blessed the soul which comprehendeth this, not with the understanding only, but with the heart. Nothing can destroy us before God, but sin, the only real evil; and sin is wholly from us, God can have no part in it. But every aid to withdraw us from sin, or to hinder us from falling into it, comes from God alone, the sole Source of our salvation. The soul then must ever bless God, in its ills and its good; in its ills, by confessing that itself is the only cause of its suffering; in its good, owning that, when altogether unworthy of it, God prevented it by His grace, and preserves it each instant by His Almighty goodness."

: "No power, then, of the enemy could harm thee, unless, by thy sins, thou calledst forth the anger of God against thee to thy destruction. Ascribe it to thyself, not to the enemy. So let each sinful city or sinful soul say, which by its guilt draws on it the vengeance of God."

This truth, that in Him alone is help, He confirms by what follows:

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:10

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I will be thy King - (literally, "I would be" thy King) Where is any other that, etc. A better translation would be: "Where now is thy king, that he may save thee in all thy cities; and thy judges, of whom thou saidst, give me a king and princes."

As Israel was under Samuel, such it remained. "Then" it mistrusted God, and looked to man for help, saying, "Nay, but we will have a king over us, that we also may be like other nations, and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles" 1 Samuel 8:19. In choosing man they rejected God. The like they did, when they chose Jeroboam. In order to rid themselves of the temporary pressure of Rehoboam's taxes, they demanded anew "king and princes." First they rejected God as their king; then they rejected the king whom God appointed, and Him in His appointment. "In all thy cities." It was then to be one universal need of help. They had chosen a king "to fight their battles," and had rejected God. Now was the test, whether their choice had been good or evil. One cry for help went up from "all their cities." God would have heard it; could man?

: "This question is like that other, 'Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted, which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drink the wine of their drink offerings?' Deuteronomy 32:37-39. As there, when no answer could be made, He adds, 'See now that I, I am He, and that there is no god with Me,' so here He subjoins;"

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:11

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I gave thee a king in Mine anger - o: "God, when He is asked for ought amiss, sheweth displeasure, when He giveth, hath mercy, when He giveth not." "The devil was heard," (in asking to enter into the swine) "the Apostle was not heard," (when he prayed that the messenger of Satan might depart from him) , "God heard him whom He purposed to condemn; and He heard not him whom He willed to heal." : "God, when propitious, denieth what we love, when we love amiss; when wroth, He giveth to the lover, what he loveth amiss. The Apostle saith plainly, "God gave them over to their own hearts' desire." He gave them then what they loved, but, in giving, condemned them." God did appoint Jeroboam, although not in the way in which Israel took him. Jeroboam and Israel took, as from themselves, what God appointed; and, so taking it, marred God's gift.

Taking it to themselves from themselves, they maintained it for themselves by human policy and sin. As was the beginning, such was the whole course of their kings. The beginning was rebellion; murder, intestine commotion, anarchy, was the oft-repeated issue. God was against them and their kings; but he let them have their way. In His displeasure with them He allowed them their choice; in displeasure with their evil kings He took them away. Some He smote in their own persons, some in their posterity. So often as He gave them, so often He removed them, until, in Hoshea, He took them away forever. This too explains, how what God "gave in anger," could be "taken away" also "in anger." The civil authority was not a thing wrong in itself, the ceasing whereof must be a mercy. Israel was in a worse condition through its separate monarchy; but, apart from the calf-worship, it was not sin. The changing of one king for another did not mend it.

Individual kings were taken away in anger against themselves; their removal brought fresh misery and bloodshed. Nations and Churches and individuals may put themselves in an evil position, and God may have allowed it in His anger, and yet, it may be their wisdom and humility to remain in it, until God change it, lest He should "take" it away, not in forgiveness, but in "anger." : "David they neither asked for, nor did the Lord give him in His anger; but the Lord first chose him in mercy, gave him in grace, in His supreme good-pleasure He strengthened and preserved him." : "Let no one who suffereth from a wicked ruler, accuse "him" from whom he suffereth, for it was from his own ill deserts, that he became subject to such a ruler. Let him accuse then his own deeds, rather than the injustice of the ruler, for it is written, "I gave thee a king in Mine anger." Why then disdain to have as rulers, those whose rule we receive from the anger of God?" : "When a reprobate people is allowed to have a reprobate pastor, that pastor is given, neither for his own sake, nor for that of the people; inasmuch as he so governeth, and they so obey, that neither the teacher nor the taught are found meet to attain to eternal bliss. Of whom the Lord saith by Hosea, "I gave thee a king in Mine anger." For in the anger of God is a king given, when the bad have a worse appointed as their ruler. Such a pastor is then given, when he undertakes the rule of such a people, both being condemned alike to everlasting punishment."

