Comentário do capítulo
1 Kings Capítulo 1
서론
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简体中文
Original em inglês
In this chapter we have, I. David declining in his health, 1Ki 1:1-4. II. Adonijah aspiring to the kingdom, and treating his party, in order to it, 1Ki 1:5-10. III. Nathan and Bathsheba contriving to secure the succession to Solomon, and prevailing for an order from David for the purpose, 1Ki 1:11-31. IV. The anointing of Solomon accordingly, and the people's joy therein, 1Ki 1:32-40. V. The effectual stop this put to Adonijah's usurpation, and the dispersion of his party thereupon, 1Ki 1:41-49. VI. Solomon's dismission of Adonijah upon his good behaviour, 1Ki 1:50-53.
1-4
Introduction (1015 BC)
简体中文
引言（公元前1015年）
¹ 大卫王年纪老迈，虽用衣被遮盖，仍不觉暖。
² 所以臣仆对他说：求我主大王，容他们寻找一个年轻的童女，使她侍立在王面前，伺候王、照料王，睡在王的怀中，好叫我主大王得暖。
³ 于是他们在以色列全境寻找美貌的童女，寻得书念的一个亚比煞，将她带到王那里。
⁴ 这童女极其美貌，她伺候王、照料王，王却没有与她亲近。
如前章所记，大卫因神极大的怜悯，逃脱了灭命使者的刀剑。但我们蒙拯救脱离疾病与危险，或借疾病危险得以脱险，不过是缓刑而已；蜡烛若不被吹灭，终必自燃而尽。此处我们看见大卫在老迈的衰弱之下沉沦，被衰弱带到坟墓的门口。那从坑中上来的，必陷在网罗里；我们总有一死，或这样或那样。1. 见大卫如此衰弱，实令人忧愁。他年迈，天然的体温消耗殆尽，再多的衣物也不能使他暖和（1Ki 1:1）。大卫素来是英勇活泼、事务繁忙的人，胸中的火焰一向炽烈；然而如今他的血已冷凝淤滞，被困于床榻，总得不着暖意。他此时年七十岁。许多人在这个年纪仍如往昔一般活泼、能任事；但大卫如今因从前的罪——尤其是乌利亚那件事——而受惩治，又因他早年的劳碌与所历艰辛而受苦，那些艰辛当时他全不以为意，如今却因此越发衰弱。强壮的人不可因自己的力量夸口，那力量不久便因疾病而衰残，至终必因衰老而消退。愿年轻人在这些愁苦的日子尚未来到之先，趁着年幼记念造他们的主。我们手所当为神、为灵魂、为我们这一代所作的工，当尽力去作，因为黑夜——衰老的黑夜——将至，在那黑夜无人能作工；当力量耗尽之时，回想自己曾善用它，便是安慰。2. 见他的御医如此无能拙劣，也令人忧愁；他们竟不知别法舒解他，唯有依靠外敷之法。没有兴奋剂，没有烈性药剂，只是（1）用衣服遮盖他——若有内里的热气，衣物能将其留住而增益之；若无，则衣物无可传达，连王家的衣袍也不能。以利户以明白我们的衣服为何暖和为一件难解的事（Job 37:17）；但神若不赐福，人穿上了衣服，仍不觉得暖（Hag 1:6），大卫在此正是如此。（2）他们愚昧地为一位本当预备殡葬的人开列婚事之方（1Ki 1:2-4）；他们所知的只是能满足自己私欲的事，或许也太愿意在顾全王健康的名义下满足王的私欲。在这类事情上，本应请教他的先知，正如请教他的医生一样。然而在当时，这或许还可原谅，因为连敬虔人也因无知而容让自己多妻。我们如今在基督门下所学的并非如此，我们所受的教导是：一人只可有一妻（Mt 19:5），更且男不近女倒好（1Co 7:1）。亚比煞在与大卫同寝之前已嫁给他、作了他的次妻，这一点可从亚多尼雅在父亲死后求娶她一事被算为大罪看出来（1Ki 2:22）。
Original em inglês
Introduction (1015 BC)
¹ Now king David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he gat no heat.
² Wherefore his servants said unto him, Let there be sought for my lord the king a young virgin: and let her stand before the king, and let her cherish him, and let her lie in thy bosom, that my lord the king may get heat.
³ So they sought for a fair damsel throughout all the coasts of Israel, and found Abishag a Shunammite, and brought her to the king.
⁴ And the damsel was very fair, and cherished the king, and ministered to him: but the king knew her not.
David, as recorded in the foregoing chapter, had, by the great mercy of God, escaped the sword of the destroying angel. But our deliverances from or through diseases and dangers are but reprieves; if the candle be not blown out, it will burn out of itself. We have David here sinking under the infirmities of old age, and brought by them to the gates of the grave. He that cometh up out of the pit shall fall into the snare; and, one way or other, we must needs die. 1. It would have troubled one to see David so infirm. He as old, and his natural heat so wasted that no clothes could keep him warm, 1Ki 1:1. David had been a valiant active man and a man of business, and very vehement had the flame always been in his breast; and yet now his blood is chilled and stagnated, he is confined to his bed, and there can get no heat. He was now seventy years old. Many, at that age, are as lively and fit for business as ever; but David was now chastised for his former sins, especially that in the matter of Uriah, and felt from his former toils and the hardships he had gone through in his youth, which then he made nothing of, but was now the worse for. Let not the strong man glory in his strength, which may soon be weakened by sickness, or at last will be weakened by old age. Let young people remember their Creator in the days of their youth, before these evil days come. What our hand finds to do for God, and our souls, and our generation, let us do with all our might, because the night comes, the night of old age, in which no man can work; and, when our strength has gone, it will be a comfort to remember that we used it well. 2. It would have troubled one to see his physicians so weak and unskilful that they knew no other way of relieving him than by outward applications. No cordials, no spirits, but, (1.) They covered him with clothes, which, where there is any inward heat, will keep it in, and so increase it; but, where it is not, they have none to communicate, no, not royal clothing. Elihu makes it a difficulty to understand how our garments are warm upon us (Job 37:17); but, if God deny his blessing, men clothe themselves, and there is none warm (Hag 1:6), David here was not. (2.) They foolishly prescribed nuptials to one that should rather have been preparing for his funeral (1Ki 1:2-4); but they knew what would gratify their own corruptions, and perhaps were too willing to gratify his, under colour of consulting his health. His prophets should have been consulted as well as his physicians in an affair of this nature. However, this might be excused then, when even good men ignorantly allowed themselves to have many wives. We now have not so learned of Christ, but are taught that one man must have but one wife (Mt 19:5), and further that it is good for a man not to touch a woman, 1Co 7:1. That Abishag was married to David before she lay with him, and was his secondary wife, appears from its being imputed as a great crime to Adonijah that he desired to marry her (1Ki 2:22) after his father's death.
