서론
James 2 Introduction
영문 원문
This chapter is evidently made up of three parts, or three subjects are discussed:
I. The duty of impartiality in the treatment of others, James 2:1-9. There was to be no favoritism on account of rank, birth, wealth, or apparel. The case to which the apostle refers for an illustration of this, is that where two persons should come into an assembly of Christian worshippers, one elegantly dressed, and the other meanly clad, and they should show special favor to the former, and should assign to the latter a more humble place. The reasons which the apostle assigns why they should not do this are,
(a) that God has chosen the poor for his own people, having selected his friends mainly from them;
(b) because rich men in fact oppressed them, and showed that they were worthy of no special regard;
(c) because they were often found among revilers, and in fact despised their religion; and,
(d) because the law required that they should love their neighbors as themselves, and if they did this, it was all that was demanded; that is, that the love of the man was not to be set aside by the love of splendid apparel.
II. The duty of yielding obedience to the whole law in order to have evidence of true religion, James 2:10-13. This subject seems to have been introduced in accordance with the general principles and aims of James (see the Introduction) that religion consists in obeying the law of God, and that there can be none when this is not done. It is not improbable that, among those to whom he wrote, there were some who denied this, or who had embraced some views of religion which led them to doubt it. He therefore enforces the duty by the following considerations:
(1) That if a man should obey every part of the law, and yet be guilty of offending in one point, he was in fact guilty of all; for he showed that he had no genuine principle of obedience, and was guilty of violating the law as a whole, James 2:10.
(2) every part of the law rests on the same authority, and one part, therefore, is as binding as another. The same God that has forbidden murder, has also forbidden adultery; and he who does the one as really violates the law as he who does the other, James 2:11.
(3) the judgment is before us, and we shall be tried on impartial principles, not with reference to obeying one part of the law, but with reference to its whole claim; and we should so act as becomes those who expect to be judged by the whole law, or on the question whether we have conformed to every part of it, James 2:12-13.
III. The subject of justification, showing that works are necessary in order that a man may be justified, or esteemed righteous before God, James 2:14-26. For a general view of the design of this part of the Epistle, see Introduction, Section 5. The object here is to show that in fact no one can be regarded as truly righteous before God who does not lead an upright life; and that if a man professes to have faith, and has not works, he cannot be justified; or that if he have real faith, it will be shown by his works. If it is not shown by works corresponding to its nature, it will be certain that there is no true religion, or that his professed faith is worth nothing. The "stand-point" from which James views the subject, is not that faith is unnecessary or worthless, or that a man is not justified by faith rather than by his own works, in the sense of its being the ground of acceptance with God; or, in other words, the place where the apostle takes his position, and which is the point from which he views the subject, is not before a man is justified, to inquire in what way he may be accepted of God, but it is after the act of justification by faith, to show that if faith does not lead to good works it is "dead," or is of no value; and that in fact, therefore, the evidence of justification is to be found in good living, and that when this is not manifest, all a man's professed religion is worth nothing. In doing this, he:
(a) makes the general statement, by a pointed interrogatory, that faith cannot profit, that is, cannot save a man, unless there be also works, James 2:14. He then:
(b) appeals, for an illustration, to the case of one who is hungry or naked, and asks what mere faith could do in his case, if it were not accompanied with proper acts of benevolence, James 2:15-17. He then,
(c) by a strong supposable case, says that real faith will be evinced by works, or that works are the proper evidence of its existence, James 2:18. He then.
(d) shows that there is a kind of faith which even the devils have on one of the most important doctrines of religion, and which can be of no value; showing that it cannot be by mere faith, irrespective of the question of what sort the faith is, that a man is to be saved, James 2:19. He then.
(e) appeals to the case of Abraham showing that in fact works performed an important part in his acceptance with God; or that if it had not been for his works - that is, if there had been no spirit of true obedience in his case, he could have had no evidence that he was justified, or that his works were the proper carrying out or fulfillment of his faith, James 2:20-24. He then:
(f) shows that the same thing was true of another case recorded in the Old Testament - that of Rahab James 2:25; and then observes James 2:26 that faith without works would have no more claim to being true religion than a dead body, without a soul, would be regarded as a living man.
1
James 2:1
私の兄弟たちよ――おそらく二つの意味での兄弟たち、すなわちユダヤ人としての、またキリスト者としての兄弟たちを意味するのであろう。いずれの意味においても、この呼びかけの形式は適切でありえた。
私たちの栄光の主イエス・キリストの信仰を、偏見を持って持ってはなりません――信仰は、キリスト教における特徴的なものである。人はこれによって義と認められるのであり、それゆえ、信仰は宗教そのものを指すものとして用いられるようになった。1 Timothy 3:9の注解を参照せよ。ここでの意味は、「キリストの宗教について、地位や外面上の境遇の違いのゆえに、他者へのかたよりを示すことに導くような見解を持ってはならない」ということである。
栄光の主――栄光に満ちた主。ご自身が栄光のある方であり、また栄光に囲まれている方である。1 Corinthians 2:8の注解を参照せよ。ここでの目的は、このような主の宗教が、いかなる仕方においても侮辱されてはならないことを示すことにあると思われる。
人を偏って見ることで――すなわち、あなたがたは、人を偏って見ることがあってはならず、地位、富、服装などのゆえに、他者へのかたよりを示してはならない。Proverbs 24:23; Proverbs 28:21; Leviticus 19:15; Deuteronomy 1:17; Deuteronomy 10:17; 2 Chronicles 19:7; Psalm 40:4を比較せよ。この主題の説明については、Acts 10:34の注解、およびRomans 2:11の注解を参照せよ。
영문 원문
My brethren - Perhaps meaning brethren in two respects - as Jews, and as Christians. In both respects the form of address would be proper.
Have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ - Faith is the distinguishing thing in the Christian religion, for it is this by which man is justified, and hence, it comes to be put for religion itself. Notes, 1 Timothy 3:9. The meaning here is, "do not hold such views of the religion of Christ, as to lead you to manifest partiality to others on account of their difference of rank or outward circumstances."
The Lord of glory - The glorious Lord; he who is glorious himself, and who is encompassed with glory. See the notes at 1 Corinthians 2:8. The design here seems to be to show that the religion of such a Lord should be in no way dishonored.
With respect of persons - That is, you are not to show respect of persons, or to evince partiality to others on account of their rank, wealth, apparel, etc. Compare Proverbs 24:23; Proverbs 28:21; Leviticus 19:15; Deuteronomy 1:17; Deuteronomy 10:17; 2 Chronicles 19:7; Psalm 40:4. See the subject explained in the Acts 10:34 note; Romans 2:11 note.
2
James 2:2
もしあなたがたの集会に入って来る人がいて――欄外注では、ギリシャ語のとおり「会堂」。新約聖書において「会堂」という語がキリスト教会に適用されているのは、ここだけであるということは注目に値する。ここでこの語が用いられているのは、おそらく、使徒がユダヤ人であった者たちに書き送っていたからである。そして、ユダヤ教からの初期の改宗者たちが、キリスト教の礼拝の場所あるいはキリスト教の会衆を指すために、自然に「会堂」という語を用いたであろうと想定される。また、この語は、異邦人からの改宗者たちがより用いやすい、実際より良く、より表現力のある語、すなわち「教会」という語に取って代わられるまで、おそらくそのように用いられた。「会堂」(συναγωγὴν sunagōgēn)という語は、すべてが真に敬虔であるかどうかの問題とは無関係に、「共に集められた」ものとして考えられた会衆全体を適切に指す。「教会」(ἐκκλησία ekklēsia)という語は、礼拝のために召集された集まりを「呼び出されたもの」として指し、彼らが世界から呼び出され、神の礼拝者として召集されたという事実を指す。それゆえ、この語の方が、霊的な礼拝者たちの群れにより適用されうる。
キリスト教会は、その一般的な配置において、ユダヤの会堂にならって形作られた可能性が高い。しかし、キリスト教の礼拝に適用可能な名称として「会堂」の名を保持することには、明らかにいくつかの不都合があった。その名に結びついた連想を避けることは困難であり、したがって、この不都合のない、キリスト教の組織の観念に結びつける必要のあるすべての考えを接木できる他の名称を採用する方が良かった。それゆえ、このような「会堂」の反対理由を持たない「教会」という語がまもなく採用され、最終的に勝利を収めた。ただし、私たちの前にあるこの箇所は、「会堂」という語が、いくつかの場所で、またしばらくの間、キリスト教の会衆を指すために用いられたことを示している。私たちはここで、このように言って考えを表すであろう。「もしこのような人が教会に入って来るなら」。
金の指輪をはめた人――地位あるいは財産を示すものである。指輪は富める者の通例の装飾品であり、またおそらく当時も今と同様に、富んでいるとみなされたいと望む者たちの装飾品であった。それらが通例身に着けられていた証拠については、ウェットシュタインのその箇所での引用を参照せよ。
立派な服装で――豊かで豪華な衣服。Luke 16:19を比較せよ。
汚い服装の貧しい人――ここのギリシャ語は「汚れた、穢れた」という意味であり、この箇所の意味は、汚らしく、みすぼらしい衣服であるということである。ここでの言及は、通例公の礼拝に出席していた者たち、あるいは教会の成員であった者たちではなく、キリスト教徒の礼拝を見るために偶然立ち寄ったかもしれない者たちに対するものと思われる。1 Corinthians 14:24を参照せよ。
영문 원문
For if there come into your assembly - Margin, as in Greek, "synagogue." It is remarkable that this is the only place in the New Testament where the word "synagogue" is applied to the Christian church. It is probably employed here because the apostle was writing to those who had been Jews; and it is to be presumed that the word synagogue would be naturally used by the early converts from Judaism to designate a Christian place of worship, or a Christian congregation, and it was probably so employed until it was superseded by a word which the Gentile converts would be more likely to employ, and which would, in fact, be better and more expressive - the word church. The word "synagogue" (συναγωγὴν sunagōgēn) would properly refer to the whole congregation, considered as "assembled together," without respect to the question whether all were truly pious or not; the word "church" (ἐκκλησία ekklēsia) would refer to the assembly convened for worship as called out, referring to the fact that they were called out from the world, and convened as worshippers of God, and would, therefore, be more applicable to a body of spiritual worshippers.
It is probable that the Christian church was modelled, in its general arrangements, after the Jewish synagogue; but there would be obviously some disadvantages in retaining the name, as applicable to Christian worship. It would be difficult to avoid the associations connected with the name, and hence it was better to adopt some other name which would be free from this disadvantage, and on which might be engrafted all the ideas which it was necessary to connect with the notion of the Christian organization. Hence the word "church," liable to no such objection as that of "synagogue," was soon adopted, and ultimately prevailed, though the passage before us shows that the word "synagogue" would be in some places, and for a time, employed to designate a Christian congregation. We should express the idea here by saying. "If a man of this description should come into the church."
A man with a gold ring - Indicative of rank or property. Rings were common ornaments of the rich; and probably then, as now, of those who desired to be esteemed to be rich. For proof that they were commonly worn, see the quotations in Wetstein, in loc.
In goodly apparel - Rich and splendid dress. Compare Luke 16:19.
A poor man in vile raiment - The Greek here is, filthy, foul; the meaning of the passage is, in sordid, shabby clothes. The reference here seems to be, not to those who commonly attended on public worship, or who were members of the church, but to those who might accidentally drop in to witness the services of Christians. See 1 Corinthians 14:24.