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:12

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The iniquity of Ephraim is bound up - (As in a bag or purse, and so, "treasured up"), as Job saith, using the same word, "My transgression is sealed up in a bag, and Thou sewest up mine iniquity." Job 14:17. "His sin" is "hid" i. e., as people lay up hidden treasure, to be brought out in its season. What Job feared for himself; was to be the portion of Ephraim. All his sins should be counted, laid by, heaped up. No one of them should escape His eye who sees all things as they pass, and with whom, when past, they are present still. One by one, sins enter into the treasure-house of wrath; silently they are stored up, until the measure is full; to be brought out and unfolded in the Great Day. Ephraim thought, as do all sinners, that because God does not punish at once, He never will. They think, either that God will bear with them always, because He bears with them so long; or that He does not see, does not regard it, is not so precise about His laws being broken. "Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil" Ecclesiastes 8:11.

But God had forewarned them; "Is not this laid up in store with Me, and sealed up among My treasures? To Me belongeth vengeance and recompense; their foot shall slide in due time" Deuteronomy 32:34, Deuteronomy 32:5; and, "These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; and thou thoughtest wickedly that I was altogether such an one as thyself; I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes" Psalm 50:21. Unrepented sin is an evergrowing store of the wrath of God, hid out of sight in the depths of the divine judgments, but of which nothing will be lost, nothing missing. Man treasures it up, lays it up in store for himself, as the Apostle saith; "Despisest thou the riches of His goodness and forbearance and long-suffering, not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance; but after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God, who will render to every man according to his deeds?" Romans 2:4-6. : "'Sin is hidden,' when it is laid open by no voice of confession; yea, when it is covered with a shield of proud self-defense. Then iniquity is bound up, so that it cannot be loosed or forgiven. Contrariwise a holy man saith, "I acknowledged my sin unto Thee, and my iniquity have I not hid. I said, I will confess my transgressions unto the Lord; and Thou forgavest the iniquity of my sin" Psalm 32:5.

But these hide their sin in the sight of people, and since they cannot hide it in the sight of God, they defend it with impenitent hearts, but "the pangs of a travailing woman," he saith, "shall come upon him." For as a woman can conceal her conception for a time, but, at last, the travail-pangs betraying her, she discloses what was concealed, so these can dissemble and conceal for a time their sin, but in their time all the hidden things of their hearts shall, with anguish, be revealed, according to that, 'There is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed, and hid, that shall not be known.' Matthew 10:26."

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:13

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The sorrows of a travailing woman are come upon him - The travail-pangs are violent, sudden, irresistible. A moment before they come, all is seemingly perfect health; they come, increase in vehemence, and, if they accomplish not that for which they are sent, end in death, both to the mother and the child. Such are God's chastisements. If they end not in the repentance of the sinner, they continue on in his destruction. But never is man more secure, than just before the last and final throe comes upon him. "The false security of Israel, when Samaria was on the point of falling into the hands of its enemies, was a picture of that of the synagogue, when greater evils were coming upon it. Never did the Jews less think that the axe was laid to the root of the trees." This blind presumption is ever found in a people whom God casts off. At the end of the world, amid the awful signs, the fore-runners of the Day of Judgment, people will be able to reassure themselves, and say, "Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them as travail upon a woman with child, and they shall not escape" 1 Thessalonians 5:3.

The prophet first compares Israel to the mother, in regard to the sufferings which are a picture of the sudden overwhelming visitations of God; then to the child, on whose staying or not staying in the womb, the welfare of both depends.

He is an unwise son, for he should not stay long - Senseless would be the child, which, if it had the power, lingered, hesitated, whether to come forth or no. While it lingers, at one time all but coming forth, then returning, the mother's strength is wasted, and both perish. Wonderful picture of the vacillating sinner, acted upon by the grace of God, but resisting it; at one time all but ready to pour out before his God the hidden burden which oppresses him, at the next, withholding it; impelled by his sufferings, yet presenting a passive resistance; almost constrained at times by some mightier pang, yet still with-held; until, at the last, the impulses become weaker, the pangs less felt, and he perishes with his unrepented sin.

: "He had said, that the unwise cannot bring forth, that the wise can. He had mentioned 'children,' i. e., such as are not still-born; who come forth perfect into the world. These, God saith, shall by His help be redeemed from everlasting destruction, and, at the same time, having predicted the destruction of that nation, He gives the deepest comfort to those who will to retain firm faith in Him, not allowing them to be utterly cast down."

