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영문 원문
This chapter is a summary of Israel's conquests. I. Their conquests under Moses, on the other side Jordan (for we now suppose ourselves in Canaan) eastward, which we had the history of, Nu 21:24-35, etc. And here the abridgment of that history, Jos 12:1-6. II. Their conquests under Joshua, on this side Jordan, westward. 1. The country they reduced, Jos 12:7,8. 2. The kings they subdued, thirty-one in all, Jos 12:9-24. And this comes in here, not only as a conclusion of the history of the wars of Canaan (that we might at one view see what they had got), but as a preface to the history of the dividing of Canaan, that all that might be put together which they were not to make a distribution of.
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Summary of Israel's Conquests (1450 BC)
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以色列人征戰的綜述（主前1450年）
¹ 以色列人在約旦河東向日出之地擊殺了那地的諸王，得了他們的地，就是從亞嫩河直到黑門山，以及東邊的全平原。
² 這亞摩利王西宏，本住希實本，他所管之地是從亞羅珥，就是亞嫩河邊，和河中間，以及基列的一半，直到亞捫人交界雅博河。
³ 與平原，東到基尼烈海，又到亞拉巴的海，就是鹽海的東邊，通到伯耶施末的路上；向南，直到毗斯迦的根坡。
⁴ 又有巴珊王噩的境界，他是利乏音人所剩下的，住在亞斯他錄和以得來。
⁵ 他在黑門山、撒迦、以及巴珊全地，直到基述人、瑪迦人的交界，並基列的一半，就是希實本王西宏的交界。
⁶ 這二王是耶和華的僕人摩西和以色列人所擊殺的；耶和華的僕人摩西把他們的地賜給流便人、迦得人和瑪拿西半支派為業。
約書亞，或這段歷史的任何其他作者，在總結以色列人所新征服之地以前，在這幾節裡先回顧了他們在摩西時代的舊征服——在摩西手下，他們成了強盛的西宏和噩這兩個大國的得主。當注意：新的恩典不可淹沒對舊恩典的記憶，現今為教會行善的工具所當得的榮耀，也不可使之掩蓋、貶抑那些在他們之前的人所應得的敬意——他們曾是那時代的祝福與榮耀。約書亞的服事與功業固然偉大，這是公認的，但不可叫摩西手下的那些被忽略遺忘，因為成就二者的乃是同一位神，兩者合在一起才宣告他是以色列這大拯救的阿拉法與俄梅戛。這裡有：1. 對這片被征服之地的描述，整體的量度與界限（書12:1）：南從「亞嫩河」，北到「黑門山」。具體而言，這裡描述了西宏的國（書12:2,3）和噩的國（書12:4,5）。摩西曾極其詳細地描述過這地（申2:36，3:4等），此處的描述與他的相符。論到噩王說他住在亞斯他錄和以得來（書12:4），大概是因為這兩座都是他的王城；他在兩處都有宮殿，有時住一處，有時住另一處；一座也許是他的夏宮，另一座是冬宮。但以色列人把兩座都從他手中奪了過來，使那個連一座宮殿都不滿足的人，只落得一座墳墓。2. 這地的分配。摩西應兩個半支派的請求，把它分給他們，並在他們之間劃分（書12:6），這事的完整經過我們已在民32:1-42讀過。摩西征服之後將其劃分，在此被提及，是作為約書亞的榜樣——他既征服了約旦河西之地，如今也當如此行。摩西在他那個時代，把極其豐饒肥美之地賜給一部分以色列人，但那是在約旦河之外；約書亞卻把聖地、神聖所之山、約旦河內之地賜給全以色列：照樣，律法把外在屬世的福氣賜給少數屬靈的以色列人，作為將來美事的預嘗；但我們的主耶穌——真正的約書亞——卻為所有應許的兒女預備了屬靈的福氣，就是聖所的特權和屬天的迦南。律法的得勝與賞賜固然榮耀，福音的卻更為榮耀。
⁷ 約書亞和以色列人在約旦河西，從黎巴嫩谷的巴力迦得，直到上西珥的哈拉山，擊殺了那地的諸王；約書亞就按著以色列支派的分，將那地賜給他們為業。
⁸ 就是山地、平原、高原、山坡、曠野、南地；赫人、亞摩利人、迦南人、比利洗人、希未人、耶布斯人的地。
⁹ 他們的王：耶利哥王一個，艾城（在伯特利旁邊）王一個。
¹⁰ 耶路撒冷王一個，希伯崙王一個。
¹¹ 耶末王一個，拉吉王一個。