5-10
Adonijah's Ambition (1015 BC)
简体中文
亚多尼雅的野心（公元前1015年）
⁵ 那时哈及的儿子亚多尼雅自尊，说：「我必作王。」他就为自己预备车马，又派五十人在他前头奔走。
⁶ 他父亲素来没有使他忧闷，说：「你为什么这样作呢？」他容貌甚美，生在押沙龙之后。
⁷ 亚多尼雅与洗鲁雅的儿子约押，和祭司亚比亚他商议；二人就顺从他，帮助他。
⁸ 但祭司撒督、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅、先知拿单、示每、利以，以及大卫的勇士，都不顺从亚多尼雅。
⁹ 一日亚多尼雅在隐罗结旁、琐希列盘石那里，献牛羊肥犊为祭，请了他的众弟兄——王的众子，并所有作王仆人的犹大人；
¹⁰ 惟独没有请先知拿单、比拿雅、勇士和他的兄弟所罗门。
大卫在他儿女身上受了许多苦。暗嫩和押沙龙都曾使他忧伤——长子暗嫩，三子押沙龙（撒下3:2-3）。他的次子——亚比该所生的——我们设想他曾从中得安慰；四子是亚多尼雅（撒下3:4），是在希伯仑出生的；直到如今我们未听见关于他的事，这里却告诉我们他容貌俊美，年龄仅次于押沙龙，（事实证明）性情也与押沙龙最近（王上1:6）。再者，从前在他父亲眼中他是珍宝，如今却成了荆棘。
一、他父亲把他娇养惯了（王上1:6）。他父亲素来没有使他忧闷。这里并非说他从来没有使父亲不悦；很可能他常常这样作，他父亲暗暗因他的失当忧愁，并在神面前哀叹。但这里说『他父亲没有使他忧闷』——意思是父亲没有拂逆他的脾气，没有拒绝他心里所要的，没有查问他所作的、所到之处，没有逼他读书办事，没有因所听见所看见他作错了的事而责备他；他从来没有对他说过『你为什么这样作呢？』——因为他知道这话使儿子不快，儿子受不了，会发怒。儿子因受责备而不悦，以之为侮辱，因此失去责备之益——这是儿子的过错；父亲因见责备使他恼怒便不责备他——这是父亲的过错；如今他娇养放纵儿子，正是公义地为此受苦。那些爱儿子过于爱神的人——不尽好管教之责的人便是这样——便失去他们本可从儿子所得的尊敬。
二、他作为回报，愚弄他的父亲。他既见父亲年老、卧病在床，便以为可以不把他放在眼里，所以『自尊』，说：『我必作王』（王上1:5）。被娇养的孩子学着骄傲野心——这是许多少年人败亡之因。使他们谦卑之道，便是使他们常在管教之下。请看亚多尼雅的放肆：1. 他看为父亲哀哭的日子近了，便预备接续他——虽然他知道，按神和大卫的指定，所罗门才是那人；因为大卫自己已公开宣告这事，并按神的命定把继位之事定下（如同议会立法一般）（代上22:9；代上23:1）。亚多尼雅竟试图以武力切断这继承，公然藐视神和他的父亲。基督的国就是这样被抵挡，也有人这样说：『我们不愿意这个人作我们的王。』2. 他看父亲已经年迈不堪用了，便立即登基。他不能等到父亲头低下之时，现在就要说『亚多尼雅作王了』（王上1:18），『愿亚多尼雅王万岁』（王上1:25）。父亲不配治国，因他年老不能治理；所罗门也不配，因他年幼尚不能治理；所以亚多尼雅要自己把国担起来。儿女因父母年老体弱而轻侮他们，这是极其卑鄙恶毒的心。3. 为成就这野心之计：（1）他招聚大队随从（王上1:5），『车马』，既为威仪也为兵力，伺候他、为他争战。（2）他竟在约押——全军元帅——和亚比亚他——大祭司——身上大得势力（王上1:7）。他向那些在教会和军营中能为他大效力的人献殷勤，本不足奇；但他们的心怎能被吸引去跟从帮助他，实在令人惊讶。他们都是老人，在大卫最艰难、最纷扰之时对他忠心耿耿，是有见识、有经验的人，本以为不会轻易被哄骗。支持亚多尼雅，他们并不能为自己图谋什么利益，因二人都已位极人臣、稳如磐石。他们不会不知道王冠既已传给所罗门，便不在他们权内能切断，所以讨好所罗门才是他们的利益。但神在这事上把他们交在自己手中，也许是要用他们自己所制的鞭子责罚他们从前某件过失。我们又读到（王上1:8）那些对大卫忠贞有加、亚多尼雅甚至不敢向他提议这事的人是谁——撒督、比拿雅、拿单。一个曾证明自己坚决向善的人，必不会被请去作恶事。（3）他预备了一席大宴（王上1:9），在隐罗结旁，离耶路撒冷不远；他的客人是王的众子、王的仆人——他款待他们、奉承他们，为要拉拢他们入伙；但所罗门没有受请，或是因为他轻看所罗门，或是因为他对所罗门绝望（王上1:10）。那些『只服事自己的肚腹』、『谁请吃就站在谁一边』的人，是诱惑者轻易的猎物（罗16:18）。有人以为亚多尼雅宰杀这些牛羊肥犊是为献祭，所设的是宗教之筵——他以敬虔的外貌开始他的篡位，正如押沙龙以还愿为名（撒下15:7）——既有大祭司在他一边，他这样作就更显得可信。可惜竟有借口可以说：『以主的名开始的一切恶』；又可惜一切宗教操练竟被利用来为一切宗教行径背书。
Original em inglês
Adonijah's Ambition (1015 BC)
⁵ Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, I will be king: and he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him.
⁶ And his father had not displeased him at any time in saying, Why hast thou done so? and he also was a very goodly man; and his mother bare him after Absalom.
⁷ And he conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah, and with Abiathar the priest: and they following Adonijah helped him.
⁸ But Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and Nathan the prophet, and Shimei, and Rei, and the mighty men which belonged to David, were not with Adonijah.
⁹ And Adonijah slew sheep and oxen and fat cattle by the stone of Zoheleth, which is by En-rogel, and called all his brethren the king's sons, and all the men of Judah the king's servants:
¹⁰ But Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother, he called not.
David had much affliction in his children. Amnon and Absalom had both been his grief; the one his first-born, the other his third, 2Sa 3:2,3. His second, whom he had by Abigail, we will suppose he had comfort in; his fourth was Adonijah (2Sa 3:4); he was one of those that were born in Hebron; we have heard nothing of him till now, and here we are told that he was a comely person, and that he was next in age, and (as it proved) next in temper to Absalom, 1Ki 1:6. And, further, that in his father's eyes he had been a jewel, but was now a thorn.
I. His father had made a fondling of him, 1Ki 1:6. He had not displeased him at any time. It is not said that he never displeased his father; it is probably that he had done so frequently, and his father was secretly troubled at his misconduct and lamented it before God. But his father had not displeased him, by crossing him in his humours, denying him any thing he had a mind to, or by calling him to an account as to what he had done and where he had been, or by keeping him to his book or his business, or reproving him for what he saw or heard of that he did amiss; he never said to him, Why hast thou done so? because he saw it was uneasy to him, and he could not bear it without fretting. It was the son's fault that he was displeased at reproof and took it for affront, whereby he lost the benefit of it; and it was the father's fault that, because he saw it displeased him, he did not reprove him; and now he justly smarted for indulging him. Those who honour their sons more than God, as those do who keep them not under good discipline, thereby forfeit the honour they might expect from their sons.
