Comentário do capítulo
2 Samuel Capítulo 23
1
2Sa 23:1-7.
简体中文
Original em inglês
2Sa 23:1-7.
DAVID PROFESSES HIS FAITH IN GOD'S PROMISES.
1. Now these be the last words of David--Various opinions are entertained as to the precise meaning of this statement, which, it is obvious, proceeded from the compiler or collector of the sacred canon. Some think that, as there is no division of chapters in the Hebrew Scriptures, this introduction was intended to show that what follows is no part of the preceding song. Others regard this as the last of the king's poetical compositions; while still others consider it the last of his utterances as an inspired writer.
raised up on high--from an obscure family and condition to a throne.
the anointed of the God of Jacob--chosen to be king by the special appointment of that God, to whom, by virtue of an ancient covenant, the people of Israel owed all their peculiar destiny and distinguished privileges.
the sweet psalmist of Israel--that is, delightful, highly esteemed.
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2. 耶和华的灵借着我说——再没有比这更清楚的话表明：大卫诗篇中所有灵性的卓越、言辞的华美、预言意象的壮伟，都不是因他天赋过人或学识渊博，而是出于神之灵的感动与指引。
Original em inglês
2. The Spirit of the Lord spake by me--Nothing can more clearly show that all that is excellent in spirit, beautiful in language, or grand in prophetic imagery, which the Psalms of David contain, were owing, not to his superiority in natural talents or acquired knowledge, but to the suggestion and dictates of God's Spirit.
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3. 以色列的盘石——这一比喻，圣经作者常用来指全能者，对希伯来人的心而言极为传神。他们国家的堡垒，就是他们在战争中寻求安全的所在，都建在高耸难攀的盘石之上。
对我说话——或是以训诲的方式，就以色列中正直君王应有的品格赐下以下的训言；或是以预言的方式，论到大卫及其王室，以及那位伟大的弥赛亚——许多人认为这是一则预言，将这话译作「那治理人的」——「必有一人治理人」。
Original em inglês
3. the Rock of Israel--This metaphor, which is commonly applied by the sacred writers to the Almighty, was very expressive to the minds of the Hebrew people. Their national fortresses, in which they sought security in war, were built on high and inaccessible rocks.
spake to me--either preceptively, giving the following counsels respecting the character of an upright ruler in Israel, or prophetically, concerning David and his royal dynasty, and the great Messiah, of whom many think this is a prophecy, rendering the words, "he that ruleth"--"there shall be a ruler over men."
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4. 如雨后晴光使嫩草从地里长出——在巴勒斯坦，雨后可见一片片的草迅速萌发；即使地面久已焦枯荒芜，在滋润的雨水开始降下后不过几日甚至几个时辰，大地的面貌便焕然一新，被一层纯净清新的绿毡所覆盖。
Original em inglês
4. as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear shining after rain--Little patches of grass are seen rapidly springing up in Palestine after rain; and even where the ground has been long parched and bare, within a few days or hours after the enriching showers begin to fall, the face of the earth is so renewed that it is covered over with a pure fresh mantle of green.
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5. 我家在神面前并非如此，神却与我立永远的约，这约凡事坚立——「日出的清晨」，即大卫国度的开端，并不像东方晴朗辉煌的晨光，却被许多乌黑可怖的云层所遮蔽；他和他的家族也不像在阳光雨水合力滋润之下从地里长出、繁茂生长的嫩草，倒更像那枯干、未及长成便被割下的草。意思是：大卫的家并未照他所盼望的、在世俗昌盛与荣耀上一帆风顺地繁盛；他家族的历史上虽被重大的罪恶和灾祸所笼罩；王室之树一些最有指望的枝条在他有生之年便被砍下，他的许多后继者也必因自己的罪而同样受苦；虽然他的后裔和他的国可能遭遇许多变故和动荡，但神必信守不变地维持与祂家族所立的约，直到他那位最伟大的儿子弥赛亚降临——这位乃是他心愿所系，也是他救恩的源头——这对他而言乃是最高喜乐和感恩的缘由。
Original em inglês
5. Although my house be not so with God; yet he hath made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things, and sure--"the light of the morning," that is, the beginning of David's kingdom, was unlike the clear brilliant dawn of an Eastern day but was overcast by many black and threatening clouds; neither he nor his family had been like the tender grass springing up from the ground and flourishing by the united influences of the sun and rain; but rather like the grass that withereth and is prematurely cut down. The meaning is: although David's house had not flourished in an uninterrupted course of worldly prosperity and greatness, according to his hopes; although great crimes and calamities had beclouded his family history; some of the most promising branches of the royal tree had been cut down in his lifetime and many of his successors should suffer in like manner for their personal sins; although many reverses and revolutions may overtake his race and his kingdom, yet it was to him a subject of the highest joy and thankfulness that God will inviolably maintain His covenant with his family, until the advent of his greatest Son, the Messiah, who was the special object of his desire, and the author of his salvation.
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6. 但匪徒都像荆棘——即这义国之国一切邪恶的敌人和逼迫者。他们像那些纠结缠绕、刺尖四向、又硬又利的荆棘丛，无人能靠近或触碰而无险；必须用坚硬的工具和猛烈的手段才能将它们铲除拔尽。照样，神也必将一切与这国为敌的人除灭净尽。
Original em inglês
6. But the sons of Belial shall be all of them as thorns--that is, the wicked enemies and persecutors of this kingdom of righteousness. They resemble those prickly, thorny plants which are twisted together, whose spires point in every direction, and which are so sharp and strong that they cannot be touched or approached without danger; but hard instruments and violent means must be taken to destroy or uproot them. So God will remove or destroy all who are opposed to this kingdom.
8
2Sa 23:8-39.
简体中文
2Sa 23:8-39.