3
James 2:3
そして、あなたがたは立派な服装をしている人を特別扱いします――もし彼の豊かで華やかな服装のゆえに、彼に特別な注意を払い、彼に一人用の席を与え、他の者を無視あるいは軽蔑して扱うなら。宗教は、地位、職務、年齢、あるいは傑出した才能と奉仕への正当な敬意を禁じない。ただし、そのような場合でさえ、そのような人々が救いについて何らかの特別な権利を持つとか、罪人として神の前では他のすべての人と同等であることにかかわらず他の人より上にいるとか感じることを要求しない。教会で望ましい席を自分のために確保する手段を持つ人がそれを許されることを、宗教は禁じない。しかし宗教は、人が外面上の飾りではなく、道徳的な価値にしたがってみなされ、扱われることを要求する。すべての者が、実際には神の前で同等であるとみなされ、造り主の礼拝から生じる特権に権利を持つとみなされることを要求する。どのような礼拝の場所に入ってくる陌生人も、その地位、服装、肤色がどうであれ、敬意をもって扱われるべきであり、その心が神への奉仕に勝ち取られるように、なしうるすべてのことがなされるべきである。
そして、彼に「あなたはここでよい席に座りなさい」と言います――欄外注では、ギリシャ語のとおり「よく」あるいは「ふさわしく」。すなわち、説教壇の近くの名誉ある席、あるいは人目につく高い席である。その意味は、彼が富める者であるというしるしだけから、その人物について何も知らないままに、第一印象で際立った尊敬のしるしをもって彼を扱う、ということである。
また、貧しい人には「そこに立っていなさい」と言います――席を勧める礼儀さえも示さずに。このようなことがキリスト教会でしばしば起こると想定することはできないであろう。しかし実際には、陌生人に席を提供しようとする気持ちが全く示されないとき、時として起こっている。
あるいは「私の足台の下に座りなさい」と言います――礼拝の場所のいくつかの席は高くされていたかもしれないので、足台でさえ、より低い席より高かったであろう。その意味は、彼が、最もわずかな注意にさえ値しないかのように扱われる、ということである。
영문 원문
And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing - If you show him superior attention on account of his rich and gay apparel, giving him a seat by himself, and treating others with neglect or contempt. Religion does not forbid proper respect to rank, to office, to age, or to distinguished talents and services, though even in such cases it does not require that we should feel that such persons have any peculiar claims to salvation, or that they are not on a level with all others, as sinners before God; it does not forbid that a man who has the means of procuring for himself an eligible pew in a church should be permitted to do so; but it requires that men shall be regarded and treated according to their moral worth, and not according to their external adorning; that all shall be considered as in fact on a level before God, and entitled to the privileges which grow out of the worship of the Creator. A stranger coming into any place of worship, no matter what his rank, dress, or complexion, should be treated with respect, and everything should be done that can be to win his heart to the service of God.
And say unto him, Sit thou here in a good place - Margin, as in Greek, "well" or "seemly;" that is, in an honorable place near the pulpit; or in some elevated place where he would be conspicuous. The meaning is, you treat him with distinguished marks of respect on the first appearance, merely from the indications that he is a rich man, without knowing any thing about his character.
And say to the poor, Stand thou there - Without even the civility of offering him a seat at all. This may be presumed not often to occur in a Christian church; yet it practically does sometimes, when no disposition is evinced to furnish a stranger with a seat.
Or sit here under my footstool - Perhaps some seats in the places of worship were raised, so that even the footstool would be elevated above a lower seat. The meaning is, that he would be treated as if he were not worth the least attention.
4
James 2:4
すると、あなたがたは自分自身の間で差別を立て、悪い考えで裁き手となったのではありませんか――「あなたがたの間で」。あなたがたは、自分たちがかたよりを示していることを示してはいないか。
悪い考えで裁き手となりました――この箇所については相当に意見が分かれてきたが、その意味は困難ではないと思われる。そこには二つの考えがある。一つは、彼らがこの行ないによって、陌生人たちの人格について、また尊敬への彼らの権利について判断を下す裁き手の役割を自ら引き受けたことを示した、ということである(Matthew 7:1を比較せよ)。もう一つは、これを行うにあたって、彼らは正当な規則に導かれず、不適切な「考え」の影響の下でそれを行った、ということである。彼らは善意から行ったのではなく、道徳的な人格にしたがってすべての人に正義を行う願いから行ったのでもなく、人々の実際の価値よりも外見のゆえに人々に敬意を示すように導く、その不適切な感情から行ったのである。この場合の誤りは、この区別を設けることによって実際的に行ったように、これらの陌生人たちを「裁く」ことを思い上がったことにあり、さらに、そのような不公正な判断の規則の影響の下でそれを行ったことにある。その意味は、人が第一印象で他を尊重して扱い、他を尊重しないときに行うように、人の第一印象に基づいて決定的な判断を下す権利を私たちは持たないこと、また、人々についての意見を形成するとき、金の指輪をはめ、立派に着飾ることができるかどうかという問題以外の、何らかの別の判断の手段によるべきである、ということである。ベザとドッドリッジはこれを「あなたがたは、悪い推論をする裁き手となる」と訳している。
영문 원문
Are ye not then partial in yourselves? - Among yourselves. Do you not show that you are partial?
And are become judges of evil thoughts - There has been considerable difference of opinion respecting this passage, yet the sense seems not to be difficult. There are two ideas in it: one is, that they showed by this conduct that they took it upon themselves to be judges, to pronounce on the character of men who were strangers, and on their claims to respect (Compare Matthew 7:1); the other is, that in doing this, they were not guided by just rules, but that they did it under the influence of improper "thoughts." They did it not from benevolence; not from a desire to do justice to all according to their moral character; but from that improper feeling which leads us to show honor to men on account of their external appearance, rather than their real worth. The wrong in the case was in their presuming to "judge" these strangers at all, as they practically did by making this distinction, and then by doing it under the influence of such an unjust rule of judgment. The sense is, that we have no right to form a decisive judgment of men on their first appearance, as we do when we treat one with respect and the other not; and that when we make up our opinion in regard to them, it should be by some other means of judging than the question whether they can wear gold rings, and dress well, or not. Beza and Doddridge render this, "ye become judges who reason ill."
5
James 2:5
聞きなさい、私の愛する兄弟たちよ――使徒は今、富める者たちは、そのようなものとしては、彼らの好意への特別な権利を持たないこと、そして貧しい者たちは、実際、彼らよりも尊敬に値するものとされうることを示そうと進む。彼がこれによって用いる論証の概観については、本章の分析を比較せよ。
神は、この世の貧しい人たちを、信仰に富む者とされたではありませんか――この世に関して貧しい者たち、すなわち富を持たない者たちのことである。これが、貧しい人たちが無視して扱われてはならない理由として、使徒が示す最初の論証である。すなわち、神が、神の子となるべき者たちを選ぶにあたって、彼らに特別な考慮を払われたということである。その意味は、神が富める者を救うことへの望みが貧しい者への望みに劣るということではない。神には、かたよりがないからである。むしろ、貧しい者の境遇には、富める者よりも福音の申し出を受け入れやすくする事情があるということ、そして実際、信者の大多数は、比較的卑しい生活にある者たちから取られている、ということである。1 Corinthians 1:26-28の注解を比較せよ。神がだれかを「御国の相続人」となるように選ばれたという事実は、使徒たちの時代と同様に今も、その人が無視して扱われるべきでない十分な理由である。
信仰に富む者――この世の財物においては貧しくても、彼らはより高く、より重要な意味において富んでいる。彼らは、救い主なる神への信仰を持っている。この試練と罪の世界において、それは、蓄えられた銀や金の山よりも価値ある所有物である。それを持つ者は、この世と来たるべき世とにおいて、自分に真に必要なすべてのものを持つことを確信している。それを持たない者は、クロイソスの富を持つとしても、その存在の大きな必要に関しては、全く無一物である。
「あなたが何を与えようとも、あなたなしでは私たちは貧しく、 あなたとともにあれば富める。何を取り去ろうとも。」
救い主なる神への信仰は、インドの富よりも多くの目的にかない、人にとってより価値ある結果を成し遂げるであろう。そしてこれは、富める者と同様に、貧しい者も持ちうるのである。Revelation 2:9を比較せよ。
また、御国を相続する者たち――欄外注は「その」。Matthew 5:3の注解を比較せよ。
영문 원문
Hearken, my beloved brethren - The apostle now proceeds to show that the rich, as such, had no special claim on their favor, and that the poor in fact might be made more entitled to esteem than they were. For a view of the arguments by which he does this, compare the analysis of the chapter.
Hath not God chosen the poor of this world? - Those who are poor so far as this world is concerned, or those who have not wealth. This is the first argument which the apostle suggests why the poor should not be treated with neglect. It is, that God has had special reference to them in choosing those who should be his children. The meaning is not that he is not as willing to save the rich as the poor, for he has no partiality; but that there are circumstances in the condition of the poor which make it more likely that they will embrace the offers of the gospel than the rich; and that in fact the great mass of believers is taken from those who are in comparatively humble life. Compare the notes at 1 Corinthians 1:26-28. The fact that God has chosen one to be an "heir of the kingdom" is as good a reason now why he should not be treated with neglect, as it was in the times of the apostles.
Rich in faith - Though poor in this world's goods, they are rich in a higher and more important sense. They have faith in God their Saviour; and in this world of trial and of sin, that is a more valuable possession than piles of hoarded silver or gold. A man who has that is sure that he will have all that is truly needful for him in this world and the next; a man who has it not, though he may have the wealth of Croesus, will be utterly without resources in respect to the great wants of his existence.
"Give what thou wilt, without thee we are poor;
And with thee rich, take what thou wilt away."
Faith in God the Saviour will answer more purposes, and accomplish more valuable ends for man, than the wealth of the Indies could: and this the poor may have as well as the rich. Compare Revelation 2:9.
And heirs of the kingdom ... - Margin, "that." Compare the notes at Matthew 5:3.
6
James 2:6
しかし、あなたがたは貧しい人たちを軽んじました――コッペはこれを疑問文として読む。「あなたがたは貧しい者たちを軽んじるのか」。おそらくいくらか皮肉を込めて理解することもできよう。「あなたがたは貧しい者たちを軽んじ、富める者たちに敬意を払おうとするのか。それなら、富める者たちがあなたがたをどう扱っているかを見て、あなたがたが彼らに特別な敬意をもって接する理由がこれほどあるかどうかを確かめよ」。使徒の目的は、富める者たちに示そうとする者が多かったかたよりの不適切さに注意を向けさせることである。そのために、富める者たちは、彼らが与えようとしていた敬意への権利の基礎を据えるような扱いを、あなたがたに対してこれまで一度も示したことがなかったことを思い起こさせるのである。
富める者たちがあなたがたを虐げているのではありませんか――おそらく、当時特に存在していた彼らの行いの中の何かを指している。その意味は、富める者たちが貧しい者たちそのものを虐げたということではなく、彼らがヤコブの語りかけた人々を虐げたということである。当時もそれ以降も同様に、キリスト者たちの相当部分が実際には貧しい者たちであり、これが個人的な訴えの力をすべて持っていたであろうことは可能性が高い。しかしなお特定の考えは、彼らが特に敬意を払おうとした富める者たち、偉大な者たちの特徴が、貧しい者たちを虐げ、押し潰すことであった、ということである。ここのギリシャ語は非常に表現力に富んでいる。「彼らはあなたがたを威圧的に支配しないだろうか」。ここにある陳述は、あらゆる時代の富める者たちに、あまりに大きな力をもって当てはまるであろう。
また、あなたがたを裁判所に引き立て行くのではありませんか――すなわち、彼らはあなたがたの友ではなく、迫害者である。富める者たちの多くがキリスト者たちを迫害することに加わっており、さまざまな口実の下に彼らを裁判の法廷に引きずり出していたことは、疑いのない事実であった。
영문 원문
But ye have despised the poor - Koppe reads this as an interrogation: "Do ye despise the poor?" Perhaps it might be understood somewhat ironically: "You despise the poor, do you, and are disposed to honor the rich! Look then, and see how the rich treat you, and see whether you have so much occasion to regard them with any peculiar respect." The object of the apostle is to fix the attention on the impropriety of that partiality which many were disposed to show to the rich, by reminding them that the rich had never evinced towards them any such treatment as to lay the foundation of a claim to the honor which they were disposed to render them.