¹² 伊磯倫王一個，基色王一個。
¹³ 底璧王一個，基德王一個。
¹⁴ 何珥瑪王一個，亞拉得王一個。
¹⁵ 立拿王一個，亞杜蘭王一個。
¹⁶ 瑪基大王一個，伯特利王一個。
¹⁷ 他普亞王一個，希弗王一個。
¹⁸ 亞弗王一個，拉沙崙王一個。
¹⁹ 瑪頓王一個，夏瑣王一個。
²⁰ 伸崙米崙王一個，押煞王一個。
²¹ 他納王一個，米吉多王一個。
²² 基低斯王一個，迦密的約念王一個。
²³ 多珥山岡的多珥王一個，吉甲的列國王一個。
²⁴ 得撒王一個；共計三十一個王。
這裡是約書亞征服事蹟的摘要。
I. 他所征服之地的範圍。那地東界約旦河，西接地中海，北從黎巴嫩附近的巴力迦得，南到貼近以東之地的哈拉（書12:7）。這些邊界在民34:2-12等處有更詳盡的描述。但此處所說的，已足以表明神是信實的，凡他藉摩西所應許賜給他們的，他都使他們得著了——只要他們肯持守。
II. 這地裡各樣的地形，這既增添了它的悅人程度，也增添了它的豐饒（書12:8）。那裡有山地，不是嶙峋、多石、貧瘠、令旅人驚懼、於居民無益的那種，而是結滿「寶物」（申33:15）的肥美山丘，既悅人眼目，又充滿主人的手掌。也有山谷，不是泥濘沼澤的那種，而是「以五穀遮蓋」的（詩65:13）。那裡有平原，有澆灌它們的泉水；即便在那肥美之地，也有曠野或森林，那裡不如其他地方人口稠密，卻仍有城鎮和房屋，並作為襯托，使更悅人、更豐饒的鄉野更加顯明。
III. 曾擁有這地的各國——赫人、亞摩利人、迦南人等，全都是那受咒詛的含的兒子迦南的後裔（創10:15-18）。他們被稱為七國（申7:1），數目也如此計算，但這裡只提到六個，革迦撒人不是失落了就是被略去了，雖然在創10:16，15:21我們能找到他們。他們或許已被併入其他某一國之中；又或者，照猶太人的傳統所說，以色列人在約書亞率領下臨近時，他們全都撤走前往非洲，把自己的地留給以色列人去佔據，因為他們看見與以色列人爭戰是徒然的，所以不列在約書亞所征服的各國之中。
IV. 一份被以色列人的刀劍征服、制伏的諸王名單，有的死於戰場，有的死於自己的城中，總共三十一個，並且一一按名點數，看來是按照被征服的順序排列；因為這目錄從耶利哥和艾城的王開始，繼而包括耶路撒冷王以及與他結盟的南方諸王，再推進到北方聯盟的諸王。現在，1. 這說明迦南當時是何等肥美的一塊地，能供養如此多的王國，有如此多的王寧可擠在這裡，也不願分散到別國去——我們可以推想那些地方當時還沒有人居住，在那裡他們雖可找到更寬闊的空間，卻不能指望這樣的豐盛與安樂：這就是神為以色列人所察看的那地；然而今日，它卻是世上最貧瘠、最可鄙、最無益的國度之一：這就是那地受咒詛的結果，因為它的居民棄絕了基督和他的福音，正如摩西所預言的（申29:23）。2. 這說明當時人的野心被限制在多麼狹窄的範圍之內。這些王各自滿足於治理一座城及其所屬的城鎮鄉村；他們當中沒有一個（至少表面看來）想要圖謀征服其餘的王，而是每逢有事，就全都聯合起來為共同的安全而戰。然而看來，他們在疆域範圍上的不足，卻由其權力的絕對性來彌補——他們的臣民全是他們的佃戶和附庸，完全聽命於他們。3. 這說明神對以色列人是何等恩待，使他們勝過這一切的王，得著這一切的王國，並藉此對他們施以何等的義務，要他們「守他的律例，謹守他的律法」（詩105:44,45）。這裡有三十一個王國或領地，要分給以色列的九個半支派。其中歸猶大鬮分的有希伯崙、耶末、拉吉、伊磯倫、底璧、亞拉得、立拿、亞杜蘭這八個王國，此外還有耶路撒冷王國的一部分和基德的一部分。便雅憫得了耶利哥、艾城、耶路撒冷、瑪基大、伯特利以及吉甲列國這六個王國。西緬得了何珥瑪王國和基德的一部分。以法蓮得了基色和得撒兩個王國。瑪拿西（那半支派）得了他普亞和希弗、他納和米吉多。亞設得了亞弗和押煞。西布倫得了拉沙崙、伸崙米崙和約念。拿弗他利得了瑪頓、夏瑣和基低斯。以薩迦則得了多珥。這些都是神所擊殺的一些大而著名的王，「因他的慈愛永遠長存；又將他們的地賜為產業，就是賜給他的僕人以色列為產業，因他的慈愛永遠長存」（詩136:17-24等）。
영문 원문
Summary of Israel's Conquests (1450 BC)
¹ Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east:
² Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;
³ And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Beth-jeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdoth-pisgah:
⁴ And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,
⁵ And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
⁶ Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh.