他勇士的名录。
8. 大卫勇士的名字记在下面——本节应译作：坐在提哥尼人座位上的（即哈革摩尼人雅朔班），就是众军长之首的那位，他便是亚底挪·以斯尼人；他举起枪对付八百人，一次性将他们杀败。此处的经文有讹误；八百应为三百［戴维森，《解释学》］。
他在约押之下任军事议会的首领或主席。头一等或最高的等级由他和他的两位同僚以利亚撒和沙玛组成。以利亚撒似乎被留下独自与非利士人争战；他得胜之后，众人便回来掳物。照样，沙玛也被留下独自享受他的荣耀，那时主借他行了一件大胜利。之后所描述的功绩，究竟是头三位还是后三位所行，并不很容易断定。
Original em inglês
2Sa 23:8-39.
A CATALOGUE OF HIS MIGHTY MEN.
8. These be the names of the mighty men whom David had--This verse should be translated thus: He who sits in the seat of the Tachmonite (that is, of Jashobeam the Hachmonite), who was chief among the captains, the same is Adino the Eznite; he lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time. The text is corrupt in this passage; the number eight hundred should be three hundred [DAVIDSON, Hermeneutics]. Under Joab he was chief or president of the council of war. The first or highest order was composed of him and his two colleagues, Eleazar and Shammah. Eleazar seems to have been left to fight the Philistines alone; and on his achieving the victory, they returned to the spoil. In like manner Shammah was left to stand alone in his glory, when the Lord, by him, wrought a great victory. It is not very easy to determine whether the exploits that are afterwards described were performed by the first or the second three.
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15、16. 伯利恒的井——在伯利恒山东角以北约十分钟路程之处，有一口古老的井，凿在整块盘石上，有四五个井口，当地人称之为「比尔·大卫」，即大卫井。罗宾逊博士怀疑这井的真实性；但也有人认为并没有充分的理由如此怀疑。当然，若视此为古井，伯利恒从前必定向北延伸十分钟路程，古时不是像如今在山顶，而是在山的北坡；因为这井就在城门旁，或
（代上11:7）
在城门口。我在旅行者的描述中发现，一般的看法是大卫的勇士们从东南方而来，冒死取那朝思暮想的水；而据说大卫本人当时在伯利恒东南不远处的一个大山洞中——这洞一般被认为是亚杜兰洞。但
（书15:35）
亚杜兰位于「谷中」；即在犹大山地西麓起伏的平原上，因而是伯利恒的西南方。无论怎样，大卫的人无论如何要穿过非利士人的军阵才能到达那井；比尔·大卫的位置与此颇为吻合［范德维尔德］。
Original em inglês
15, 16. the well of Beth-lehem--An ancient cistern, with four or five holes in the solid rock, at about ten minutes distance to the north of the eastern corner of the hill of Beth-lehem, is pointed out by the natives as Bir-Daoud; that is, David's well. Dr. ROBINSON doubts the identity of the well; but others think that there are no good grounds for doing so. Certainly, considering this to be the ancient well, Beth-lehem must have once extended ten minutes further to the north, and must have lain in times of old, not as now, on the summit, but on the northern rise of the hill; for the well is by or
(1Ch 11:7)
at the gate. I find in the description of travellers, that the common opinion is, that David's captains had come from the southeast, in order to obtain, at the risk of their lives, the so-much-longed-for water; while it is supposed that David himself was then in the great cave that is not far to the southeast of Beth-lehem; which cave is generally held to have been that of Adullam. But
(Jos 15:35)
Adullam lay "in the valley"; that is, in the undulating plain at the western base of the mountains of Judea and consequently to the southwest of Beth-lehem. Be this as it may, David's men had in any case to break through the host of the Philistines, in order to reach the well; and the position of Bir-Daoud agrees well with this [VAN DE VELDE].
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19-39. 头三个——大卫军中众勇士或猛将分为三等——最高的，雅朔班、以利亚撒、沙玛；第二等的，亚比筛、比拿雅、亚撒黑；第三等的，就是三十人，亚撒黑为其首领。名录中共列了三十一人，包括亚撒黑在内；这些人加上两个更高的等次，合计三十七人。其中据我们所知已有二人去世，即亚撒黑
［撒下3:30］
和乌利亚
［撒下11:17］；
若名录拟定之时死者已达七人，那我们便可设想这是一个由确定的三十人组成的荣誉军团，其中的空缺一旦出现，便由新的任命来填补。
Original em inglês
19-39. the first three--The mighty men or champions in David's military staff were divided into three classes--the highest, Jashobeam, Eleazar, and Shammah; the second class, Abishai, Benaiah, and Asahel; and the third class, the thirty, of which Asahel was the chief. There are thirty-one mentioned in the list, including Asahel; and these added to the two superior orders make thirty-seven. Two of them, we know, were already dead; namely, Asahel
[2Sa 3:30]
and Uriah
[2Sa 11:17];
and if the dead, at the drawing up of the list, amounted to seven, then we might suppose a legion of honor, consisting of the definite number thirty, where the vacancies, when they occurred, were replaced by fresh appointments.
2Sa 23:1-7.
大卫宣告他对神应许的信心。
1. 以下是大卫末了的话——关于这句话的确切含义，学者各有不同的见解；显然它出自圣典正典的编纂者或收集者。有人认为，希伯来圣经既不分章节，这一引言便是要表明以下的内容并不属于前一首诗的一部分。也有人将此视为这位王最后的诗作；还有人则认为这是他作为受感作者最后的言论。
立在高位——从卑微的家族和地位被高举到王位之上。
雅各的神所膏的——蒙那位神特选为王；以色列民因古时所立之约，一切的独特命运与崇高特权都归于这位神。
以色列的美歌者——即令人喜悦、备受尊崇之意。