Do not rich men oppress you? - Referring probably to something in their conduct which existed particularly then. The meaning is not that they oppressed the poor as such, but that they oppressed those whom James addressed. It is probable that then, as since, a considerable portion of those who were Christians were in fact poor, and that this would have all the force of a personal appeal; but still the particular thought is, that it was a characteristic of the rich and the great, whom they were disposed peculiarly to honor, to oppress and crush the poor. The Greek here is very expressive: "Do they not imperiously lord it over you?" The statement here will apply with too much force to the rich in every age.
And draw you before the judgment-seats - That is, they are your persecutors rather than your friends. It was undoubtedly the case that many of the rich were engaged in persecuting Christians, and that on various pretences they dragged them before the judicial tribunals.
7
James 2:7
その尊い御名をそしっているのではありませんか――これも、富める者たちが、彼らが示そうとしていた敬意への特別な権利を持たないことを示すもう一つの論証である。ここで言及されている「尊い御名」とは、疑いなく救い主の御名である。ここで肯定されていることは、当然、迫害に伴うものであろう。キリスト者たちを迫害する者たちは、彼らが帯びている御名をののしったであろう。これは常に起こってきたことである。しかしこれに加えて、公然たる迫害に加わる気のなかった多くの者たちも、キリストとその宗教を軽べつに語ることによって、キリストの御名をののしったであろうという想定は、決してありえないことではない。これは、世界のあらゆる時代に十分に普通であったことであり、ここでの描写を不適切なものとはしていない。しかしながら、ヤコブがここで言及しているまさにその事柄以上に注目すべきことはない。すなわち、これにもかかわらず、キリスト者を自称する多くの者たちが、貧しいならば自分たちの兄弟たちに対してよりも、むしろこのような人々を敬意と注意をもって扱う気であったということである。彼らは、より貧しいキリスト者の兄弟たちの友情と恵みよりも、このような人々の恵みを培い、友情を求め、微笑みを望み、作法をまね、交わりを切望してきた。たとえそのような人々が、心の中で宗教を軽蔑し、キリスト教に対する非難とあざけりの言葉を惜しまないことが知られていても、たとえ彼らが神をけがす者であり、真剣で霊的な宗教に対して最も徹底した軽蔑を持つことが知られていても、なお、このような人々の催す宴に出席する方が、貧しい兄弟たちの集まる祈祷会に出席することを好む、キリスト教を告白する者が多くいるのである。階級や富を誇れず、偉大な者たちや華やかな者たちから軽蔑の目で見下されている、へりくだった信者たちの友であり仲間であるよりも、このような人々の仲間であり友であると世界に知られる方を好む者が、多くいるのである。
영문 원문
Do they not blaspheme that worthy name? - This is another argument to show that the rich had no special claim to the honor which they were disposed to show them. The "worthy name" here referred to is, doubtless, the name of the Saviour. The thing here affirmed would, of course, accompany persecution. They who persecuted Christians, would revile the name which they bore. This has always occurred. But besides this, it is no improbable supposition that many of those who were not disposed to engage in open persecution, would revile the name of Christ, by speaking contemptuously of him and his religion. This has been sufficiently common in every age of the world, to make the description here not improper. And yet nothing has been more remarkable than the very thing adverted to here by James, that notwithstanding this, many who profess to be Christians have been more disposed to treat even such persons with respect and attention than they have their own brethren, if they were poor; that they have cultivated the favor, sought the friendship, desired the smiles, aped the manners, and coveted the society of such persons, rather than the friendship and the favor of their poorer Christian brethren. Even though they are known to despise religion in their hearts, and not to be sparing of their words of reproach and scorn towards Christianity; though they are known to be blasphemers, and to have the most thorough contempt for serious, spiritual religion, yet there is many a professing Christian who would prefer to be at a party given by such persons than at a prayer-meeting where their poorer brethren are assembled; who would rather be known by the world to be the associates and friends of such persons, than of those humble believers who can make no boast of rank or wealth, and who are looked down upon with contempt by the great and the gay.
8
James 2:8
もし、あなたがたが聖なる王の律法を守るなら――すなわち、隣人を自分自身のように愛することを求める、すぐ後に言及される律法のことである。これはその卓越性あるいは高貴さのゆえに、「王の律法」、すなわち王的な律法と呼ばれる。神が王としてこれを制定されたからではなく、他の律法の中で、王が他の人々の中に持つのと同じような卓出さと重要性をこの律法が持っているからである。すなわち、それは威厳があり、高貴で、尊敬に値する。それは、王がその臣民を支配するように、人々とのすべての交わりにおいて私たちを治め、導くべき律法である。
聖書に書いてあるとおり、「隣人をあなた自身のように愛せよ」――Leviticus 19:18。Matthew 19:19を比較せよ。良きサマリヤ人のたとえにおいて救い主によって説明されているのを見よ、Luke 10:25-37。その意味については、Matthew 19:19の注解を参照せよ。
あなたがたは正しいことをしているのです――すなわち、「もしあなたがたがこの律法の霊に公正に従うなら、他者との交わりを規制するにおいて要求されるすべてのことを行っている。あなたがたは、すべての人を『隣人』とみなし、その実際の価値にしたがって彼らを扱わなければならない。彼らを判断するにおいて、また彼らを扱うにおいて、その服装や、その肌の色や、その出生の事情ではなく、彼らが同胞であるという事実によって影響されてはならない」。これは、他者の扱いにおいてかたよりを示すべきでないもう一つの理由である。というのも、真の意味ですべての他の者たちを「隣人」とみなすなら、誰をも無視したり軽蔑したりして扱うことはないであろうからである。
영문 원문
If ye fulfil the royal law - That is, the law which he immediately mentions requiring us to love our neighbor as ourselves. It is called a "royal law," or kingly law, on account of its excellence or nobleness; not because it is ordained by God as a king, but because it has some such prominence and importance among other laws as a king has among other men; that is, it is majestic, noble, worthy of veneration. It is a law which ought to govern and direct us in all our intercourse with men - as a king rules his subjects.
According to the Scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself - Leviticus 19:18. Compare Matthew 19:19. See it explained by the Saviour, in the parable of the good Samaritan, Luke 10:25-37. In regard to its meaning, see the notes at Matthew 19:19.
Ye do well - That is, "if you fairly comply with the spirit of this law, you do all that is required of you in regulating your intercourse with others. You are to regard all persons as your "neighbors," and are to treat them according to their real worth; you are not to be influenced in judging of them, or in your treatment of them, by their apparel, or their complexion, or the circumstances of their birth, but by the fact that they are fellow-beings." This is another reason why they should not show partiality in their treatment of others, for if, in the true sense, they regarded all others as "neighbors," they would treat no one with neglect or contempt.
9
James 2:9
しかし、もし人を偏って見るなら、あなたがたは罪を犯していることになります――あなたがたは、神の明白な律法にそむき、悪をなしている。James 2:1の参照聖句を見よ。
律法によって違反者として罪に定められます――ギリシャ語では「律法によって」。「罪に定められる」と訳されている語は、現在では、以前とはいくらか異なる意味で用いられている。現在この語は通例、それまで疑われていた事柄、あるいは証拠が明確でなかった事柄の真理を示すことによって、人の心に生じさせる印象を指す。報告や命題の真理を疑っていた者は、その真理を納得させられ、満足させられうる。悪をなしたが、適切なことをしていると思っていた者は、自分の誤りを納得させられうる。同様に、それまで信仰も関心も持っていなかった者が、自分が罪人であることを納得させられうる。これは、深い悲嘆と苦悩を生み出す、罪の自覚として知られる感情を心の中に生じさせうる。John 16:8の注解を参照せよ。しかしここでは、この語は、心そのものに生じる効果それ自体にではなく、律法がそのような者を有罪とみなすという事実に、より多く関係している。すなわち、律法はなされたことを誤りであると宣言する、ということである。彼らが個人的にそれを納得し、罪に定められた罪人としてそれについて悩むかどうかは、別の問題であり、使徒が言及する問題ではない。使徒の目的は、彼らがそれについて悩むことを示すことではなく、神の律法がこの生き方を非難し、彼らを有罪とみなすことを示すことであるからである。ここでの論証は、この生き方が彼ら自身の心の中に生じさせる個人的な悲嘆からではなく、神の律法がそれを非難するという事実から導かれている。
영문 원문
But if ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin - You transgress the plain law of God, and do wrong. See the references on James 2:1.
And are convinced of the law as transgressors - Greek "By the law." The word convinced is now used in a somewhat different sense from what it was formerly. It now commonly refers to the impression made on a man's mind by showing him the truth of a thing which before was doubted, or in respect to which the evidence was not clear. A man who doubted the truth of a report or a proposition may be convinced or satisfied of its truth; a man who has done wrong, though he supposed he was doing what was proper, may be convinced of his error. So a man may be convinced that he is a sinner, though before he had no belief of it, and no concern about it; and this may produce in his mind the feeling which is technically known as conviction, producing deep distress and anguish. See the notes at John 16:8. Here, however, the word does not refer so much to the effect produced on the mind itself, as to the fact that the law would hold such an one to be guilty; that is, the law pronounces what is done to be wrong. Whether they would be personally convinced of it, and troubled about it as convicted sinners, would be a different question, and one to which the apostle does not refer; for his object is not to show that they would be troubled about it, but to show that the law of God condemned this course, and would hold them to be guilty. The argument here is not from the personal distress which this course would produce in their own minds, but from the fact that the law of God condemned it.