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:14

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I will ransom them from the power of the grave - Literally, "from the hand," i. e., the "grasp of the grave," or "of hell." God, by His prophets, mingles promises of mercy in the midst of His threats of punishment. His mercy overflows the bounds of the occasion upon which He makes it known. He had sentenced Ephraim to temporal destruction. This was unchangeable. He points to that which turns all temporal less into gain, their eternal redemption. The words are the fullest which could have been chosen. The word rendered "ransom," signifies, rescued them by the payment of a price, the word rendered "redeem," relates to one, who, as the nearest of kin, had the right to acquire anything as his own, by paying that price. Both words, in their exactest sense, describe what Jesus did, buying us "with a price," a full and dear price, "not of corruptible things, as of silver and gold, but with His precious blood" 1 Peter 1:18-19; and that, becoming our near kinsman, by His Incarnation, "for which cause He is not ashamed to call us brethren Hebrews 2:11, and "little children" John 13:33.

This was never done by God at any other time, than when, out of love for our lost world, "He gave His Only Begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish but have everlasting life" John 3:16; and He "came to give His life a ransom for many" (Matthew 20:28, add 1 Timothy 2:6). Then only was man really delivered from the "grasp" of the "grave;" so that "the first death" should only be a freedom from corruption, an earnest, and, to fallen man, a necessary condition of immortality; man "the second death" should "have no power over" them Revelation 20:6. : Thenceforward "death, the parent of sorrow, ministers to joy; death, our dishonor, is employed to our glory; the "gate of hell" is the portal to the kingdom of heaven; the "pit of destruction" is the entrance to salvation; and that to man, a sinner." At no other time , "were men freed from death and the grave, so as to make any distinction between them and others subject to mortality." The words refuse to be tied down to a temporal deliverance. A little longer continuance in Canaan is not a redemption from the power of the grave; nor was Ephraim so delivered. Words of God , "cannot mean so little, while they express so much." Then and then alone were they, in their literal meaning, fulfilled when God the Son "took" our flesh, "that, through death, He might destroy him that had the power of death, that is the devil; and deliver them who, through fear of death, were all their lifetime subject to bondage" Hebrews 2:14-15.

The Jews have a tradition wrapped up in their way, that this was to be accomplished in Christ. : "I went with the angel Kippod, and Messiah son of David went with me, until I came to the gates of hell. When the prisoners of hell saw the light of the Messiah, they wished to receive him, saying, this is he who will bring us out of this darkness, as it is written, 'I will redeem them from the hand of hell. '"

: "Not without reason is the vouchsafed mercy thus once and again outspoken to us, "I will ranson them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death." It is said in regard to that twofold death whereby we all died in Adam, of the body and of the soul." "O death, I will be thy plagues; O grave, I will be thy destruction." So full is God's word, that the sense remains the same, amid much difference of rendering. Christ was the death of death, when He became subject to it; the destruction of the grave when He lay in the tomb. Yet to render it in the form of a question is most agreeable to the language. "O death, where are thy plagues? O grave, where is thy destruction?" It is a burst of triumph at the promised redemption, then fulfilled to us in earnest and in hope, when "Christ," being "risen from the dead, became the First-fruits of them that slept" 1 Corinthians 15:20, and we rose in Him. But the Apostle teaches us, that then it shall be altogether fulfilled, when, at the Last Day, "this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality" 1 Corinthians 15:54. "Then shall death and hell deliver up the dead which shall be in them, and themselves be cast into the lake of fire" Revelation 20:13-14. "Then shall there be no sting of death; sorrow and sighing shall flee away; fear and anxiety shall depart; tears shall be no more, and in place thereof shall be boundless pleasure, everlasting joy, praise of the glory of God in most sweet harmony." But now too, through death, the good man "ceases to die, and begins to live;" he "dies wholly to the world, that he may live perfectly with God; the soul returns to the Author of its being, and is hidden in the hidden presence of God" .

Death and hell had no power to resist, and God says that He will not alter His sentence; "Repentance shall be hid from Mine eyes;" as the Apostle says, "the gifts and calling of God are with out repentance" Romans 11:29.