II. He, in return, made a fool of his father. Because he was old, and confined to his bed, he thought no notice was to be taken of him, and therefore exalted himself, and said, I will be king, 1Ki 1:5. Children that are indulged learn to be proud and ambitious, which is the ruin of a great many young people. The way to keep them humble is to keep them under. Observe Adonijah's insolence. 1. He looked upon the days of mourning for his father to be at hand, and therefore he prepared to succeed him, though he knew that by the designation both of God and David Solomon was to be the man; for public notice had been given of it by David himself, and the succession settled, as it were by act of parliament, in pursuance of God's appointment, 1Ch 22:9,23:1. This entail Adonijah attempted by force to cut off, in contempt both of God and his father. Thus is the kingdom of Christ opposed, and there are those that say, "We will not have him to reign over us." 2. He looked upon his father as superannuated and good for nothing, and therefore he entered immediately upon the possession of the throne. He cannot wait till his father's head be laid low, but it must now be said, Adonijah reigns (1Ki 1:18), and, God save king Adonijah, 1Ki 1:25. His father is not fit to govern, for he is old and past ruling, nor Solomon, for he is young, and not yet able to rule; and therefore Adonijah will take the government upon him. It argues a very base and wicked mind for children to insult over their parents because of the infirmities of their age. 3. In pursuance of this ambitious project, (1.) He got a great retinue (1Ki 1:5), chariots and horsemen, both for state and strength, to wait on him, and to fight for him. (2.) He made great interest with no less than Joab, the general of the army, and Abiathar the high priest, 1Ki 1:7. That he should make his court to those who by their influence in church and camp were capable of doing him great service is not strange; but we may well wonder by what arts they could be drawn to follow him and help him. They were old men, who had been faithful to David in the most difficult and troublesome of his times, men of sense and experience, who, one would think, would not easily be wheedled. They could not propose any advantage to themselves by supporting Adonijah, for they were both at the top of their preferment and stood fast in it. They could not be ignorant of the entail of the crown upon Solomon, which it was not in their power to cut off, and therefore it was their interest to oblige him. But God, in this matter, left them to themselves, perhaps to correct them for some former misconduct with a scourge of their own making. We are told (1Ki 1:8) who those were that were of such approved fidelity to David that Adonijah had not the confidence so much as to propose his project to them—Zadok, Benaiah, and Nathan. A man that has given proofs of his resolute adherence to that which is good shall not be asked to do a bad thing. (3.) He prepared a great entertainment (1Ki 1:9) at En-rogel, not far from Jerusalem; his guests were the king's sons, and the king's servants, whom he feasted and caressed to bring them over to his party; but Solomon was not invited, either because he despised him or because he despaired of him, 1Ki 1:10. Such as serve their own belly, and will be in the interest of those that will feast them what side soever they are of, are an easy prey to seducers, Ro 16:18. Some think that Adonijah slew these sheep and oxen, even fat ones, for sacrifice, and that it was a religious feast he made, beginning his usurpation with a show of devotion, as Absalom under the colour of a vow (2Sa 15:7), which he might do the more plausibly when he had the high priest himself on his side. It is a pity that any occasion should ever be given to say, In nomine Domini incipit omne malam—In the name of the Lord begins all evil, and that all religious exercises should be made to patronise all religious practices.
11-31
David Makes Solomon King (1015 BC)
简体中文
大卫立所罗门为王（主前1015年）
¹¹ 拿单对所罗门的母亲拔示巴说：哈及的儿子亚多尼雅作王了，我们的主大卫却不知道，你没有听见吗？
¹² 现在你可以来，让我给你出个主意，好保全你自己的性命和你儿子所罗门的性命。
¹³ 你进去见大卫王，对他说：我主我王啊，你不是曾向婢女起誓说：你儿子所罗门必接续我作王，坐在我的位上吗？现在亚多尼雅怎么作了王呢？
¹⁴ 你与王说话的时候，我也随后进去，证实你的话。
¹⁵ 拔示巴进入内室见王。王甚老迈；书念的童女亚比煞伺候王。
¹⁶ 拔示巴向王屈身下拜。王说：你要什么？
¹⁷ 她对他说：我主啊，你曾指着你神耶和华向婢女起誓说：你儿子所罗门必接续我作王，坐在我的位上。
¹⁸ 现在亚多尼雅作王了，我主我王却不知道。
¹⁹ 他宰了许多牛羊肥畜，请了王的众子和亚比亚他祭司，并约押元帅，惟独王的仆人所罗门，他没有请。
²⁰ 我主我王啊，以色列众人的眼目都仰望你，等你告诉他们谁坐在我主我王的位上接续他。
²¹ 若不是这样，到我主我王与列祖同睡以后，我和我儿子所罗门必算为罪人了。
²² 拔示巴还与王说话的时候，先知拿单也进来了。
²³ 有人奏告王说：看哪，先知拿单来了。拿单进到王面前，脸伏于地叩拜王。
²⁴ 拿单说：我主我王啊，你岂曾说过「亚多尼雅必接续我作王，坐在我的位上」吗？
²⁵ 他今日下去，宰了许多牛羊肥畜，请了王的众子和众军长，并亚比亚他祭司；看哪，他们在那里吃喝，在他面前说：愿亚多尼雅王万岁。
²⁶ 惟独我——你的仆人，和撒督祭司、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅，并你的仆人所罗门，他都没有请。
²⁷ 这事果然是出于我主我王吗？你却没有告诉仆人们，在我主我王之后，谁坐你的位。
²⁸ 大卫王回答说：召拔示巴来。拔示巴就进来，站在王面前。
²⁹ 王起誓说：我指着救我性命脱离一切苦难的永生耶和华起誓；
³⁰ 我怎样曾指着耶和华以色列的神向你起誓说：你儿子所罗门必接续我作王，坐在我的位上代替我；今日我必照样行。
³¹ 于是拔示巴脸伏于地，向王下拜，说：愿我主大卫王万岁。
此处我们看到，拿单和拔示巴为要从大卫获得对所罗门继位的认可——以粉碎亚多尼雅的篡位——所作的有效努力。1. 大卫自己不知道正在发生的事。悖逆的儿女以为只要瞒住年迈敬虔的父母，使他们不知自己的恶行，便可安然无恙；然而「空中的鸟必传声音」。2. 拔示巴生活隐居，对此也一无所知，直到拿单告知她。许多人在世上安然度日，却对世事一无所知。3. 所罗门大概知道此事，却如聋子不听。他虽年纪尚幼，却有超乎其龄的智慧；我们却未见他有所行动反对亚多尼雅，只是安然静默，把这事交托给神和他的朋友去安排。因此大卫在他为所罗门所写的诗中观察到：当人追逐世界，枉然「早起晚睡」之时，「耶和华所爱的」——他的「耶底底亚」——「却安然睡觉」，因神使他们得享平安，无需扰攘便达到目的（诗127:1、2）。那么，这计划是如何成就的呢？