10
James 2:10
律法全体を守っても――言及された一つの点を除くすべてである。使徒は、これが実際にかつて起こったと言うのではなく、もし起こったとしても、なお人がただ一つの点において失敗したなら、その人は有罪と判断されなければならないと言うのである。想定されているのは、自分が律法全体を守ったと主張する者の場合のようである。使徒は、たとえこれが他のすべての点において一時的に真であると認められるとしても、もしその人がいかなる一つの点においても――人を偏って見ることにおいても、その他の何においても――失敗していたなら、そむき者とみなされずにはいられない、と言う。ここでの目的は、普遍的な従順の重要性を示すこと、そして一つの戒めの違反が実際には神の律法全体に対する違反であるという事実から、罪の重大さの感覚を心に刻み込むことである。ここでの律法全体とは、神の律法のすべて、神が要求されたすべて、私たちの生活を規制するために神が与えられたすべてを意味する。
一つの点でつまずくなら――一つの点において。あるいは、律法という一般的な語に含まれる戒めのいずれか一つに違反するなら。ここでの「つまずく」という語は、本来、つまずくこと、倒れることを意味し、次いで誤ること、義務に失敗することを意味する。Matthew 5:29; Matthew 26:31の注解を参照せよ。
全律法に対して有罪となります――律法を全体として違反したこと、あるいは神の律法そのものに違反したことにおいて有罪である。律法によって義と認められ、救われることが、その人にとって不可能となったのである。これは、その人が神のすべての律法に違反したかのように有罪であるとか、すべての者が神の律法の一つあるいはそれ以上に違反しているからといって、すべての罪人が同等の等級にあるとかを断言するのではない。むしろその意味は、その人が神の律法そのものに違反したことで有罪である、ということである。その人は、真の従順の霊を持っていないことを示し、律法の刑罰に自分をさらし、律法によって救われることを今や不可能にした。他の点におけるその人の従順の行いは、どれほど多くても、律法の違反者という告発から、またその刑罰から、その人を守らない。その罪のゆえに、他の点においてどれほど正しくても、その人はそむき者として保持され、扱われなければならず、すべての戒めに違反したかのように確実に律法の刑罰に直面しなければならない。
律法の一つの部分は他の部分と同じように拘束力があり、人が明白ないずれか一つの戒めに違反するなら、その人は神の権威を無視するのである。これは至るところで認められている単純な原則であり、使徒がこれによって意味しているのは、日常起こっている以上のことではない。馬を盗んだ者は、他のどれほど多くの点で律法を守っていても、律法の違反者とみなされ、律法はその罪のゆえに彼を罪に定める。彼は、他の事柄における律法への従順を、この罪のために罰せられるべきでない理由として訴えることはできない。概してどれほど正しくても、長い生涯を通じてであったとしても、律法は彼をそむき者とみなし、罪に定める。彼は、すべての戒めに違反したかのように、実際に罪に定められ、律法の保護から同じように投げ出される。殺人、放火、反逆、その他のいかなる罪についても同様である。律法は、この特定の場合においてその人が行ったことについて彼をさばき、他の事柄において従順であったという弁明をもって、それを正当化することはできない。
それゆえ、人が神の律法に違反したことがいかなる一つの実例においてでもあるなら、あるいは完全に聖くないなら、他のあらゆる点においてそれに従っていたとしても、律法によって義と認められ、救われることはできないということが帰結する。殺人の罪を犯した者が、他の点において良き市民、親切な父、正直な隣人であったり、貧しい者と乏しい者にあわれみ深かったりしたからといって、絞首台から救われることができないのと同様である。その人は、一つの場合の真実の行いを、別の場合の虚偽の罪への相殺として訴えることはできない。一つの実例における不誠実の告発から、別の実例において誠実であったという嘆願によって自分を守ることはできない。悪い行いのために罰せられるべきでない理由として、善い行いをしたという事実を申し立てることはできない。その人は、自分に対する特定の告発に答えなければならず、これらの他の事柄は、この一つの悪い行いに対する相殺とはなりえない。また、律法への従順によって義と認められることに関して指摘すべきは、人は神の前に、一つの点を除いて神のすべての律法を守ったと訴えることはできない、ということである。十戒のそれぞれを、少なくとも心の中で破っていない者がどこにいようか。ヤコブがここで表明している趣旨は、彼自身の新しいものではなかった。これはユダヤ人の著述家たちによってしばしば表明されており、ユダヤ人の間で承認された原則であったと思われる。実例については、その箇所でのウェットシュタインを見よ。
영문 원문
For whosoever shall keep the whole law - All except the single point referred to. The apostle does not say that this in fact ever did occur, but he says that if it should, and yet a man should have failed in only one particular, he must be judged to be guilty. The case supposed seems to be that of one who claimed that he had kept the whole law. The apostle says that even if this should be admitted for the time to be true in all other respects, yet, if he had failed in any one particular - in showing respect to persons, or in anything else - he could not but be held to be a transgressor, The design of this is to show the importance of yielding universal obedience, and to impress upon the mind a sense of the enormity of sin from the fact that the violation of any one precept is in fact an offence against the whole law of God. The whole law here means all the law of God; all that he has required; all that he has given to regulate us in our lives.
And yet offend in one point - In one respect; or shall violate any one of the commands included in the general word law. The word offend here means, properly, to stumble, to fall; then to err, or fail in duty. See the notes at Matthew 5:29; Matthew 26:31.
He is guilty of all - He is guilty of violating the law as a whole, or of violating the law of God as such; he has rendered it impossible that he should be justified and saved by the law. This does not affirm that he is as guilty as if he had violated every law of God; or that all sinners are of equal grade because all have violated some one or more of the laws of God; but the meaning is, that he is guilty of violating the law of God as such; he shows that be has not the true spirit of obedience; he has exposed himself to the penalty of the law, and made it impossible now to be saved by it. His acts of obedience in other respects, no matter how many, will not screen him from the charge of being a violator of the law, or from its penalty. He must be held and treated as a transgressor for that offence, however upright he may be in other respects, and must meet the penalty of the law as certainly as though he had violated every commandment.
One portion of the law is as much binding as another, and if a man violates any one plain commandment, he sets at nought the authority of God. This is a simple principle which is everywhere recognised, and the apostle means no more by it than occurs every day. A man who has stolen a horse is held to be a violator of the law, no matter in how many other respects he has kept it, and the law condemns him for it. He cannot plead his obedience to the law in other things as a reason why he should not be punished for this sin; but however upright he may have been in general, even though it may have been through a long life, the law holds him to be a transgressor, and condemns him. He is as really condemned, and as much thrown from the protection of law, as though he had violated every command. So of murder, arson, treason, or any other crime. The law judges a man for what he has done in this specific case, and he cannot plead in justification of it that he has been obedient in other things.
It follows, therefore, that if a man has been guilty of violating the law of God in any one instance, or is not perfectly holy, he cannot be justified and saved by it, though he should have obeyed it in every other respect, any more than a man who has been guilty of murder can be saved from the gallows because he has, in other respects, been a good citizen, a kind father, an honest neighbor, or has been compassionate to the poor and the needy. He cannot plead his act of truth in one case as an offset to the sin of falsehood in another; he cannot defend himself from the charge of dishonesty in one instance by the plea that he has been honest in another; he cannot urge the fact that he has done a good thing as a reason why he should not be punished for a bad one. He must answer for the specific charge against him, and none of these other things can be an offset against this one act of wrong. Let it be remarked, also, in respect to our being justified by obedience to the law, that no man can plead before God that he has kept all his law except in one point. Who is there that has not, in spirit at least, broken each one of the ten commandments? The sentiment here expressed by James was not new with him. It was often expressed by the Jewish writers, and seems to have been an admitted principle among the Jews. See Wetstein, in loc., for examples.
11
James 2:11
「姦淫してはならない」と言われた方は、「殺してはならない」も言われた方です――すなわち、これらは同じ神の律法の部分であり、一方は他方と同じく義務的である。それゆえ、もしあなたがたがこれらの戒めのいずれかに違反するなら、あなたがたは神の律法そのものにそむき、それを全体として違反したことで有罪とみなされなければならない。どの戒めに違反しても、律法の刑罰が科されるであろう。
영문 원문
For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill - That is, these are parts of the same law of God, and one is as obligatory as the other. If, therefore, you violate either of these precepts, you transgress the law of God as such, and must be held to be guilty of violating it as a whole. The penalty of the law will be incurred, whatever precept you violate.
12
James 2:12
自由の律法によってさばかれる者であるように、そのように語り、そのように行ないなさい――「自由の律法」という句については、James 1:25の注解を参照せよ。James 4:11の注解を比較せよ。その意味は、私たちのすべての行いにおいて、まもなくさばきに導き入れられ、私たちがさばかれる律法は、罪の支配から解放されるようにと意図された律法であるという真理の絶え間ない印象の下に行動すべきである、ということである。神がその御言葉の中で定められた規則、「自由の律法」と呼ばれる規則、すなわち真の自由が確保される規則の中に、人が一つの罪からだけでなく、すべての罪から解放されるようにと意図された宗教の体系が啓示されている。今や、私たちがさばかれるべきは、このような律法に関してである。すなわち、私たちは、自分たちが罪を犯す必要があったと裁判において訴えることはできず、罪から自由であるようにという取り計らいがなされた律法によってさばかれるであろう。もし私たちが罪から自由でありえたなら、もし聖なる生活を送ることができる取り計らいがなされていたなら、私たちが義でない場合にさばかれ、罪に定められることが適切となるであろう。その意味はこうである。「あなたがたのすべての行いにおいて、何を語り、何を行うにせよ、自分たちがさばかれること、偏りない会計をすることを覚えよ。また、自分たちがさばかれる規則は、罪の支配から救い出され、福音の自由へと導き入れられるための備えがなされている規則であることも覚えよ」。ここでの論証は、罪の束縛から自由であることができ、またそうあるべきだと意図された律法によって、まもなく自分がさばかれることを習慣的に感じる者は、聖なる生活を送るすべての動機の中で最も強いものの一つを持つ、ということのようである。
영문 원문
So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty - On the phrase, "the law of liberty," see the notes at James 1:25. Compare the notes at James 4:11. The meaning is, that in all our conduct we are to act under the constant impression of the truth that we are soon to be brought into judgment, and that the law by which we are to be judged is that by which it is contemplated that we shall be set free from the dominion of sin. In the rule which God has laid down in his word, called "the law of liberty," or the rule by which true freedom is to be secured, a system of religion is revealed by which it is designed that man shall be emancipated not only from one sin, but from all. Now, it is with reference to such a law that we are to be judged; that is, we shall not be able to plead on our trial that we were under a necessity of sinning, but we shall be judged under that law by which the arrangement was made that we might be free from sin. If we might be free from sin; if an arrangement was made by which we could have led holy lives, then it will be proper that we shall be judged and condemned if we are not righteous. The sense is, "In all your conduct, whatever you do or say, remember that you are to be judged, or that you are to give an impartial account; and remember also that the rule by which you are to be judged is that by which provision is made for being delivered from the dominion of sin, and brought into the freedom of the gospel." The argument here seems to be, that he who habitually feels that he is soon to be judged by a law under which it was contemplated that he might be, and should be, free from the bondage of sin, has one of the strongest of all inducements to lead a holy life.