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:15

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Though - (literally, "when") he (shall) be fruitful among his brethren Fruitfulness was God's promise to Ephraim, and was expressed in his name. It was fulfilled, abused, and, in the height of its fulfillment, was taken away. Ephraim is pictured as a fair and fruitful tree. An "East wind," so desolating in the East, and that, no chance wind, but "the wind of the Lord," a wind, sent by God and endued by God with the power to destroy, "shall come up from the wilderness," parching, scorching, fiery, from the burning sands of "Arabia the desert," from which it came, "and shall dry up the fountain" of his being. Deep were the roots of this fair and flourishing tree, great its vigor, ample and perpetual the fountain of its waters, over which it grew and by which it was sustained. He calls it "'his' spring, 'his' fountain," as though this source of its life were made over to it, and made its own. It "was planted by the water side;" but it was not of God's planting. "The East wind from the Lord" should dry up the deepest well-spring of its waters, and the tree should wither. Such are ungodly greatness and prosperity. While they are fairest in show, their life-fountains are drying up.

He shall spoil the treasure of all pleasant vessels - He, emphatically, the enemy whom the prophet had ever in his mind, as the instrument of God's chastisement on His people, and who was represented by the East wind; the Assyrian, who came from the East, to whom, as to the East Wind, the whole country between lay open, for the whirlwinds of his armies to sweep over in one straight course from the seat of his dominion.

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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문

Hosea 13:16

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Samaria shall become desolate - Or "shall bear her iniquity." Her iniquity should now find her out, and rest upon her. Of this, "desolation" was, in God's judgments, the consequence. Samaria, "the nursery of idolatry and rebellion against God," the chief in pride should be chief in punishment. "For she hath rebelled against her God." It aggravated her sin, that He "against" whom "she rebelled," was "her" own "God." He who had chosen her to be His, and made Himself her God; who had showed Himself "her" God in the abundance of His loving-kindness, from the deliverance out of Egypt to that day. This her desolation, it is again said, should be Complete. Hope remains, if the people of a generation are cut off; yet not only should these fall by the sword; those already born were to be dashed in pieces; those as yet unborn were to be sought out for destruction, even in their mother's womb. Such atrocities were common then. Elisha foretold to Hazael that he would perpetrate both cruelties 2 Kings 8:12, Shalmaneser clashed the young children in pieces 2 Kings 10:14, as did the conqueror of NoAmmon Nahum 3:10, and the Babylonians Psalm 137:9 afterward. The children of Ammon ripped up the women with child in Gilead Amos 1:13, and the usurper Menahem in Tiphsah and its coasts 2 Kings 15:16. Isaiah prophesies that Babylon should undergo, in its turn, the same as to its children Isaiah 13:16, and the Psalmist pronounces God's blessing on its destroyer who should so requite him Psalm 137:9.

Such was to be the end of the pride, the ambition, the able policy, the wars, the oppressions, the luxury, the self-enjoyment, and, in all, the rebellion of Samaria against "her" God. She has stood the more in opposition to God, the nearer she might have been to Him, and "bare her iniquity." As a city of God's people, it was never restored. The spot, in its pagan colonists, with which Assyrian policy repopulated it 2 Kings 17:24, was still the abode of a mingled religion. Corruption clung, by inheritance, to its site. This too was destroyed by John Hyrcanus. "He effaced thee marks that it had ever been a city" . It was rebuilt by the Romans, after Pompey had taken Jerusalem . Herod reenclosed a circuit of two miles and a half of the ancient site, fortified it strongly, as a check on the Jews; repopulated it, partly with some who had served in his wars, partly with the people around; gave them lands, revived their idolatry by replacing their poor temple by one remarkable for size and beauty, in an area of a furlong and a half; and called the place Sebaste in honor of his pagan patron, Augustus .

A coin of Nero, struck there, bears the figure (it is thought) of its old idol, Ashtaroth . Jerome says, that John the Baptist was buried there . The pagan, who were encouraged in such desecrations by Julian the Apostate , opened the tomb, burned the bones, and scattered the dust . The city became a Christian See, and its Bishops were present at the four first General Councils . It is now but a poor village, connected with the strongly-fortified town of Herod by its pagan name Sebastieh, a long avenue of broken pillars, and the tomb of the great Forerunner . Of the ancient capital of Ephraim, not even a ruin speaks.

The prophet closes this portion of his prophecy, as other prophets so often do, with the opposite end of the righteous and the wicked. He had spoken of the victory over death, the irrevocable purpose of God for good to his own; then he speaks of utter final destruction. Then when the mercy of God shall be shown to the uttermost, and the victory over sin and death shall be accomplished, then shall all the pomp of the its riches, joys, luxuries, elegance, glory, dignity; perish and not a wreck be left behind of all which once dazzled the eyes of people, for which they forsook their God, and sold themselves to evil and the evil one.