I. 先知拿单把案情告知拔示巴，使她警觉，并指引她从王那里取得确认所罗门名分的命令。拿单对此关切，因为他知道神的心意，也知道大卫和以色列的利益；正是借着拿单，神给所罗门起名叫「耶底底亚」（撒下12:25），因此他不能坐视那明知属于所罗门——按那使升高之主的心意——的王位被人篡夺。当王冠由神直接的指示分配之时，先知在这事上如此关切、如此被使用，原不足为奇；但如今既由寻常的天意掌管人之国的事务（但4:32），下属的代理便当留给寻常之人，先知不当干预，而当专心于神在人间国度的事务。拿单去找拔示巴，因她与所罗门最为关切，又能最自由地见大卫。他告知她亚多尼雅的图谋（王上1:11），并说明这事并非经大卫同意或知情。他又暗示她，所罗门不但有失冠冕之险，连他和她也有性命之忧——倘若亚多尼雅得势。谦卑的心也许对冠冕漠然，尽管有望得之，也可安于不拥有。然而自保的律法和第六诫命，要求我们尽一切可能努力保全自己和他人的性命。拿单说：「现在让我给你出个主意，好保全你和你儿子所罗门的性命」（王上1:12）。基督的使者奉他的名所给我们的劝告也是如此：当分外殷勤，不但「持守你的冠冕，免得人夺去」（启3:11），更要「救自己的性命」——救自己灵魂的命。他指示她（王上1:13）去见王，提醒他应许和誓言，所罗门必作他的继任者；并以最谦卑的态度问他：「亚多尼雅为什么作王呢？」他以为大卫并未冷到这番话不能温暖他。良知和荣誉感，都会在这样的时候激发他；他应许（王上1:24）：当她在王面前讲论这事时，他也随后进来证实她的话，装作偶然而来——王也许会视之为特殊的天意（他原是注意这类凭据的人，撒上25:32、33），至少也更能使他醒悟。
II. 拔示巴照拿单的指教，毫不迟延，立即向王提出请求，正如以斯帖去见亚哈随鲁王，为自己的性命代求。她无须像以斯帖那样等候宣召，她知道随时都受欢迎；但经上记着，她进见王时，亚比煞正伺候王（王上1:15），拔示巴对此事既不恼怒王，也不恼怒那童女；又记着她「向王屈身下拜」（王上1:16），以表她对王的尊敬——既尊他为君王，也尊他为丈夫；她是撒拉的真女儿，撒拉顺从亚伯拉罕，称他为「主」。要在长辈面前蒙恩，必当向他们表示尊敬，对那些我们指望施恩的人尽上当尽的本分。她此时对王的陈词，十分得体。1. 她提醒王，他曾向她起誓应许所罗门必接续他作王（王上1:17）。她知道这对大卫这样一位敬虔人会产生何等效力。2. 她告诉王他所不知道的亚多尼雅的图谋（王上1:18）：「亚多尼雅作王了，现今与你相争，又违背你将来的应许。过错不在于你，因你不知道；但你如今既知道，必按你的应许设法压制这篡位。」她告诉王，亚多尼雅请了哪些客人，哪些人是他的同党，又加上：「惟独你的仆人所罗门，他没有请」（王上1:19）——这清楚地表明亚多尼雅把他视为对手，图谋倾覆他。「这不是疏忽，而是对继承法的藐视，所罗门才被忽视。」3. 她恳求说，阻止这祸患，大卫大有能力（王上1:20）：「以色列众人的眼目都仰望你」——不是仰望你作「君王」（因为我们不能设想任何君王有特权如对待自己的财物一般，凭遗嘱把臣民随意赐给谁），而是仰望你作「先知」。全以色列都知道，大卫不但自己是「雅各神所膏的」，而且「耶和华的灵借着他说」（撒下23:1、2），因此在这样重大的事上等候并倚赖神的指定——大卫的话对他们就是神谕和律法；所以拔示巴说，这正是百姓所期待的，这将了结争端，并有效地粉碎亚多尼雅的一切要求。「王的嘴中有神的判语」。请注意：人无论有何权力、势力和影响，都当尽力用以保全和推进弥赛亚的国度——所罗门的国正是其预表。4. 她暗示自己与儿子将面临的急迫危险，如果这事不在大卫生前定妥（王上1:21）：「若亚多尼雅得势——他既有元帅约押和祭司亚比亚他相助，这是很可能的——若不速速压制，所罗门和他的一切朋友都要被视为叛徒，按叛徒处置。」篡位者最为残忍。亚多尼雅若登了王位，便不会像所罗门对他那样公平地待所罗门了。抵挡那些违背公理强行进入之人的，凡挡其道者，一切都岌岌可危。
III. 先知拿单照他所应许的，及时进来，趁她说话之时、王尚未回答之前，为她作证——免得王若只听见拔示巴的陈述，回答便会拖延，只说容他考虑；但凭两个见证人的口（而且是这两个见证人），话语便得坚定，王便立即下达明确的命令。王被告知先知拿单到了，他向来随时都受欢迎，尤其是当王身体不适或心中有要事之时；因为在两种情形下，先知都特别能伺候他。拿单知道当尊敬的当尊敬他，因此如今在病榻上见王，仍如见王坐在宝座上时一样尊敬他：「他脸伏于地叩拜王」（王上1:23）。他比拔示巴稍微直言一些——这是他的身分所支持的，王此刻的精神萎靡也使他必须被唤醒。1. 他作了与拔示巴相同的陈述（王上1:25、26），加上他们的党羽已狂妄到呼喊「愿亚多尼雅王万岁」的地步，仿佛大卫王已经死了；他又指出他们没有请他赴席（「惟独我——你的仆人，他没有请」），暗示他们决意在这事上既不咨询神，也不咨询大卫——因拿单对神和大卫二者的心意都内情熟悉。2. 他使大卫觉得自己有责任澄清自己与此事无干：「你岂曾说过『亚多尼雅必接续我作王』吗？」（王上1:24）又说（王上1:27）：「这事果然是出于我主我王吗？若是，他就不像我们大家所以为的那样对神的话、对自己的话忠实；若不是，现在正是我们为这篡位作见证、宣告所罗门为继任者的时候。若是，为何不让拿单知道呢？拿单不但是王素常的知心人，在这事上更是格外关切，因他曾受托向大卫通报神关于继位的心意；但我主我王若对此事毫不知情（他确实不知情），亚多尼雅及其党羽是何等胆大妄为！」这样他便设法激怒大卫，使他更奋力支持所罗门的利益。请注意：良善的人若被提醒，被推动，被告知当出现的时机，便会尽他们的本分；那些如此作他们提醒者的人，是向他们行了实在的善事，正如拿单在此向大卫所行的。
IV. 大卫于是庄严宣告，他坚决持守从前所定的——所罗门必作他的继任者。拔示巴被召进来（王上1:28），王向她——作为她儿子的代表并为他行事——重申这些保证。1. 他重申从前的应许和誓言，承认自己曾「指耶和华以色列的神向她起誓，所罗门必接续他作王」（王上1:30）。他虽年老，记性开始衰退，却仍记得这事。请注意：誓言是如此神圣，其约束不能被解除；又是如此庄严，其印象想必不会被遗忘。2. 他又以另一誓言加以确认，因为情势所需：「我指着救我性命脱离一切苦难的永生耶和华起誓，今日我必照样行」，毫不迟疑，毫不耽延。他起誓的形式似乎是他素常在庄严场合所用的，撒下4:9 也有记载。其中包含对神向他施恩的感恩承认——神使他安然度过横在前路的诸多艰险苦难——他如今提及这些，为要归荣耀给神（正如雅各临终之时所作的，创48:16），这样便以自己的经历印证了耶和华的灵借他所说的是真实的（诗34:22）：「耶和华救赎他仆人的灵魂。」临终的圣徒当为神作见证，并照自己所经历到的论说他。也许他在此时如此说，是为鼓励他的儿子和继任者，在自己将来可能遇到的患难中信靠神。
V. 拔示巴领受了这些保证（王上1:31）：1. 以对王极大的敬重：她向王行礼；亚多尼雅和他的党羽却正在冒犯他。2. 以对王康健的诚挚祝愿：「愿王万岁。」她绝非以为王活得太久，反而祈愿他若可能，便永远活着，以荣耀所戴的冠冕、为百姓的祝福。我们当恳切愿有用之寿得以延长，即便这可能推迟我们自己任何的好处。
Original em inglês
David Makes Solomon King (1015 BC)
¹¹ Wherefore Nathan spake unto Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, Hast thou not heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith doth reign, and David our lord knoweth it not?
¹² Now therefore come, let me, I pray thee, give thee counsel, that thou mayest save thine own life, and the life of thy son Solomon.
¹³ Go and get thee in unto king David, and say unto him, Didst not thou, my lord, O king, swear unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne? why then doth Adonijah reign?
¹⁴ Behold, while thou yet talkest there with the king, I also will come in after thee, and confirm thy words.
¹⁵ And Bathsheba went in unto the king into the chamber: and the king was very old; and Abishag the Shunammite ministered unto the king.
¹⁶ And Bathsheba bowed, and did obeisance unto the king. And the king said, What wouldest thou?
¹⁷ And she said unto him, My lord, thou swarest by the LORD thy God unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne.
¹⁸ And now, behold, Adonijah reigneth; and now, my lord the king, thou knowest it not:
¹⁹ And he hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in abundance, and hath called all the sons of the king, and Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the host: but Solomon thy servant hath he not called.
²⁰ And thou, my lord, O king, the eyes of all Israel are upon thee, that thou shouldest tell them who shall sit on the throne of my lord the king after him.
²¹ Otherwise it shall come to pass, when my lord the king shall sleep with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders.
²² And, lo, while she yet talked with the king, Nathan the prophet also came in.
²³ And they told the king, saying, Behold Nathan the prophet. And when he was come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground.
²⁴ And Nathan said, My lord, O king, hast thou said, Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne?
²⁵ For he is gone down this day, and hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in abundance, and hath called all the king's sons, and the captains of the host, and Abiathar the priest; and, behold, they eat and drink before him, and say, God save king Adonijah.
²⁶ But me, even me thy servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and thy servant Solomon, hath he not called.
²⁷ Is this thing done by my lord the king, and thou hast not showed it unto thy servant, who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him?