13
James 2:13
あわれみを施さなかった者は、あわれみを受けずにさばかれるからです――これは明らかに公正な原則であり、聖書の至るところに見出されるものである。Proverbs 21:13「貧しい者の叫びに耳を閉ざす者は、自分も叫んでも聞かれない。」2 Samuel 22:26-27「あなたは、いつくしみ深い者には、ご自身もいつくしみ深く、曲がった者には、ねじれて示される。」Psalm 18:25-26; Matthew 6:15; Matthew 7:1-2を比較せよ。使徒がここで伝えようとしている考えは、さばきが確かにあり、それが公正な原則の上で行われると期待しなければならない、ということである。人格が、あわれみが示されることが適切であるようなものでないとき、あわれみは示されない。そして、私たちは自分たちの行いにおいて、神が偏りなくなられることを習慣的に感じ、それに応じて自分たちの人生を形づくるべきである。
あわれみはさばきに誇るからです――欄外注は「誇る」。ギリシャ語では、誇る、栄光を帰する、勝ち誇る。その考えは、一方が他方より優っているとき、あるいは他方に勝利を収めたときのように、勝ち誇ることである。ここでの言及は終始、さばき、すなわち大いなる日の裁判についてであり、使徒はその日の裁判が行われる原則を述べている。すなわち、一方の階級が罪に定められ、他方が義とされ、救われる原則である。一方の階級、すなわち悪い者たちに関しては、他者へのあわれみが示されなかったところ――これを敬虔の一つの証拠として言及している。すなわち、真の敬虔がないところでは、あわれみのないさばきがあるであろう。他方の場合には、いわばあわれみの勝利、すなわちあわれみがさばきに勝利を収めたように見えることがあるであろう。厳密な正義は確かに彼らの罪定めのために訴えるが、あわれみの属性が勝利し、彼らは義とされるのである。
あわれみと正義の属性は衝突するように見えるが、あわれみが勝つであろう。これは救いの計画についての、また罪人の贖いにおいて実際に起こることについての真実の陳述である。正義は、その当然のものとして、罪人が罪に定められるべきことを要求する。あわれみは、罪人が救われるようにと訴える。そしてあわれみが勝つ。この両者の間に衝突があるように見えることは、珍しくない。人の法廷における正義の執行において、これはしばしば起こる。厳密な正義は、犯罪者の処罰を要求する。しかも、あわれみが訴え、赦しが有罪の者に拡大されることが望ましいとすべての人が感じる場合、またあわれみが勝利するなら私たちが常に喜ぶ場合がある。例えば、アンドレ少佐の場合のように、これは印象的に見られる。一方には、彼が有罪であることの疑いのない証拠、彼がスパイとして捕らえられたこと、戦時国際法によって死に処せられるべきこと、彼の行ったことがアメリカの大義の破滅に向かう傾向があったこと、またそのような行為が罰せられなければ常に軍隊を奇襲と破滅にさらすことになるところから、国際法に従って彼は死ぬべきであることがあった。
他方には、彼の若さ、高い業績、名誉ある縁故、輝かしい希望があり、これらすべてが、彼が生き、赦されるようにと訴えていた。ワシントンの胸の中で、正義とあわれみの促しはこのように衝突した。両方を満たすことはできず、追求すべき道は一つしかないように思われた。彼の正義感は、死刑執行令に署名した行いによって示され、彼の同情の感情は、それを行ったときに彼の目から涙の奔流が流れ出たという事実によって示された。あわれみが勝利し、若く有能な士官が助かったなら、私たちの本性のすべての気前良い感情がどれほど満たされたことであろうか!救いの計画において、これは実際に起こる。正義への敬意はなされるが、あわれみが勝利する。確かに正義は罪人の罪定めのために訴えたが、あわれみが間に入り、罪人は救われる。正義は無視されていない。人類の偉大な贖い主が、それを支えるために必要なすべてをなさったからである。しかしそこには最も自由で満ちたあわれみの行使があり、神の正義が維持されながら、すべての聖なる者たちの胸にあるあらゆる善意的感情が、数えきれない数千の救いにおいて満たされうるのである。
영문 원문
For he shall have judgment without mercy, that hath showed no mercy - This is obviously an equitable principle, and is one which is everywhere found in the Bible. Proverbs 21:13. "Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself but will not be heard." 2 Samuel 22:26-27, "with the merciful thou wilt show thyself merciful, and with the froward thou wilt show thyself unsavory." Compare Psalm 18:25-26; Matthew 6:15; Matthew 7:1-2. The idea which the apostle seems to design to convey here is, that there will certainly be a judgment, and that we must expect that it will be conducted on equitable principles; that no mercy is to be shown when the character is not such that it will be proper that it should be; and that we should habitually feel in our conduct that God will be impartial, and should frame our lives accordingly.
And mercy rejoiceth against judgment - Margin, "glorieth." Greek Boasts, glories, or exults. The idea is that of glorying over, as where one is superior to another, or has gained a victory over another. The reference all along here is to the judgment, the trial of the great day; and the apostle is stating the principles on which the trial at that day will be conducted - on which one class shall be condemned, and the other acquitted and saved. In reference to one class, the wicked, he says that where there has been no mercy shown to others - referring to this as one evidence of piety - that is, where there is no true piety, there will be judgment without mercy; in the other case there will be, as it were, a triumph of mercy, or mercy will appear to have gained a victory over judgment. Strict justice would indeed plead for their condemnation, but the attribute of mercy will triumph, and they will be acquitted.
The attributes of mercy and justice would seem to come in conflict, but mercy would prevail. This is a true statement of the plan of salvation, and of what actually occurs in the redemption of a sinner. Justice demands, as what is her due, that the sinner should be condemned; mercy pleads that he may be saved - and mercy prevails. It is not uncommon that there seems to be a conflict between the two. In the dispensations of justice before human tribunals, this often occurs. Strict justice demands the punishment of the offender; and yet there are cases when mercy pleads, and when every man feels that it would be desirable that pardon should be extended to the guilty, and when we always rejoice if mercy triumphs. In such a case, for example, as that of Major Andre, this is strikingly seen. On the one hand, there was the undoubted proof that he was guilty; that he had been taken as a spy; that by the laws of war he ought to be put to death; that as what he had done had tended to the ruin of the American cause, and as such an act, if unpunished, would always expose an army to surprise and destruction, he ought, in accordance with the law of nations, to die.
On the other hand, there were his youth, his high attainments, his honorable connections, his brilliant hopes, all pleading that he might live, and that he might be pardoned. In the bosom of Washington, the promptings of justice and mercy thus came into collision. Both could not be gratified, and there seemed to be but one course to be pursued. His sense of justice was shown in the act by which he signed the death-warrant; his feelings of compassion in the fact that when he did it his eyes poured forth a flood of tears. How every generous feeling of our nature would have been gratified if mercy could have triumphed, and the youthful and accomplished officer could have been spared! In the plan of salvation, this does occur. Respect is done to justice, but mercy triumphs. Justice indeed pleaded for the condemnation of the sinner, but mercy interposed, and he is saved. Justice is not disregarded, for the great Redeemer of mankind has done all that is needful to uphold it; but there is the most free and full exercise of mercy, and, while the justice of God is maintained, every benevolent feeling in the breasts of all holy beings can be gratified in the salvation of countless thousands.
14
James 2:14
私の兄弟たち。人が信仰を持っていると言っても、何の益になるでしょう――使徒はここで、James 1:22-27で言及された主題、すなわち宗教の義務への実践的な注意の重要性、また人は単なる思弁的意見によって、あるいは単に正しい見解を保持することによっては救われないという確信に戻る。彼は疑いなく、正しい信仰を保持するなら善い行いは救いに不必要であると考えて、信仰による義認の教理を濫用していた者たちを目にしていた。この濫用は使徒たちの時代にもおそらく存在し、また聖霊は、後の時代に信仰による義認という偉大で栄光ある教理がこのように濫用される危険があることを見ておられたので、この誤りが戒められ、善い行いは救いに必要であるという教理が明確に立てられることが重要であった。それゆえ使徒は、私たちの前にある問いにおいて、聖なる生活に伴われないなら信仰は全く「益」とならないことを暗黙のうちに断言する。そしてこの教理を、次の節々で説明していく。本章の分析、および緒論5(2)を参照せよ。この箇所を適切に解釈するためには、使徒がこの主題を眺める立脚点は、人が回心する前において、どのようにして神の前に義と認められうるか、あるいはどのような根拠でその罪が赦されうるかを問うものではなく、人が回心した後において、善い行いに続かない信仰は何の価値も持ちえないこと、すなわちそれは本物の信仰ではなく、人が義と認められたことの証拠を持とうと望むなら善い行いが必要であることを示すものである、と観察されるべきである。このように理解すれば、ヤコブの言うすべては、新約聖書の他の場所で教えられていることと完全に調和する。
その信仰は、その人を救うことができますか――この問いには、信仰はその人を救うことができないことが含意されている。というのも、断言を行う最も力強い方法は、しばしば問いを発することだからである。ここでの意味は、善い行いを生み出さない信仰、あるいは公正に実行されれば聖なる生活を生み出さないであろう信仰は、だれをも救わない、ということである。それは本物の信仰ではないからである。
영문 원문
What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith? - The apostle here returns to the subject adverted to in James 1:22-27, the importance of a practical attention to the duties of religion, and the assurance that men cannot be saved by a mere speculative opinion, or merely by holding correct sentiments. He doubtless had in his eye those who abused the doctrine of justification by faith, by holding that good works are unnecessary to salvation, provided they maintain an orthodox belief. As this abuse probably existed in the time of the apostles, and as the Holy Ghost saw that there would be danger that in later times the great and glorious doctrine of justification by faith would be thus abused, it was important that the error should be rebuked, and that the doctrine should be distinctly laid down that good works are necessary to salvation. The apostle, therefore, in the question before us, implicitly asserts that faith would not "profit" at all unless accompanied with a holy life, and this doctrine he proceeds to illustrate in the following verses, See the analysis of this chapter; and Introduction, Section 5, (2). In order to a proper interpretation of this passage, it should be observed that the stand-point from which the apostle views this subject is not before a man is converted, inquiring in what way he may be justified before God, or on what ground his sins may be forgiven; but it is after a man is converted, showing that that faith can have no value which is not followed by good works; that is, that it is not real faith, and that good works are necessary if a man would have evidence that he is justified. Thus understood, all that James says is in entire accordance with what is taught elsewhere in the New Testament.
Can faith save him? - It is implied in this question that faith cannot save him, for very often the most emphatic way of making an affirmation is by asking a question. The meaning here is, that that faith which does not produce good works, or which would not produce holy living if fairly acted out, will save no man, for it is not genuine faith.
15
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:15
If a brother or sister be naked ... - The comparison in these verses is very obvious and striking. The sense is, that faith in itself, without the acts that correspond to it, and to which it would prompt, is as cold, and heartless, and unmeaning, and useless, as it would be to say to one who was destitute of the necessaries of life, depart in peace." In itself considered, it might seem to have something that was good; but it would answer none of the purposes of faith unless it should prompt to action. In the case of one who was hungry or naked, what he wanted was not good wishes or kind words merely, but the acts to which good wishes and kind words prompt. And so in religion, what is wanted is not merely the abstract state of mind which would be indicated by faith, but the life of goodness to which it ought to lead. Good wishes and kind words, in order to make them what they should be for the welfare of the world, should be accompanied with corresponding action. So it is with faith. It is not enough for salvation without the benevolent and holy acts to which it would prompt, any more than the good wishes and kind words of the benevolent are enough to satisfy the wants of the hungry, and to clothe the naked, without correspondent action. Faith is not and cannot be shown to be genuine, unless it is accompanied with corresponding acts; as our good wishes for the poor and needy can be shown to be genuine, when we have the means of aiding them, only by actually ministering to their necessities. In the one case, our wishes would be shown to be unmeaning and heartless; in the other, our faith would be equally so. In regard to this passage, therefore, it may be observed:
(1) That in fact faith is of no more value, and has no more evidence of genuineness when it is unaccompanied with good works, than such empty wishes for the welfare of the poor would be when unaccompanied with the means of relieving their wants. Faith is designed to lead to good works. It is intended to produce a holy life; a life of activity in the service of the Saviour. This is its very essence; it is what it always produces when it is genuine. Religion is not designed to be a cold abstraction; it is to be a living and vivifying principle.
(2) there is a great deal of that kindness and charity in the world which is expressed by mere good wishes. If we really have not the means of relieving the poor and the needy, then the expression of a kind wish may be in itself an alleviation to their sorrows, for even sympathy in such a case is of value, and it is much to us to know that others feel for us; but if we have the means, and the object is a worthy one, then such expressions are mere mockery, and aggravate rather than soothe the feelings of the sufferer. Such wishes will neither clothe nor feed them; and they will only make deeper the sorrows which we ought to heal. But how much of this is there in the world, when the sufferer cannot but feel that all these wishes, however kindly expressed, are hollow and false, and when he cannot but feel that relief would be easy!
(3) in like manner there is much of this same kind of worthless faith in the world - faith that is dead; faith that produces no good works; faith that exerts no practical influence whatever on the life. The individual professes indeed to believe the truths of the gospel; he may be in the church of Christ; he would esteem it a gross calumny to be spoken of as an infidel; but as to any influence which his faith exerts over him, his life would be the same if he had never heard of the gospel. There is not one of the truths of religion which is bodied forth in his life; not a deed to which he is prompted by religion; not an act which could not be accounted for on the supposition that he has no true piety. In such a case, faith may with propriety be said to be dead.
Being alone - Margin, "by itself." The sense is, "being by itself:" that is, destitute of any accompanying fruits or results, it shows that it is dead. That which is alive bodies itself forth, produces effects, makes itself visible; that which is dead produces no effect, and is as if it were not.