Joshua, or whoever else is the historian before he comes to sum up the new conquests Israel had made, in these verses receives their former conquests in Moses's time, under whom they became masters of the great and potent kingdoms of Sihon and Og. Note, Fresh mercies must not drown the remembrance of former mercies, nor must the glory of the present instruments of good to the church be suffered to eclipse and diminish the just honour of those who have gone before them, and who were the blessings and ornaments of their day. Joshua's services and achievements are confessedly great, but let not those under Moses be overlooked and forgotten, since God was the same who wrought both, and both put together proclaim him the Alpha and Omega of Israel's great salvation. Here is, 1. A description of this conquered country, the measure and bounds of it in general (Jos 12:1): From the river Arnon in the south, to Mount Hermon in the north. In particular, here is a description of the kingdom of Sihon (Jos 12:2,3), and that of Og, Jos 12:4,5. Moses had described this country very particularly (De 2:36,3:4, etc.), and this description here agrees with his. King Og is said to dwell at Ashtaroth and Edrei (Jos 12:4), probably because they were both his royal cities; he had palaces in both, and resided sometimes in one and sometimes in the other; one perhaps was his summer seat and the other his winter seat. But Israel took both from him, and made one grave to serve him that could not be content with one palace. 2. The distribution of this country. Moses assigned it to the two tribes and a half, at their request, and divided it among them (Jos 12:6), of which we had the story at large, Nu 32:1-42. The dividing of it when it was conquered by Moses is here mentioned as an example to Joshua what he must do now that he had conquered the country on this side Jordan. Moses, in his time, gave to one part of Israel a very rich and fruitful country, but it was on the outside of Jordan; but Joshua gave to all Israel the holy land, the mountain of God's sanctuary, within Jordan: so the law conferred upon some few of God's spiritual Israel external temporal blessings, which were earnests of good things to come; but our Lord Jesus, the true Joshua, has provided for all the children of promise spiritual blessings—the privileges of the sanctuary, and the heavenly Canaan. The triumphs and grants of the law were glorious, but those of the gospel far exceed in glory.
⁷ And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baal-gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;
⁸ In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites:
⁹ The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Beth-el, one;
¹⁰ The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
¹¹ The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;
¹² The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;
¹³ The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;
¹⁴ The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
¹⁵ The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;
¹⁶ The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Beth-el, one;
¹⁷ The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
¹⁸ The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;
¹⁹ The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;
²⁰ The king of Shimron-meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;
²¹ The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;
²² The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one;
²³ The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one;
²⁴ The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one.
We have here a breviate of Joshua's conquests.
I. The limits of the country he conquered. It lay between Jordan on the east and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and extended from Baal-gad near Lebanon in the north to Halak, which lay upon the country of Edom in the south, Jos 12:7. The boundaries are more largely described, Nu 34:2-12, etc. But what is here said is enough to show that God had been as good as his word, and had given them possession of all he had promised them by Moses, if they would but have kept it.