²⁸ Then king David answered and said, Call me Bathsheba. And she came into the king's presence, and stood before the king.
²⁹ And the king sware, and said, As the LORD liveth, that hath redeemed my soul out of all distress,
³⁰ Even as I sware unto thee by the LORD God of Israel, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne in my stead; even so will I certainly do this day.
³¹ Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth, and did reverence to the king, and said, Let my lord king David live for ever.
We have here the effectual endeavours that were used by Nathan and Bathsheba to obtain from David a ratification of Solomon's succession, for the crushing of Adonijah's usurpation. 1. David himself knew not what was doing. Disobedient children think that they are well enough off if they can but keep their good old parents ignorant of their bad courses; but a bird of the air will carry the voice. 2. Bathsheba lived retired, and knew nothing of it either, till Nathan informed her. Many get very comfortably through this world that know little how the world goes. 3. Solomon, it is likely, knew of it, but was as a deaf man that heard not. Though he had years, and wisdom above his years, yet we do not find that he stirred to oppose Adonijah, but quietly composed himself and left it to God and his friends to order the matter. Hence David, in his Psalm for Solomon, observes that while men, in pursuit of the world, in vain rise early and sit up late, God giveth his beloved (his Jedidiahs) sleep, in giving them to be easy, and to gain their point without agitation, Ps 127:1,2. How then is the design brought about?
I. Nathan the prophet alarms Bathsheba by acquainting her with the case, and puts her in a way to get an order from the king for the confirming of Solomon's title. He was concerned, because he knew God's mind, and David's and Israel's interest; it was by him that God had named Solomon Jedidiah (2Sa 12:25), and therefore he could not sit still and see the throne usurped, which he knew was Solomon's right by the will of him from whom promotion cometh. When crowns were disposed of by immediate direction from heaven, no marvel that prophets were so much interested and employed in that matter; but now that common providence rules the affairs of the kingdom of men (Da 4:32) the subordinate agency must be left to common persons, and let not prophets intermeddle in them, but keep to the affairs of the kingdom of God among men. Nathan applied to Bathsheba, as one that had the greatest concern for Solomon, and could have the freest access to David. He informed her of Adonijah's attempt (1Ki 1:11), and that it was not with David's consent or knowledge. He suggested to her that not only Solomon was in danger of losing the crown, but that he and she too were in danger of losing their lives if Adonijah prevailed. A humble spirit may be indifferent to a crown, and may be content, notwithstanding the prospect of it, to sit down short of the possession of it. But the law of self-preservation, and the sixth commandment, obliges us to use all possible endeavours to secure our own life and the life of others. Now, says Nathan, let me give thee counsel how to save thy own life and the life of thy son, 1Ki 1:12. Such as this is the counsel that Christ's ministers give us in his name, to give all diligence, not only that no man take our crown (Re 3:11), but that we save our lives, even the lives of our souls. He directs her (1Ki 1:13) to go to the king, to remind him of his word and oath, that Solomon should be his successor; and to ask him in the most humble manner, Why doth Adonijah reign? He thought David was not so cold but this would warm him. Conscience, as well as a sense of honour, would put life into him upon such an occasion as this; and he promised (1Ki 1:24) that, while she was reasoning with the king in this matter, he would come in and second her, as if he came accidentally, which perhaps the king might look upon as a special providence (and he was one that took notice of such evidences, 1Sa 25:32,33), or, at least, it would help to awaken him so much the more.
II. Bathsheba, according to Nathan's advice and direction, loses no time, but immediately makes her application to the king, on the same errand on which Esther came to king Ahasuerus, to intercede for her life. She needed not wait for a call as Esther did, she knew she should be welcome at any time; but it is remarked that when she visited the king Abishag was ministering to him (1Ki 1:15), and Bathsheba took no displeasure either at him or her for it, also that she bowed and did obeisance to the king (1Ki 1:16), in token of her respect to him both as her prince and as her husband; such a genuine daughter was she of Sarah, who obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. Those that would find favour with superiors mush show them reverence, and be dutiful to those whom they expect to be kind to them. Her address to the king, on this occasion, is very discreet. 1. She reminded him of his promise made to her and confirmed with a solemn oath, that Solomon should succeed him, 1Ki 1:17. She knew how fast this would hold such a conscientious man as David was. 2. She informed him of Adonijah's attempt, which he was ignorant of (1Ki 1:18): "Adonijah reigns, in competition with thee for the present and in contradiction to thy promise for the future. The fault is not thine, for thou knewest it not; but now that thou knowest it thou wilt, in pursuance of thy promise, take care to suppress this usurpation." She told him who were Adonijah's guests, and who were in his interest, and added, but "Solomon thy servant has he not called, which plainly shows he looks upon him as his rival, and aims to undermine him, 1Ki 1:19. It is not an oversight, but a contempt of the act of settlement, that Solomon is neglected." 3. She pleads that it is very much in his power to obviate this mischief (1Ki 1:20): The eyes of all Israel are upon thee, not only as a king, for we cannot suppose it the prerogative of any prince to bequeath his subjects by will (as if they were his goods and chattels) to whom he pleases, but as a prophet. All Israel knew that David was not only himself the anointed of the God of Jacob, but that the Spirit of the Lord spoke by him (2Sa 23:1,2), and therefore waiting for and depending upon a divine designation, in a matter of such importance, David's word would be an oracle and a law to them; this therefore (says Bathsheba) they expect, and it will end the controversy and effectually quash all Adonijah's pretensions. A divine sentence is in the lips of the king. Note, Whatever power, interest or influence, men have, they ought to improve it to the utmost for the preserving and advancing of the kingdom of the Messiah, of which Solomon's kingdom was a type. 4. She suggested the imminent peril which she and her son would be in if this matter was not settled in David's life-time, 1Ki 1:21. "If Adonijah prevail, as he is likely to do (having Joab the general and Abiathar the priest on his side) unless speedily suppressed, Solomon and all his friends will be looked upon as traitors and dealt with accordingly." Usurpers are most cruel. If Adonijah had got into the throne, he would not have dealt so fairly with Solomon as Solomon did with him. Those hazard everything who stand in the way of such as against right force their entrance.
III. Nathan the prophet, according to his promise, seasonably stepped in, and seconded her, while she was speaking, before the king had given his answer, lest, if he had heard Bathsheba's representation only, his answer should be dilatory and only that he would consider of it: but out of the mouth of two witnesses, two such witnesses, the word would be established, and he would immediately give positive orders. The king is told that Nathan the prophet has come, and he is sure to be always welcome to the king, especially when either he is not well or has any great affair upon his thoughts; for, in either case, a prophet will be, in a particular manner, serviceable to him. Nathan knows he must render honour to whom honour is due, and therefore pays the king the same respect now that he finds him sick in bed as he would have done if he had found him in his throne: He bowed himself with his face to the ground, 1Ki 1:23. He deals a little more plainly with the king than Bathsheba had done. In this his character would support him, and the present languor of the king's spirits made it necessary that they should be roused. 1. He makes the same representation of Adonijah's attempt as Bathsheba had made (1Ki 1:25,26), adding that his party had already got to such a height of assurance as to shout, God save king Adonijah, as if king David were already dead, taking notice also that they had not invited him to their feast (Me thy servant has he not called), thereby intimating that they resolved not to consult either God or David in the matter, for Nathan was secretioribus consiliis—intimately acquainted with the mind of both. 2. He makes David sensible how much he was concerned to clear himself from having a hand in it: Hast thou said, Adonijah shall reign after me? (1Ki 1:24), and again (1Ki 1:27), "Is this thing done by my lord the king? If it be, he is not so faithful either to God's word or to his own as we all took him to be; if it be not, it is high time that we witness against the usurpation, and declare Solomon his successor. If it be, why is not Nathan made acquainted with it, who is not only in general, the king's confidant, but is particularly concerned in this matter, having been employed to notify to David the mind of God concerning the succession; but, if my lord the king knows nothing of the matter (as certainly he does not), what daring insolence are Adonijah and his party guilty of!" Thus he endeavoured to incense David against them, that he might act the more vigorously for the support of Solomon's interest. Note, Good men would do their duty if they were reminded of it, and put upon it, and told what occasion there is for them to appear; and those who thus are their remembrancers do them a real kindness, as Nathan here did to David.