15-17
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문제목 없음
18
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:18
Yea, a man may say ... - The word which is rendered "yea" (ἀλλὰ alla) would be better rendered by "but." The apostle designs to introduce an objection, not to make an affirmation. The sense is, "some one might say," or, "to this it might be urged in reply." That is, it might perhaps be said that religion is not always manifested in the same way, or we should not suppose that, because it is not always exhibited in the same form, it does not exist. One man may manifest it in one way, and another in another, and still both have true piety. One may be distinguished for his faith, and another for his works, and both may have real religion. This objection would certainly have some plausibility, and it was important to meet it. It would seem that all religion was not to be manifested in the same way, as all virtue is not; and that it might occur that one man might be particularly eminent for one form of religion, and another for another; as one man may be distinguished for zeal, and another for meekness, and another for integrity, and another for truth, and another for his gifts in prayer, and another for his large-hearted benevolence. To this the apostle replies, that the two things referred to, faith and works, were not independent things, which could exist separately, without the one materially influencing another - as, for example, charity and chastity, zeal and meekness; but that the one was the germ or source of the other, and that the existence of the one was to be known only by its developing itself in the form of the other. A man could not show that he possessed the one unless it developed itself in the form of the other. In proof of this, he could boldly appeal to anyone to show a case where faith existed without works. He was himself willing to submit to this just trial in regard to this point, and to demonstrate the existence of his own faith by his works.
Thou hast faith, and I have works - You have one form or manifestation of religion in an eminent or prominent degree, and I have another. You are characterized particularly for one of the virtues of religion, and I am for another; as one man may be particularly eminent for meekness, and another for zeal, and another for benevolence, and each be a virtuous man. The expression here is equivalent to saying, "One may have faith, and another works."
Show me thy faith without thy works - That is, you who maintain that faith is enough to prove the existence of religion; that a man may be justified and saved by that alone, or where it does not develop itself in holy living; or that all that is necessary in order to be saved is merely to believe. Let the reality of any such faith as that be shown, if it can be; let any real faith be shown to exist without a life of good works, and the point will be settled. I, says the apostle, will undertake to exhibit the evidence of my faith in a different way - in a way about which there can be no doubt, and which is the appropriate method. It is clear, if the common reading here is correct, that the apostle meant to deny that true faith could be evinced without appropriate works. It should be said, however, that there is a difference of reading here of considerable importance. Many manuscripts and printed editions of the New Testament, instead of "without" (works - χωρίς chōris), read "from" or "by" (ἐκ ek), as in the other part of the verse, "show me thy faith by thy works, and I will show thee my faith by my works."
This reading is found in Walton, Wetstein, Mill, and in the received text generally; the other (without) is found in many manuscripts, and in the Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, English, and Armenian versions; and is adopted by Beza, Castalio, Grotius, Bengel, Hammond, Whitby, Drusius, Griesbach, Tittman, and Hahn, and is now commonly received as the correct reading. It may be added that this reading seems to be demanded by the similar reading in James 2:20, "But wilt thou know that faith "without works" (χωρὶς τὼν ἔργων chōris tōn ergōn) is dead," evidently implying that something had been said before about "faith without works." This reading also is so natural, and makes so good sense in the connection, that it would seem to be demanded. Doddridge felt the difficulty in the other reading, and has given a version of the passage which showed his great perplexity, and which is one of the most unhappy that he ever made.
And I will show thee my faith by my works - I will furnish in this way the best and most certain proof of the existence of faith. It is implied here that true faith is adapted to lead to a holy life, and that such a life would be the appropriate evidence of the existence of faith. By their fruits the principles held by men are known. See the notes at Matthew 7:16.
19
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:19
Thou believest that there is one God - One of the great and cardinal doctrines of religion is here selected as an illustration of all. The design of the apostle seems to have been to select one of the doctrines of religion, the belief of which would - if mere belief in any doctrine could - save the soul; and to show that even this might be held as an article of faith by those who could be supposed by no one to have any claim to the name of Christian. He selects, therefore, the great fundamental doctrine of all religion, - the doctrine of the existence of one Supreme Being, - and shows that if even this were held in such a way as it might be, and as it was held by devils, it could not save men. The apostle here is not to be supposed to be addressing such an one as Paul, who held to the doctrine that we are justified by faith; nor is he to be supposed to be combating the doctrine of Paul, as some have maintained, (see the Introduction); but he is to be regarded as addressing one who held, in the broadest and most unqualified sense, that provided there was faith, a man would be saved. To this he replies, that even the devils might have faith of a certain sort, and faith that would produce sensible effects on them of a certain kind, and still it could not be supposed that they had true religion, or that they would be saved. Why might not the same thing occur in regard to man?
Thou doest well - So far as this is concerned, or so far as it goes. It is a doctrine which ought to be held, for it is one of the great fundamental truths of religion.
The devils - The "demons," - (τα δαιμόνια ta daimonia). There is, properly, but one being spoken of in the New Testament as "the devil" - ὁ διάβολος ho diabolos, and ὁ Σατᾶν ho Satan - though "demons" are frequently spoken of in the plural number. They are represented as evil spirits, subject to Satan, or under his control, and engaged with him in carrying out his plans of wickedness. These spirits or demons were supposed to wander in desert and desolate places, Matthew 12:43, or to dwell in the atmosphere, (Notes, Ephesians 2:2); they were thought to have the power of working miracles, but not for good, (Revelation 16:14; compare John 10:21); to be hostile to mankind, John 8:44; to utter the pagan oracles, Acts 16:17; to lurk in the idols of the heathen, 1 Corinthians 10:20; and to take up their abodes in the bodies of men, afflicting them with various kinds of diseases, Matthew 7:22; Matthew 9:34; Matthew 10:8; Matthew 17:18; Mark 7:29-30; Luke 4:33; Luke 8:27, Luke 8:30, et soepe. It is of these evil spirits that the apostle speaks when he says that they believe.
Also believe - That is, particularly, they believe in the existence of the one God. How far their knowledge may extend respecting God, we cannot know; but they are never represented in the Scriptures as denying his existence, or as doubting the great truths of religion. They are never described as atheists. That is a sin of this world only. They are not represented as sceptics. That, too, is a peculiar sin of the earth; and probably, in all the universe besides, there are no beings but those who dwell on this globe, who doubt or deny the existence of God, or the other great truths of religion.
And tremble - The word here used (φρίσσουσιν phrissousin) occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. It means, properly, to be rough, uneven, jaggy, sc., with bristling hair; to bristle, to stand on end, as the hair does in a fright; and then to shudder or quake with fear, etc. Here the meaning is, that there was much more in the case referred to than mere speculative faith. There was a faith that produced some effect, and an effect of a very decided character. It did not, indeed, produce good works, or a holy life, but it made it manifest that there was faith; and, consequently, it followed that the existence of mere faith was not all that was necessary to save men, or to make it certain that they would be secure, unless it were held that the devils would be justified and saved by it. If they might hold such faith, and still remain in perdition, men might hold it, and go to perdition. A man should not infer, therefore, because he has faith, even that faith in God which will fill him with alarm, that therefore he is safe. He must have a faith which will produce another effect altogether - that which will lead to a holy life.
20
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:20
But wilt thou know - Will you have a full demonstration of it; will you have the clearest proof in the case. The apostle evidently felt that the instances to which he was about to refer, those of Abraham and Rahab, were decisive.
O vain man - The reference by this language is to a man who held an opinion that could not be defended. The word "vain" here used (κενε kene) means properly "empty," as opposed to "full" - as empty hands, having nothing in them; then fruitless, or without utility or success; then false, fallacious. The meaning here, properly, would be "empty," in the sense of being void of understanding; and this would be a mild and gentle way of saying of one that he was foolish, or that he maintained an argument that was without sense. James means, doubtless, to represent it as a perfectly plain matter, a matter about which no man of sense could have any reasonable doubt. If we must call a man foolish, as is sometimes necessary, let us use as mild and inoffensive a term as possible - a term which, while it will convey our meaning, will not unnecessarily wound and irritate.
That faith without works is dead - That the faith which does not produce good works is useless in the matter of salvation. He does not mean to say that it would produce no effect, for in the case of the demons it did produce trembling and alarm; but that it would be valueless in the matter of salvation. The faith of Abraham and of Rahab was entirely different from this.
21
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:21
Was not Abraham our father - Our progenitor, our ancestor; using the word "father," as frequently occurs in the Bible, to denote a remote ancestor. Compare the notes at Matthew 1:1. A reference to his case would have great weight with those who were Jews by birth, and probably most of those to whom this Epistle was addressed were of this character. See the Introduction.
Justified by works - That is, in the sense in which James is maintaining that a man professing religion is to be justified by his works. He does not affirm that the ground of acceptance with God is that we keep the law, or are perfect; or that our good works make an atonement for our sins, and that it is on their account that we are pardoned; nor does he deny that it is necessary that a man should believe in order to be saved. In this sense he does not deny that men are justified by faith; and thus he does not contradict the doctrine of the apostle Paul. But he does teach that where there are no good works, or where there is not a holy life, there is no true religion; that that faith which is not productive of good works is of no value; that if a man has that faith only, it would be impossible that he could be regarded as justified, or could be saved and that consequently, in that large sense, a man is justified by his works that is, they are the evidence that he is a justified man, or is regarded and treated as righteous by his Maker. The point on which the apostle has his eye is the nature of saving faith; and his design is to show that a mere faith which would produce no more effect than that of the demons did, could not save.
In this he states no doctrine which contradicts that of Paul. The evidence to which he appeals in regard to faith, is good works and a holy life; and where that exists it shows that the faith is genuine. The case of Abraham is one directly in point. He showed that he had that kind of faith which was not dead. He gave the most affecting evidence that his faith was of such a kind as to lead him to implicit obedience, and to painful sacrifices. Such an act as that referred to - the act of offering up his son - demonstrated, if anything could, that his faith was genuine, and that his religion was deep and pure. In the sight of heaven and earth it would justify him as a righteous man, or would prove that he was a righteous man. In regard to the strength of his faith, and the nature of his obedience in this sacrifice, see the notes at Hebrews 11:19. That the apostle here cannot refer to the act of justification as the term is commonly understood, referring by that to the moment when he was accepted of God as a righteous man, is clear from the fact that in a passage of the Scriptures which he himself quotes, that is declared to be consequent on his believing: "Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness."
The act here referred to occurred long subsequent to that, and was thus a fulfillment or confirmation of the declaration of Scripture, which says that "he believed God." It showed that his faith was not merely speculative, but was an active principle, leading to holy living. See the notes at James 2:23. This demonstrates that what the apostle refers to here is the evidence by which it is shown that a man's faith is genuine, and that he does not refer to the question whether the act of justification, where a sinner is converted, is solely in consequence of believing. Thus the case proves what James purposes to prove, that the faith which justifies is only that which leads to good works.
When he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar - This was long after he believed, and was an act which, if any could, would show that his faith was genuine and sincere. On the meaning of this passage, see the notes at Hebrews 11:17.
22
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:22
Seest thou - Margin, "Thou seest." Either rendering is correct, and the sense is the same. The apostle means to say that this was so plain that they could not but see it.
How faith wrought with his works - συνήργει sunērgei. Cooperated with. The meaning of the word is, "to work together with anyone; to co operate," 1 Corinthians 16:16; 2 Corinthians 6:1; then to aid, or help, Mark 16:20; to contribute to the production of any result, where two or more persons or agents are united. Compare Romans 8:28. The idea here is, that the result in the case of Abraham, that is, his salvation, or his religion, was secured, not by one of these things alone, but that both contributed to it. The result which was reached, to wit, his acceptance with God, could not have been obtained by either one of them separately, but both, in some sense, entered into it. The apostle does not say that, in regard to the merit which justifies, they came in for an equal share, for he makes no affirmation on that point; he does not deny that in the sight of God, who foresees and knows all things, he was regarded as a justified man the moment he believed, but he looks at the result as it was, at Abraham as he appeared under the trial of his faith, and says that in that result there was to be seen the co-operation of faith and good works. Both contributed to the end, as they do now in all cases where there is true religion.
