Comentário do capítulo
Leviticus Capítulo 17
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Le 17:1-16.
简体中文
Original em inglês
Le 17:1-16.
BLOOD OF BEASTS MUST BE OFFERED AT THE TABERNACLE DOOR.
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3, 4. 凡人……宰公牛——以色列人像其他住在旷野的人一样，不会太多使用肉食；当他们为食宰杀一只羊羔或山羊时，几乎总是像亚伯拉罕款待天使那样 [Ge 18:7]，是一个设宴的机会，要与同伴同吃。这正是平安祭所做的事，因此这里规定，宰杀动物应与献那些祭物时一样，即应当公开宰杀，并在献给神之后，由献祭者食用。显然，这条律法只有在旷野中、百姓在距会幕可及范围内扎营时才能遵行。制定这律法的原因，在于以色列人出埃及时强烈偏好偶像崇拜；由于任何人都可以借宰杀一只动物，私自向所喜爱的崇拜对象献祭，因此严严禁止他们在家里宰杀。（参见 De 12:15 的注释）
Original em inglês
3, 4. What man . . . killeth an ox--The Israelites, like other people living in the desert, would not make much use of animal food; and when they did kill a lamb or a kid for food, it would almost always be, as in Abraham's entertainment of the angels
[Ge 18:7],
an occasion of a feast, to be eaten in company. This was what was done with the peace offerings, and accordingly it is here enacted, that the same course shall be followed in slaughtering the animals as in the case of those offerings, namely, that they should be killed publicly, and after being devoted to God, partaken of by the offerers. This law, it is obvious, could only be observable in the wilderness while the people were encamped within an accessible distance from the tabernacle. The reason for it is to be found in the strong addictedness of the Israelites to idolatry at the time of their departure from Egypt; and as it would have been easy for any by killing an animal to sacrifice privately to a favorite object of worship, a strict prohibition was made against their slaughtering at home. (See on
De 12:15).
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5. 这是要使以色列人把他们献在田野的祭物——"他们"被一些注释家认为是指埃及人，因此本节的意思是："以色列人要把他们（埃及人）献在田野的祭物，带到……"。这条律法被认为针对的是那些受埃及习俗影响而效法这偶像崇拜行为的人。
Original em inglês
5. To the end that the children of Israel may bring their sacrifices, which they offer in the open field--"They" is supposed by some commentators to refer to the Egyptians, so that the verse will stand thus: "the children of Israel may bring their sacrifices which they (the Egyptians) offer in the open field." The law is thought to have been directed against those whose Egyptian habits led them to imitate this idolatrous practice.
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7. 他们不可再献祭给鬼魔——字面是"山羊"。这一禁令显然暗指对分蹄走兽一类神祇的崇拜，如潘、法乌努斯和萨图恩，其公认的象征就是山羊。这是埃及人热心奉行的偶像崇拜形式，尤其在门得斯省尤为盛行。潘被认为特别掌管山地与旷野地区，而以色列人在旷野期间，似乎深受一种要讨好这偶像的倾向所影响。此外，这种偶像崇拜中所遵行的仪式极为放荡淫秽，这些仪式的粗鄙污秽使摩西所说"他们行淫乱"的表达极具力量与深意。
Original em inglês
7. they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils--literally, "goats." The prohibition evidently alludes to the worship of the hirei-footed kind, such as Pan, Faunus, and Saturn, whose recognized symbol was a goat. This was a form of idolatry enthusiastically practised by the Egyptians, particularly in the nome or province of Mendes. Pan was supposed especially to preside over mountainous and desert regions, and it was while they were in the wilderness that the Israelites seem to have been powerfully influenced by a feeling to propitiate this idol. Moreover, the ceremonies observed in this idolatrous worship were extremely licentious and obscene, and the gross impurity of the rites gives great point and significance to the expression of Moses, "they have gone a-whoring."