IV. David, hereupon, made a solemn declaration of his firm adherence to his former resolution, that Solomon should be his successor. Bathsheba is called in (1Ki 1:28), and to her, as acting for and on behalf of her son, the king gives these fresh assurances. 1. He repeats his former promise and oath, owns that he had sworn unto her by the Lord God of Israel that Solomon would reign after him, 1Ki 1:30. Though he is old, and his memory begins to fail him, yet he remembers this. Note, An oath is so sacred a thing that the obligations of it cannot be broken, and so solemn a thing that the impressions of it, one would think, cannot be forgotten. 2. He ratifies it with another, because the occasion called for it: As the Lord liveth, that hath redeemed my soul out of all distress, even so will I certainly do this day, without dispute, without delay. His form of swearing seems to be what he commonly used on solemn occasions, for we find it, 2Sa 4:9. And it carries in it a grateful acknowledgment of the goodness of God to him, in bringing him safely through the many difficulties and hardships which had lain in his way, and which he now makes mention of to the glory of God (as Jacob, when he lay a dying, Ge 48:16), thus setting to his seal, from his own experience, that that was true which the Spirit of the Lord spoke by him. Ps 34:22, The Lord redeemeth the soul of his servants. Dying saints ought to be witnesses for God, and speak of him as they have found. Perhaps he speaks thus, on this occasion, for the encouragement of his son and successor to trust in God in the distresses he also might meet with.
V. Bathsheba receives these assurances (1Ki 1:31), 1. With great complaisance to the king's person; she did reverence to him; while Adonijah and his party affronted him. 2. With hearty good wishes for the king's health; Let him live. So far was she from thinking that he lived too long that she prayed he might live for ever, if it were possible, to adorn the crown he wore and to be a blessing to his people. We should earnestly desire the prolonging of useful lives, however it may be the postponing of any advantages of our own.
32-40
Solomon Declared Successor (1015 BC)
简体中文
所罗门被宣告为继位者（主前1015年）
³² 大卫王说：「你们要召祭司撒督、先知拿单、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅来。」他们就都来到王面前。
³³ 王又对他们说：「要带领你们主的仆人，使我儿子所罗门骑我的骡子，送他下到基训。
³⁴ 在那里，祭司撒督和先知拿单要膏他作以色列的王；你们也要吹角，说：『愿所罗门王万岁！』
³⁵ 然后你们要跟随他上来，使他坐在我的国位上，他要接续我作王；我已立他作以色列和犹大的君。」
³⁶ 耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅回答王说：「阿们！愿耶和华我主我王的神也这样命定。
³⁷ 耶和华怎样与我主我王同在，愿他照样与所罗门同在，使他的国位比我主大卫王的国位更大。」
³⁸ 于是祭司撒督、先知拿单、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅，以及基利提人和比利提人，都下去使所罗门骑大卫王的骡子，将他送到基训。
³⁹ 祭司撒督就从帐幕中取了盛膏油的角来，膏所罗门。他们就吹角，众民都说：「愿所罗门王万岁！」
⁴⁰ 众民都跟随他上来，吹笛欢呼，声音震动全地。
我们在此看到，大卫既为保全所罗门的合法权利，又为压制亚多尼雅的图谋于萌芽之中、以维护公共安宁，而采取了有效的措施。请注意：
一、他下达了明确的命令，要宣告所罗门为王。受托办理这件大事的人是撒督、拿单和比拿雅——他们都是有势力、有影响的人，大卫一直信任他们，见他们忠心；亚多尼雅请客时却没有请他们（王上 1:10）。大卫吩咐他们立即以一切可能的庄严宣告所罗门。他们要带着「你们主的仆人」——即禁卫军和宫中一切仆役。他们要让所罗门骑上王素常所骑的骡子，因为他不像他儿子后来那样养着许多马匹的马厩。大卫又指明他们当去的地方（王上 1:33-35）以及当行的事：1. 撒督和拿单这两位圣职人员要奉神的名膏他作王；因为他虽不是像扫罗和大卫那样家中第一个作王的，却是个小儿子，是因神的拣选而作王，且他的资格有人争议，所以必须借此加以确定。这膏油之礼是弥赛亚（基督——受膏者）蒙召与得恩的预表——圣灵那「喜乐的油」在他身上倾倒，毫无限量（来 1:9；诗 89:20）。一切基督徒既为「国度的继承人」（雅 2:5），便都从他「受了膏抹」（约一 2:27）。2. 文武百官受命当众宣告这事，并以吹角来表达此场合的公众喜乐——摩西律法也曾指示以角声来增添盛大节期的荣耀；此外还要加上百姓的欢呼：「愿所罗门王万岁」，愿他兴盛，愿他的国坚立、永存，愿他长久享此福分——这正是从前对他所应许的（诗 72:15：「愿王万岁」）。3. 然后他们要以盛大仪仗将他带回大卫城，他必须坐在他父亲的国位上，作他现在的代理人（在王病弱时处理国事），并在他死后作他的继任者：「他要接续我作王」。这事立即办妥，对大卫本人和各有关方面都是极大的安慰，好叫王一旦崩逝，国事不至有争端或动荡。大卫毫不嫉妒继任者在生前便以继任者的身分出现；不过他也许因在病榻上专心于敬拜，若不是别人提醒，这件为公众安宁所必需的大事，恐怕就被搁置未办了。
二、比拿雅代表众人，对这些命令表示十分满意。王说：「所罗门要替我作王，也要在我之后作王。」「阿们，」比拿雅诚心诚意地说，「王怎样说，我们也怎样说；我们对这人选完全满意，赞同这一拣选，我们投所罗门的票——全体一致，毫无异议；既没有神的护理之恩相配合，我们一事无成，更谈不上坚立，所以『愿耶和华我主我王的神也这样命定！』」（王上 1:36）。这是他对所罗门之国所建立其上的那个神应许的信心的言语。我们若照神在话语中所说的去说，便可盼望他也借他的护理照我们所说的去行。在此基础上他为所罗门加上一个祷告（王上 1:37），求神像与大卫同在那样与所罗门同在，并使他的国位更大。他知道大卫不是嫉妒儿女伟大的人，所以不会因这祷告而不安，也不会视为冒犯，倒要诚心说「阿们」。世上最智慧、最良善的人，也盼望自己的儿女比自己更智慧、更良善；因他自己也盼望比自己现在更智慧、更良善。智慧与良善就是真正的伟大。
三、这些命令立即得到执行（王上 1:38-40）。他们毫不迟延，便以盛大仪仗将所罗门送到指定地点；撒督在那里（他虽还不是大祭司，但据我们所想，是那副祭——犹太人称之为 sagan，即第二位祭司）奉先知拿单和大卫王的指示，膏了所罗门（王上 1:39）。当时存放约柜的帐幕中，与其余圣物一同保存着为许多宗教用途而设的圣膏油；撒督便从其中取了盛膏油的角——这角既表示权能也表示丰盛——用以膏所罗门。我们未见亚比亚他为亚多尼雅行过膏抹之礼：亚多尼雅是借设筵作王，不是借受膏。神所呼召的，他必赐恩膏来装备——这正是受膏所表明的；篡位者却无分于此。「基督」即「受膏」之意，他就是神「照神的定旨」设立在「他圣山锡安」上的那位王（诗 2:6、7）。基督徒也「成为我们神的（也借他成为）君王」，他们都有「从圣者而来的膏抹」（约一 2:20）。百姓见此便对所罗门被高举表示极大的喜乐与满意，以「和散那」的呼声围绕他——「愿所罗门王万岁」，并以音乐和欢呼跟随他（王上 1:40）。借此他们宣告自己也赞同这拣选，他并非被强加在他们身上，而是被他们欣然接受。君王的权能若非他知道这是他百姓的满意所在，便对他自己无多大安慰。每一个真以色列人都为大卫之子的被高举而欢喜。
Original em inglês
Solomon Declared Successor (1015 BC)
³² And king David said, Call me Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada. And they came before the king.