(By the somewhat unhappy term "merit," the author clearly means nothing more than "principle," as is obvious from his acute and evangelical comment on the verse; as well as from the admirable reconciliation of Paul and James below.)
And by works was faith made perfect - Made complete, finished, or entire. It was so carried out as to show its legitimate and fair results. This does not mean that the faith in itself was defective before this, and that the defect was remedied by good works; or that there is any deficiency in what the right kind of faith can do in the matter of justification, which is to be helped out by good works; but that there was that kind of completion which a thing has when it is fully developed, or is fairly carried out.
23
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:23
And the Scripture was fulfilled which saith - That is, the fair and full meaning of the language of Scripture was expressed by this act, showing in the highest sense that his faith was genuine; or the declaration that he truly believed, was confirmed or established by this act. His faith was shown to be genuine; and the fair meaning of the declaration that he believed God was carried out in the subsequent act. The passage here referred to occurs in Genesis 15:6. That which it is said Abraham believed, or in which he believed God, was this: "This shall not be thine heir (namely, Eliezer of Damascus), but he that shall come forth out of thine own bowels, shall be thine heir." And again, "Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them. And he said unto him, So shall thy seed be," James 2:3-5. The act of confiding in these promises, was that act of which it is said that "he believed in the Lord; and he counted it to him for righteousness."
The act of offering his son on the altar by which James says this Scripture was fulfilled, occurred some 20 years afterward. That act confirmed or fulfilled the declaration. It showed that his faith was genuine, and that the declaration that he believed in God was true; for what could do more to confirm that, than a readiness to offer his own son at the command of God? It cannot be supposed that James meant to say that Abraham was justified by works without respect to faith, or to deny that the primary round of his justification in the sight of God was faith, for the very passage which he quotes shows that faith was the primary consideration: "Abraham believed God, and it was imputed," etc. The meaning, therefore, can only be, that this declaration received its fair and full expression when Abraham, by an act of obedience of the most striking character, long after he first exercised that faith by which he was accepted of God, showed that his faith was genuine. It he had not thus obeyed, his faith would have been inoperative and of no value. As it was, his act showed that the declaration of the Scripture that, he "believed" was well founded.
Abraham believed God, and it was imputed ... - See this passage fully explained in the notes at Romans 4:3.
And he was called the friend of God - In virtue of his strong faith and obedience. See 2 Chronicles 20:7; "Art not thou our God, who didst drive out the inhabitants of this land before thy people Israel, and gavest it to the seed of Abraham thy friend forever?" Isaiah 41:8. "But thou, Israel, art my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham my friend." This was a most honorable appellation; but it is one which, in all cases, will result from true faith and obedience.
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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:24
Ye see then - From the course of reasoning pursued, and the example referred to.
How that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only - Not by a cold, abstract, inoperative faith. It must be by a faith that shall produce good works, and whose existence will be shown to men by good works. As justification takes place in the sight of God, it is by faith, for he sees that the faith is genuine, and that it will produce good works if the individual who exercises faith shall live; and he justifies men in view of that faith, and of no other. If he sees that the faith is merely speculative; that it is cold and dead, and would not produce good works, the man is not justified in his sight. As a matter of fact, therefore, it is only the faith that produces good works that justifies; and good works, therefore, as the proper expression of the nature of faith, foreseen by God as the certain result of faith, and actually performed as seen by men, are necessary in order to justification. In other words, no man will be justified who has not a faith which will produce good works, and which is of an operative and practical character. The ground of justification in the case is faith, and that only; the evidence of it, the carrying it out, the proof of the existence of the faith, is good works; and thus men are justified and saved not by mere abstract and cold faith, but by a faith necessarily connected with good works, and where good works perform an important part. James, therefore, does not contradict Paul, but he contradicts a false explanation of Paul's doctrine. He does not deny that a man is justified in the sight of God by faith, for the very passage which he quotes shows that he believes that; but he does deny that a man is justified by a faith which would not produce good works, and which is not expressed by good works; and thus he maintains, as Paul always did, that nothing else than a holy life can show that a man is a true Christian, and is accepted of God.
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번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:25
Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works? - In the same sense in which Abraham was, as explained above - showing by her act that her faith was genuine, and that it was not a mere cold and speculative assent to the truths of religion. Her act showed that she truly believed God. If that act had not been performed, the fact would have shown that her faith was not genuine, and she could not have been justified. God saw her faith as it was; he saw that it would produce acts of obedience, and he accepted her as righteous. The act which she performed was the public manifestation of her faith, the evidence that she was justified. See the case of Rahab fully explained in the notes at Hebrews 11:31. It may be observed here, that we are not to suppose that everything in the life and character of this woman is commended. She is commended for her faith, and for the fair expression of it; a faith which, as it induced her to receive the messengers of the true God, and to send them forth in peace, and as it led her to identify herself with the people of God, was also influential, we have every reason to suppose, in inducing her to abandon her former course of life. When we commend the faith of a man who has been a profane swearer, or an adulterer, or a robber, or a drunkard, we do not commend his former life, or give a sanction to it. We commend that which has induced him to abandon his evil course, and to turn to the ways of righteousness. The more evil his former course has been, the more wonderful, and the more worthy of commendation, is that faith by which he is reformed and saved.
26
번역 준비 중 · 영문 원문James 2:26
For as the body without the spirit is dead - Margin, "breath." The Greek word πνεύμα pneuma is commonly used to denote spirit or soul, as referring to the intelligent nature. The meaning here is the obvious one, that the body is animated or kept alive by the presence of the soul, and that when that is withdrawn, hope departs. The body has no life independent of the presence of the soul.
So faith without works is dead also - There is as much necessity that faith and works should be united to constitute true religion, as there is that the body and soul should be united to constitute a living man. If good works do not follow, it is clear that there is no true and proper faith; none that justifies and saves. If faith produces no fruit of good living, that fact proves that it is dead, that it has no power, and that it is of no value. This shows that James was not arguing against real and genuine faith, nor against its importance in justification, but against the supposition that mere faith was all that was necessary to save a man, whether it was accompanied by good works or not. He maintains that if there is genuine faith it will always be accompanied by good works, and that it is only that faith which can justify and save. If it leads to no practical holiness of life, it is like the body without the soul, and is of no value whatever. James and Paul both agree in the necessity of true faith in order to salvation; they both agree that the tendency of true faith is to produce a holy life; they both agree that where there is not a holy life there is no true religion, and that a man cannot be saved. We may learn, then, from the whole doctrine of the New Testament on the subject, that unless we believe in the Lord Jesus we cannot be justified before God; and that unless our faith is of that kind which will produce holy living, it has no more of the characteristics of true religion than a dead body has of a living man.
Reconciliation of Paul and James.
At the close of the exposition of this chapter, it may be proper to make a few additional remarks on the question in what way the statements of James can be reconciled with those of Paul, on the subject of justification. A difficulty has always been felt to exist on the subject; and there are, perhaps, no readers of the New Testament who are not perplexed with it. Infidels, and particularly Voltaire, have seized the occasion which they supposed they found here to sneer against the Scriptures, and to pronounce them to be contradictory. Luther felt the difficulty to be so great that, in the early part of his career, he regarded it as insuperable, and denied the inspiration of James, though be afterwards changed his opinion, and believed that his Epistle was a part of the inspired canon; and one of Luther's followers was so displeased with the statements of James, as to charge him with willful falsehood. - Dr. Dwight's Theology, Serm. lxviii. The question is, whether their statements can be so reconciled, or can be shown to be so consistent with each other, that it is proper to regard them both as inspired men? Or, are their statements so opposite and contradictory, that it cannot be believed that both were under the influences of an infallible Spirit? In order to answer these questions, there are two points to be considered:
I. What the real difficulty is; and,
II. How the statements of the two writers can be reconciled, or whether there is any way of explanation which will remove the difficulty.
I. What the difficulty is. This relates to two points - that James seems to contradict Paul in express terms, and that both writers make use of the same case to illustrate their opposite sentiments.
(1) that James seems to contradict Paul in express terms. The doctrine of Paul on the subject of justification is stated in such language as the following: "By the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight," Romans 3:20. "We conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law," Romans 3:28. "Being justified by faith," Romans 5:1. "Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ," Galatians 2:16. Compare Romans 3:24-26; Galatians 3:11; Titus 3:5-6. On the other hand, the statement of James seems to be equally explicit that a man is not justified by faith only, but that good works come in for an important share in the matter. "Was not Abraham our father justified by works?" James 2:21. "Seest thou how faith wrought with his works?" James 2:22. "Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only," James 2:24.
(2) both writers refer to the same case to illustrate their views - the case of Abraham. Thus Paul Romans 4:1-3 refers to it to prove that justification is wholly by faith. "For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not before God. For what saith the Scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness." And thus James Jam 2:21-22 refers to it to prove that justification is by works: "Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar?"
The difficulty of reconciling these statements would be more clearly seen if they occurred in the writings of the same author; by supposing, for example, that the statements of James were appended to the fourth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, and were to be read in connection with that chapter. Who, the infidel would ask, would not be struck with the contradiction? Who would undertake to harmonize statements so contradictory? Yet the statements are equally contradictory, though they occur in different writers, and especially when it is claimed for both that they wrote under the influence of inspiration.
II. The inquiry then is, how these apparently contradictory statements may be reconciled, or whether there is any way of explanation that will remove the difficulty. This inquiry resolves itself into two - whether there is any theory that can be proposed that would relieve the difficulty, and whether that theory can be shown to be well founded.
(1) is there any theory which would remove the diffficulty - any explanation which can be given on this point which, if true, would show that the two statements may be in accordance with each other and with truth?
Before suggesting such an explanation, it may be further observed, that, as all history has shown, the statements of Paul on the subject of justification are liable to great abuse. All the forms of Antinomianism have grown out of such abuse, and are only perverted statements of his doctrine. It has been said, that if Christ has freed us from the necessity of obeying the law in order to justification; if he has fulfilled it in our stead, and borne its penalty, then the law is no longer binding on those who are justified, and they are at liberty to live as they please. It has been further said, that if we are saved by faith alone, a man is safe the moment he believes, and good works are therefore not necessary. It is possible that such views as these began to prevail as early as the time of James, and, if so, it was proper that there should be an authoritative apostolic statement to correct them, and to check these growing abuses. If, therefore, James had, as it has been supposed he had, any reference to the sentiments of Paul, it was not to correct his sentiments, or to controvert them but it was to correct the abuses which began already to flow from his doctrines, and to show that the alleged inferences did not properly follow from the opinions which he held; or, in other words, to show that the Christian religion required men to lead holy lives, and that the faith by which it was acknowledged that the sinner must be justified, was a faith which was productive of good works.
Now, all that is necessary to reconcile the statements of Paul and James, is to suppose that they contemplate the subject of justification from different points of view, and with reference to different inquiries. Paul looks at it before a man is converted, with reference to the question how a sinner may be justified before God; James after a man is converted, with reference to the question how he may show that he has the genuine faith which justifies. Paul affirms that the sinner is justified before God only by faith in the Lord Jesus, and not by his own works; James affirms that it is not a mere speculative or dead faith which justifies, but only a faith that is productive of good works, and that its genuineness is seen only by good works. Paul affirms that whatever else a man has, if he have not faith in the Lord Jesus, he cannot be justified; James affirms that no matter what pretended faith a man has, if it is not a faith which is adapted to produce good works, it is of no value in the matter of justification. Supposing this to be the true explanation, and that these are the "stand-points" from which they view the subject, the reconciliation of these two writers is easy: for it was and is still true, that if the question is asked how a sinner is to be justified before God, the answer is to be that of Paul, that it is by faith alone, "without the works of the law;" if the question be asked, how it can be shown what is the kind of faith that justifies, the answer is that of James, that it is only that which is productive of holy living and practical obedience.