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8, 9. 凡……献……却不带到会幕门口的——律法颁布之前，人在任何自己喜欢的地方或扎营之处敬拜。但那之后，宗教的礼仪只能在指定的崇拜之处才能蒙悦纳。这种对地点的限制，作为防止偶像崇拜的措施是必要的；因为它禁止以色列人在远处时去寻求外邦人的祭坛——那些祭坛通常在树林或田野中。
Original em inglês
8, 9. Whatsoever man . . . offereth . . . And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle--Before the promulgation of the law, men worshipped wherever they pleased or pitched their tents. But after that event the rites of religion could be acceptably performed only at the appointed place of worship. This restriction with respect to place was necessary as a preventive of idolatry; for it prohibited the Israelites, when at a distance, from repairing to the altars of the heathen, which were commonly in groves or fields.
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10. 我必向那吃血的人变脸，把他从民中剪除——圣经中神的脸常用来表示他的忿怒（Ps 34:16; Re 6:16; Eze 38:18）。神向这样的违者变脸的方式是：若罪行公开且为人所知，便被判处死刑；若是隐秘的，报应必追上他。（参见 Ge 9:4 的注释）。但此处律法所针对的行为，是一种偶像崇拜的仪式。撒比安人，即敬拜天象者，在献祭动物时习惯于把血倒出来，并在倒血之处吃一部分肉（有时连血本身也吃），他们相信借此可以与所拜之神明建立友谊、弟兄之情与亲密关系。他们还以为，血在使他们于睡梦中得见鬼魔异象、并获知未来之事方面，极为有效。禁吃血的律法，在这一历史性注释的亮光中来看，并与它所特有的措辞分开来看，似乎是针对偶像崇拜行为的；这一点从 Eze 33:25, 26; 1Co 10:20, 21 中可得更进一步的证据。
Original em inglês
10. I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people--The face of God is often used in Scripture to denote His anger
(Ps 34:16; Re 6:16; Eze 38:18).
The manner in which God's face would be set against such an offender was, that if the crime were public and known, he was condemned to death; if it were secret, vengeance would overtake him. (See on
Ge 9:4).
But the practice against which the law is here pointed was an idolatrous rite. The Zabians, or worshippers of the heavenly host, were accustomed, in sacrificing animals, to pour out the blood and eat a part of the flesh at the place where the blood was poured out (and sometimes the blood itself) believing that by means of it, friendship, brotherhood, and familiarity were contracted between the worshippers and the deities. They, moreover, supposed that the blood was very beneficial in obtaining for them a vision of the demon during their sleep, and a revelation of future events. The prohibition against eating blood, viewed in the light of this historic commentary and unconnected with the peculiar terms in which it is expressed, seems to have been levelled against idolatrous practices, as is still further evident from
Eze 33:25, 26; 1Co 10:20, 21.
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11. 活物的生命是在血中，我把这血赐给你们，可以在坛上为你们的生命赎罪——神作为自然的主宰与拥有者，将血留归自己，只许人一种用途——即作为献祭之用。
Original em inglês
11. the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls--God, as the sovereign author and proprietor of nature, reserved the blood to Himself and allowed men only one use of it--in the way of sacrifices.
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13, 14. 凡……打猎的——外邦猎人在猎杀任何猎物或野味时，习惯于把血倒出来作为向狩猎之神的奠祭。相反，以色列人受吩咐不可将血暴露在外，而要用尘土掩盖，借此便有效地防止了外邦人将血用于一切迷信的用途。
Original em inglês
13, 14. whatsoever man . . . hunteth--It was customary with heathen sportsmen, when they killed any game or venison, to pour out the blood as a libation to the god of the chase. The Israelites, on the contrary, were enjoined, instead of leaving it exposed, to cover it with dust and, by this means, were effectually debarred from all the superstitious uses to which the heathen applied it.
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15, 16. 凡吃自死的（Ex 22:31; Le 7:24; Ac 15:20），必不洁到晚上——即从他发觉自己过失的那一刻起直到晚上。然而这条律法只约束以色列人。（参见 De 14:21）
Original em inglês
15, 16. every soul that eateth that which died of itself
(Ex 22:31; Le 7:24; Ac 15:20),
be unclean until the even--that is, from the moment of his discovering his fault until the evening. This law, however, was binding only on an Israelite. (See
De 14:21).
Le 17:1-16。
走兽的血必须在会幕门口献上。