³³ The king also said unto them, Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride upon mine own mule, and bring him down to Gihon:
³⁴ And let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there king over Israel: and blow ye with the trumpet, and say, God save king Solomon.
³⁵ Then ye shall come up after him, that he may come and sit upon my throne; for he shall be king in my stead: and I have appointed him to be ruler over Israel and over Judah.
³⁶ And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said, Amen: the LORD God of my lord the king say so too.
³⁷ As the LORD hath been with my lord the king, even so be he with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David.
³⁸ So Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, went down, and caused Solomon to ride upon king David's mule, and brought him to Gihon.
³⁹ And Zadok the priest took a horn of oil out of the tabernacle, and anointed Solomon. And they blew the trumpet; and all the people said, God save king Solomon.
⁴⁰ And all the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth rent with the sound of them.
We have here the effectual care David took both to secure Solomon's right and to preserve the public peace, by crushing Adonijah's project in the bud. Observe,
I. The express orders he gave for the proclaiming of Solomon. The persons he entrusted with this great affair were Zadok, Nathan, and Benaiah, men of power and interest whom David had always reposed a confidence in and found faithful to him, and whom Adonijah had passed by in his invitation, 1Ki 1:10. David orders them forthwith, with all possible solemnity, to proclaim Solomon. They must take with them the servants of their lord, the lifeguards, and all the servants of the household. They must set Solomon on the mule the king used to ride, for he kept not such stables of horses as his son afterwards did. He appoints them whither to go (1Ki 1:33-35), and what to do. 1. Zadok and Nathan, the two ecclesiastical persons, must, in God's name, anoint him king; for though he was not the first of his family, as Saul and David were, yet he was a younger son, was made king by divine appointment, and his title was contested, which made it necessary that hereby it should be settled. This unction was typical of the designation and qualification of the Messiah, or Christ, the anointed one, on whom the Spirit, that oil of gladness, was poured without measure, Heb 1:9, Ps 89:20. And all Christians, being heirs of the kingdom (Jam 2:5), do from him receive the anointing, 1Jo 2:27. 2. The great officers, civil and military, are ordered to give public notice of this, and to express the public joy upon this occasion by sound of trumpet, by which the law of Moses directed the gracing of great solemnities; to this must be added the acclamations of the people: "Let king Solomon live, let him prosper, let his kingdom be established and perpetuated, and let him long continue in the enjoyment of it;" so it had been promised concerning him. Ps 72:15, He shall live. 3. They must then bring him in state to the city of David, and he must sit upon the throne of his father, as his substitute now, or viceroy, to despatch public business during his weakness and be his successor after his death: He shall be king in my stead. It would be a great satisfaction to David himself, and to all parties concerned, to have this done immediately, that upon the demise of the king there might be no dispute, or agitation, in the public affairs. David was far from grudging his successor the honour of appearing such in his life-time, and yet perhaps was so taken up with his devotions on his sick-bed that, if he had not been put in mind of it by others, this great good work, which was so necessary to the public repose, would have been left undone.
II. The great satisfaction which Benaiah, in the name of the rest, professed in these orders. The king said, "Solomon shall reign for me, and reign after me." "Amen" (says Benaiah heartily); "as the king says, so say we; we are entirely satisfied in the nomination, and concur in the choice, we give our vote for Solomon, nemine contradicente—unanimously, and since we can bring nothing to pass, much less establish it, without the concurrence of a propitious providence, The Lord God of my lord the king say so too!" 1Ki 1:36. This is the language of his faith in that promise of God on which Solomon's government was founded. If we say as God says in his word, we may hope that he will say as we say by his providence. To this he adds a prayer for Solomon (1Ki 1:37), that God would be with him as he had been with David, and make his throne greater. He knew David was not one of those that envy their children's greatness, and that therefore he would not be disquieted at this prayer, nor take it as an affront, but would heartily say Amen to it. The wisest and best man in the world desires his children may be wiser and better than he, for he himself desires to be wiser and better than he is; and wisdom and goodness are true greatness.
III. The immediate execution of these orders, 1Ki 1:38-40. No time was lost, but Solomon was brought in state to the place appointed, and there Zadok (who, though he was not as yet high priest, was, we may suppose, the suffragan, the Jews called him the sagan, or second priest) anointed him by the direction of Nathan the prophet and David the king, 1Ki 1:39. In the tabernacle, where the ark was now lodged, was kept among other sacred things, the holy oil for many religious services thence Zadok took a horn of oil, which denotes both power and plenty, and therewith anointed Solomon. We do not find that Abiathar pretended to anoint Adonijah: he was made king by a feast, not by an unction. Whom God calls, he will qualify, which was signified by the anointing; usurpers had it not. Christ signifies anointed, and he is the king whom God hath set upon his holy hill of Sion, according to decree, Ps 2:6,7. Christians also are made to our God (and by him) kings, and they have an unction from the Holy One, 1Jo 2:20. The people, hereupon, express their great joy and satisfaction in the elevation of Solomon, surround him with their Hosannas—God save king Solomon, and attend him with their music and shouts of joy, 1Ki 1:40. Hereby they declared their concurrence in the choice, and that he was not forced upon them, but cheerfully accepted by them. The power of a prince can be little satisfaction to himself, unless he knows it to be a satisfaction to his people. Every Israelite indeed rejoices in the exaltation of the Son of David.