(2) Is this a true theory? Can it be shown to be in accordance with the statements of the two writers? Would it be a proper explanation if the same statements had been made by the same writer? That it is a correct theory, or that it is an explanation founded in truth, will be apparent if:
(a) the language used by the two writers will warrant it;
(b) if it accords with a fair interpretation of the declarations of both writers; and,
(c) if, in fact, each of the two writers held respectively the same doctrine on the subject.
(a) Will the language bear this explanation? That is, will the word justify, as used by the two writers, admit of this explanation? That it will, there need be no reasonable doubt; for both are speaking of the way in which man, who is a sinner, may be regarded and treated by God as if he were righteous - the true notion of justification. It is not of justification in the sight of men that they speak, but of justification in the sight of God. Both use the word "justify" in this sense - Paul as affirming that it is only by faith that it can be done; James as affirming, in addition not in contradiction, that it is by a faith that produces holiness, and no other.
(b) Does this view accord with the fair interpretation of the declarations of both writers?
In regard to Paul, there can be no doubt that this is the point from which he contemplates the subject, to wit, with reference to the question how a sinner may be justified. Thus, in the Epistle to the Romans, where his principal statements on the subject occur, he shows, first, that the Gentiles cannot be justified by the works of the law, Romans 1, and then that the same thing is true in regard to the Jews, Romans 2-3, by demonstrating that both had violated the law given them, and were transgressors, and then Romans 3:20 draws his conclusion, "Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight" - the whole argument showing conclusively that he is contemplating the subject before a man is justified, and with reference to the question how he may be.
In regard to James, there can be as little doubt that the point of view from which he contemplates the subject, is after a man professes to have been justified by faith, with reference to the question what kind of faith justifies, or how it may be shown that faith is genuine. This is clear,
(aa) because the whole question is introduced by him with almost express reference to that inquiry: "What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith, and have not works? Can faith save him?" James 2:14. That is, can such faith - can this faith (ἡ πίστις hē pistis) save him? In other words, He must have a different kind of faith in order to save him. The point of James" denial is not that faith, if genuine, would save; but it is, that such a faith, or a faith without works, would save.
(bb) That this is the very point which he discusses, is further shown by his illustrations, James 2:15-16, James 2:19. He shows James 2:15-16 that mere faith in religion would be of no more value in regard to salvation, than if one were naked and destitute of food, it would meet his wants to say, "Depart in peace, be ye warmed and filled;" and then James 2:19, that even the demons had a certain kind of faith in one of the cardinal doctrines of religion, but that it was a faith which was valueless - thus showing that his mind was on the question what is true and genuine faith.
(cc) Then he shows by the case to which he refers James 2:21-23 - the case of Abraham - that this was the question before his mind. He refers not to the act when Abraham first believed - the act by which as a sinner he was justified before God; but to an act that occurred twenty years after - the offering up of his son Isaac. See the notes at those verses. He affirms that the faith of Abraham was of such a kind that it led him to obey the will of God; that is, to good works. Though, as is implied in the objection referred to above, he does refer to the same case to which Paul referred - the case of Abraham - yet it is not to the same act in Abraham. Paul Romans 4:1-3 refers to him when he first believed, affirming that he was then justified by faith; James refers indeed to an act of the same man, but occurring twenty years after, showing that the faith by which he had been justified was genuine. Abraham was, in fact, according to Paul, justified when he believed, and, had he died then, he would have been saved; but according to James, the faith which justified him was not a dead faith, but was living and operative, as was shown by his readiness to offer his son on the altar.
(c) Did each of these two writers in reality hold the same doctrine on the subject? This will be seen, if it can be shown that James held to the doctrine of justification by faith, as really as Paul did; and that Paul held that good works were necessary to show the genuineness of faith, as really as James did.
(1) they both agreed in holding the doctrine of justification by faith. Of Paul's belief there can be no doubt. That James held the doctrine is apparent from the fact that he quotes the very passage in Genesis, Genesis 15:6, and the one on which Paul relies, Romans 4:1-3, as expressing his own views - "Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness." The truth of this, James does not deny, but affirms that the Scripture which made this declaration was fulfilled or confirmed by the act to which he refers.
(2) they both agreed in holding that good works are necessary to show the genuineness of faith. Of James" views on that point there can be no doubt. That Paul held the same opinion is clear.
(a) from his own life, no man ever having been more solicitous to keep the whole law of God than he was.
(b) From his constant exhortations and declarations, such as these: "Created in Christ Jesus unto good works," Ephesians 2:10; "Charge them that are rich, that they be rich in good works," 1 Timothy 6:17-18; "In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works," Titus 2:7; "Who gave himself for us, that he might purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works," Titus 2:14; "These things I will that thou affirm constantly, that they which have believed in God might be careful to maintain good works," Titus 3:8.
(c) It appears from the fact that Paul believed that the rewards of heaven are to be apportioned according to our good works, or according to our character and our attainments in the divine life. The title indeed to eternal life is, according to him, in consequence of faith; the measure of the reward is to be our holiness, or what we do. Thus he says, 2 Corinthians 5:10, "For we must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ, that every one may receive the things done in his body." Thus also he says, 2 Corinthians 9:6, "He which soweth sparingly. shall reap also sparingly; and he which soweth bountifully, shall reap also bountifully." And thus also he says, Romans 2:6, that God "will render to every man according to his deeds." See also the influence which faith had on Paul personally, as described in the third chapter of his Epistle to the Philippians. If these things are so, then these two writers have not contradicted each other, but, viewing the subject from different points, they have together stated important truths which might have been made by any one writer without contradiction; first, that it is only by faith that a sinner can be justified - and second, that the faith which justifies is that only which leads to a holy life, and that no other is of value in saving the soul. Thus, on the one hand, men would be guarded from depending on their own righteousness for eternal life; and, on the other, from all the evils of Antinomianism. The great object of religion would be secured - the sinner would be justified, and would become personally holy.
本章は明らかに三つの部分から成っており、三つの主題が論じられている。
I. 他者の扱いにおいて偏りがないことの義務、James 2:1-9。地位、出身、富、あるいは服装に基づくえこひいきはあってはならなかった。使徒がこれを例示するために言及する場合は、二人の人がキリスト教徒の礼拝者の集会に来る場合である。すなわち、一人は優雅に着飾り、もう一人は粗末な身なりであって、彼らが前者に特別な好意を示し、後者にはより卑しい席を割り当てるという場合である。使徒が、そうしてはならないと述べる理由は次の通りである。
(a) 神が貧しい人たちを御自身の民として選び、その友を主として彼らの中から選ばれたこと、
(b) 富める人たちが実際に彼らを虐げ、特別な考慮に値しないことを示したこと、
(c) 彼らがしばしばそしる者たちの仲間に見出され、実際に彼らの宗教を軽蔑したこと、そして、
(d) 律法が、隣人を自分自身のように愛することを命じ、これを行うなら、それですべてが要求されること。すなわち、人への愛が、華美な服装への愛によって脇へ追いやられてはならないこと。
II. 真の宗教の証拠として、律法全体に従順であることの義務、James 2:10-13。この主題は、宗教は神の律法に従うことにあり、それが行われないところに宗教はありえないという、ヤコブの一般的な原則と目的(緒論を参照)に従って導入されたと思われる。彼が書き送った相手たちの中に、これを否定する者、あるいはこれを疑うに至るような宗教観を受け入れていた者がいたことは、ありえないことではない。それゆえ彼は、次の考察によってこの義務を強調する。
(1) たとえ人が律法のすべての部分に従いながら、一つの点でつまずきを犯すとしても、その人は実際には全体に対して罪を犯していること。というのも、その人は従順の真の原理を全く持たないこと、また律法を全体として破っていることを示すからである、James 2:10。
(2) 律法のすべての部分は同一の権威の上に立ち、それゆえ一つの部分は他の部分と同じく拘束力を持つこと。殺人を禁じられた同じ神が、姦淫をも禁じられたのであり、一方を行う者は、他方を行う者と同じく実際に律法を破るのである、James 2:11。
(3) さばきが御前にあり、私たちは律法の一つの部分への従順ということではなく、その全体の要求に関して、偏りのない原則によって裁かれること。そして、私たちは、律法全体によって、すなわちそのすべての部分に適合したかどうかという問題において裁かれることを期待する者にふさわしく行動すべきである、James 2:12-13。
III. 義認についての主題。行いがなければ人は義と認められず、神の前に義なる者とみなされないことを示す、James 2:14-26。この部分の目的についての概観は、緒論第5節を参照せよ。ここでの目的は、正しい生活を送らない者が、神の前に真に義なる者とみなされえないこと、また、信仰を持つと告白しながら行いを持たない者は義と認められえないことを示すことである。言い換えれば、本物の信仰を持つなら、それはその行いによって示されるということである。もしそれがその本性に対応する行いによって示されないなら、真の宗教はなく、その人の告白する信仰は何の価値もないことが確実になる。ヤコブがこの主題を眺める立脚点は、信仰が不必要であるとか無価値であるとか、あるいは人が自分の行いによってではなく信仰によって義と認められる(神への受け入れの根拠という意味で)ということを否定する点にあるのではない。言い換えれば、使徒が立つ位置、すなわち彼が主題を眺める視点は、人が義と認められる前に、どのようにして神に受け入れられうるかを問う点ではなく、信仰による義認の行為の後にあって、信仰が善い行いに至らなければそれは「死んでいる」、すなわち何の価値もないことを示す点にある。したがって実際に、義認の証拠は善い生活の中に見出されるのであり、これが現れないとき、人の告白する宗教はすべて無価値である。これを行うにあたって、彼は次のことをする。
(a) 鋭い問いかけによって、行いが伴わない限り信仰は益とならず、すなわち人を救うことができないという一般的な陳述をする、James 2:14。次いで彼は、
(b) 飢えた者あるいは裸の者の場合に訴えて、正しい慈善の行いが伴わないなら、単なる信仰がその場合に何を行いえないかを問う、James 2:15-17。次いで彼は、
(c) 強い想定上の場合によって、本物の信仰は行いによって示されること、すなわち行いは信仰の存在の正当な証拠であると言う、James 2:18。次いで彼は、
(d) 悪霊たちでさえ宗教の最も重要な教理の一つについて持っている種類の信仰があり、それは何の価値もありえないことを示す。これによって、信仰がどのようなものであるかという問題とは無関係に、単なる信仰によって人が救われるのではないことが示される、James 2:19。次いで彼は、
(e) アブラハムの場合に訴えて、実際に彼の神への受け入れにおいて行いが重要な役割を果たしたこと、すなわち、彼の行いがなかったなら――言い換えれば、彼の場合に真の従順の霊がなかったなら――彼は自分が義と認められたことの証拠を持ちえなかったこと、あるいは彼の行いは彼の信仰の正当な遂行ないし成就であったことを示す、James 2:20-24。次いで彼は、
(f) 旧約聖書に記録されたもう一つの場合、すなわちラハブの場合にも同じことが真であったことを示し James 2:25、その後に、行いのない信仰は、たましいのない死んだ体が生きた人間とみなされないのと同様、真の宗教であるとの主張の資格を持たないと観察する、James 2:26。