II. The various kinds of land that were found in this country, which contributed both to its pleasantness and to its fruitfulness, Jos 12:8. There were mountains, not craggy, and rocky, and barren, which are frightful to the traveller and useless to the inhabitants, but fruitful hills, such as put forth precious things (De 33:15), which charmed the spectator's eye and filled the owner's hand. And valleys, not mossy and boggy, but covered with corn, Ps 65:13. There were plains, and springs to water them; and even in that rich land there were wildernesses too, or forests, which were not so thickly inhabited as other parts, yet had towns and houses in them, but served as foils to set off the more pleasant and fruitful countries.
III. The several nations that had been in possession of this country—Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, etc., all of them descended from Canaan, the accursed son of Ham, Ge 10:15-18. Seven nations they are called (De 7:1), and so many are there reckoned up, but here six only are mentioned, the Girgashites being either lost or left out, though we find them, Ge 10:16,15:21. Either they were incorporated with some other of these nations, or, as the tradition of the Jews is, upon the approach of Israel under Joshua they all withdrew and went into Africa, leaving their country to be possessed by Israel, with whom they saw it was to no purpose to contend, and therefore they are not named among the nations that Joshua subdued.
IV. A list of the kings that were conquered and subdued by the sword of Israel, some in the field, others in their own cities, thirty-one in all, and very particularly named and counted, it should seem, in the order in which they were conquered; for the catalogue begins with the kings of Jericho and Ai, then takes in the king of Jerusalem and the princes of the south that were in confederacy with him, and then proceeds to those of the northern association. Now, 1. This shows what a very fruitful country Canaan then was, which could support so many kingdoms, and in which so many kings chose to throng together rather than disperse themselves into other countries, which we may suppose not yet inhabited, but where, though they might find more room, they could not expect such plenty and pleasure: this was the land God spied out for Israel; and yet at this day it is one of the most barren, despicable, and unprofitable countries in the world: such is the effect of the curse it lies under, since its possessors rejected Christ and his gospel, as was foretold by Moses, De 29:23. 2. It shows what narrow limits men's ambition was then confined to. These kings contented themselves with the government, each of them, of one city and the towns and villages that pertained to it; and no one of them, for aught that appears, aimed to make himself master of the rest, but, when there was occasion, all united for the common safety. Yet it should seem that what was wanting in the extent of their territories was made up in the absoluteness of their power, their subjects being all their tenants and vassals, and entirely at their command. 3. It shows how good God was to Israel, in giving them victory over all these kings, and possession of all these kingdoms, and what obligations he hereby laid upon them to observe his statutes and to keep his laws, Ps 105:44,45. Here were thirty-one kingdoms, or seigniories, to be divided among nine tribes and a half of Israel. Of these there fell to the lot of Judah the kingdoms of Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon, Debir, Arad, Libnah, and Adullam, eight in all, besides part of the kingdom of Jerusalem and part of Geder. Benjamin had the kingdoms of Jericho, Ai, Jerusalem, Makkedah, Beth-el, and the nations of Gilgal, six in all. Simeon had the kingdom of Hormah and part of Geder. Ephraim had the kingdoms of Gezer and Tirzah. Manasseh (that half-tribe) had the kingdoms of Tappuah and Hepher, Taanach and Megiddo. Asher had the kingdoms of Aphek and Achshaph. Zebulun had the kingdoms of Lasharon, Shimron-meron, and Jokneam. Naphtali had the kingdoms of Madon, Hazor, and Kedesh. And Issachar had that of Dor. These were some of the great and famous kings that God smote, for his mercy endureth for ever; and gave their land for a heritage, even a heritage unto Israel his servant, for his mercy endureth for ever, Ps 136:17-24, etc.
本章是以色列人征戰得勝的摘要。一、在摩西率領下在約旦河東岸（我們如今設想自己已在迦南）所得的勝利，其歷史已見於Nu 21:24-35等處；此處是那段歷史的概述（Jos 12:1-6）。二、在約書亞率領下在約旦河西岸所得的勝利。1. 他們所平定的地區（Jos 12:7,8）。2. 他們所制伏的諸王，共計三十一名（Jos 12:9-24）。這段記述放在此處，不僅是迦南戰事的總結（好讓我們一眼看出他們所得的），也是迦南分地歷史的序言，把所有不可用來分配的都先歸攏在一起。