41-53
Solomon Proclaimed (1015 BC)
简体中文
所罗门被立为王（主前1015年）
⁴¹ 亚多尼雅和所请的众客正吃喝完毕，听见了这声音。约押听见角声就说：城中为何这样喧嚷呢？
⁴² 他正说话的时候，祭司亚比亚他的儿子约拿单来了。亚多尼雅对他说：进来吧，你是个好人，必报好信息。
⁴³ 约拿单回答亚多尼雅说：不然，我们主大卫王诚然立所罗门为王了。
⁴⁴ 王差遣祭司撒督、先知拿单、耶何耶大的儿子比拿雅、基利提人和比利提人都护卫他；他们使他骑上王的骡子。
⁴⁵ 祭司撒督和先知拿单在基训已经膏他作王。他们都从那里欢呼上来，城里震动。这是你们所听见的声音。
⁴⁶ 所罗门也坐在国位上了。
⁴⁷ 王的臣仆也来为我们的主大卫王祝福，说：愿神使所罗门的名比你的名更尊荣，使他的国位比你的国位更大。王就在床上屈身下拜。
⁴⁸ 王又这样说：耶和华以色列的神是应当称颂的！因他今日赐人坐在我位上，也使我亲眼看见。
⁴⁹ 亚多尼雅所请的众客都战惧，起来，各人自行去了。
⁵⁰ 亚多尼雅因所罗门而惧怕，就起来，去抓住坛的角。
⁵¹ 有人告诉所罗门说：亚多尼雅惧怕所罗门王，他现在抓住坛的角，说：愿所罗门王今日向我起誓，必不用刀杀仆人。
⁵² 所罗门说：他若作个忠义人，连他一根头发也不至落在地上；他若行恶，必要死亡。
⁵³ 于是所罗门王差遣人，使他从坛上下来。他来向所罗门王下拜；所罗门对他说：你回家去吧。
此处我们看到——
I. 所罗门登基的消息传到亚多尼雅和他的党羽那里，正值他们宴乐之中。「他们刚吃完」，而且看来他们吃了许久，因为所罗门受膏登基的全过程，都是在他们席间贪食之时安排完毕的。可见那些「不事奉我们主基督，反倒敌挡他的人」，通常正是那些「只事奉自己肚腹的人」（罗16:18），以肚腹为神（腓3:19）。他们久长的筵席也表明他们对自己的势力十分自信，否则不会如此浪费时间。洪水以前的世界和所多玛，在毁灭忽然临到之时，也正是「又吃又喝」、安逸放纵的（路17:26-29等）。「他们刚吃完」，正准备宣告自己的王，要得意洋洋地把他迎进城里，便「听见角声」（王上1:41），「那声音在他们耳中极为可怖」（伯15:21）。约押是个老人，闻声大惊，以为城中骚乱；亚多尼雅却深信来报信的人既是「忠义人」，必报好信息（王上1:42）。篡位者常以成功的盼望自欺，而最不畏惧的，往往是处境最危险的。然而行恶之人怎能指望听见好消息呢？不，最忠义的人也要给他们带来最坏的消息，正如祭司的儿子在这里对亚多尼雅所作的（王上1:43）：「诚然，我所能带来的最好消息就是——所罗门已经作王了，因此你的图谋全盘落空。」他极其详尽地向他们述说：1. 所罗门是何等隆重地「被立为王」（王上1:44、45），而且此刻他已「坐在国位上」（王上1:46）。亚多尼雅本想赶在他之前登上宝座，但所罗门比他更快。2. 所罗门被立为王，是众人都何等满意，因此既成之事不可能再被推翻。（一）百姓欢喜，可见于他们欢呼的称颂（王上1:45）。（二）朝臣也欢喜：「王的臣仆」趁此机会前来祝贺（王上1:47）。这里记下了他们贺词的要点：他们「为大卫王祝福」，赞许他为公众福祉所作的明智安排，承认在他的治理下得着的福分，并恳切地为他康复祷告。他们也替所罗门祈求，愿神使他的名比他父亲更尊荣——这原有可能，因为他可以建造在父亲所立根基之上。站在巨人肩头上的孩子，比巨人更高。（三）王自己也欢喜：他「在床上屈身下拜」，不但表示他悦纳臣仆的贺词，也是要向神献上他自己的祷告（王上1:48）：「耶和华以色列的神是应当称颂的」——他作为以色列的神，为以色列的益处，使这事得着如此圆满的结局，「使我亲眼看见」。请注意：敬虔的人离世之时，看见家事安排妥当，看见儿女起来接续他们事奉神和他们那一代的人，尤其看见平安归于以色列、且得坚固，这是何等大的安慰。
II. 这消息对亚多尼雅的图谋予以有效的粉碎。它扫了党羽的兴，驱散了宾客，迫使各人各自逃命。「恶人的欢乐不过是片刻。」他们正在空中建楼阁，因没有根基，不久便要塌下，将他们压碎。他们正聚在一起图谋叛乱，深怕当场被擒，因此各人夺路而逃。
III. 亚多尼雅本人所处的恐惧，以及他所采取的自保之策。他如今如同先前高抬自己一样，如今大大地被压低（王上1:42、50）。他曾藐视所罗门，不配作他的客人（王上1:10），如今却惧怕他如惧怕审判官：「他因所罗门而惧怕。」这样，凡敌挡基督和他国度的人，不久必在他面前战抖，徒然呼求岩石和山岭遮蔽他们，躲避他的烈怒。「他抓住坛的角」——这向来被视为庇护所、避难处（出21:14），借此表明他不敢受审，只把自己投在君王的怜悯之下；他求情时别无所靠，只靠神在坛上所献祭物的设立和悦纳、并由此而来的罪孽赦免上所彰显的怜悯。亚多尼雅也许从前曾轻看坛前的事奉，如今却求坛的庇护。许多在安逸之日忽略这大救恩的人，在主的威严惊吓的拘禁之下，倒乐意求助于基督和他的功劳；可惜为时已晚，只能「抓住坛的角」。
IV. 他向所罗门谦卑地求怜悯。他借报信的人转达所罗门自己在何处，便托他们送上一项求生的请求（王上1:51）：「愿所罗门王向我起誓，必不用刀杀仆人。」他承认所罗门是君王，自己是仆人，不敢为自己辩白，只「向审判官求恩」。这是他极大的转变。早晨还在攫取冠冕的人，未到黄昏已在乞求活命。先前是亚多尼雅作王，如今是亚多尼雅战抖，除非所罗门起誓应许不杀他，他就不得安然。
V. 所罗门对他所下的处置。所罗门在察看其行为的条件下，开释了他（王上1:52、53）。他念及亚多尼雅是自己的兄弟，而且这是初次犯罪。也许他既如此快地觉悟己错，又不坚持叛乱，日后也许不但能成为顺民，还能成为有用的臣民；因此，他若今后行为端正，过去的事便可得赦免；但他若仍心存不满、不服、搅扰、觊觎大位，这罪就要被记念，他就要按从前的定罪被传唤，并被判刑。这样，大卫之子也接纳那些曾叛逆的人归回怜悯：他们若归回效忠、忠于他们的君王，从前的罪就不再被提起；但若仍贪恋世界和肉体的事，这就必成为他们的毁灭。亚多尼雅被召来，被告知他所处的条件；他表示感恩顺服，便被打发回家去过退隐的生活。所罗门不但留了他的命，还留了他的产业，如此「以怜悯坚固他的国位」。
Original em inglês
Solomon Proclaimed (1015 BC)
⁴¹ And Adonijah and all the guests that were with him heard it as they had made an end of eating. And when Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he said, Wherefore is this noise of the city being in an uproar?
⁴² And while he yet spake, behold, Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came: and Adonijah said unto him, Come in; for thou art a valiant man, and bringest good tidings.
⁴³ And Jonathan answered and said to Adonijah, Verily our lord king David hath made Solomon king.
⁴⁴ And the king hath sent with him Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, and they have caused him to ride upon the king's mule:
⁴⁵ And Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in Gihon: and they are come up from thence rejoicing, so that the city rang again. This is the noise that ye have heard.
⁴⁶ And also Solomon sitteth on the throne of the kingdom.
⁴⁷ And moreover the king's servants came to bless our lord king David, saying, God make the name of Solomon better than thy name, and make his throne greater than thy throne. And the king bowed himself upon the bed.
⁴⁸ And also thus said the king, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which hath given one to sit on my throne this day, mine eyes even seeing it.
⁴⁹ And all the guests that were with Adonijah were afraid, and rose up, and went every man his way.
⁵⁰ And Adonijah feared because of Solomon, and arose, and went, and caught hold on the horns of the altar.
⁵¹ And it was told Solomon, saying, Behold, Adonijah feareth king Solomon: for, lo, he hath caught hold on the horns of the altar, saying, Let king Solomon swear unto me to day that he will not slay his servant with the sword.
⁵² And Solomon said, If he will show himself a worthy man, there shall not a hair of him fall to the earth: but if wickedness shall be found in him, he shall die.
⁵³ So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. And he came and bowed himself to king Solomon: and Solomon said unto him, Go to thine house.
We have here,
I. The tidings of Solomon's inauguration brought to Adonijah and his party, in the midst of their jollity: They had made an end of eating, and, it should seem, it was a great while before they made an end, for all the affair of Solomon's anointing was ordered and finished while they were at dinner, glutting themselves. Thus those who serve not our Lord Christ, but oppose him, are commonly such as serve their own belly (Ro 16:18) and made a god of it, Php 3:19. Their long feast intimates likewise that they were very secure and confident of their interest, else they would not have lost so much time. The old world and Sodom were eating and drinking, secure and sensual, when their destruction came, Lu 17:26-29, etc. When they made an end of eating, and were preparing themselves to proclaim their king, and bring him in triumph into the city, they heard the sound of the trumpet (1Ki 1:41), and a dreadful sound it was in their ears, Job 15:21. Joab was an old man, and was alarmed at it, apprehending the city to be in an uproar; but Adonijah was very confident that the messenger, being a worthy man, brought good tidings, 1Ki 1:42. Usurpers flatter themselves with the hopes of success, and those are commonly least timorous whose condition is most dangerous. But how can those who do evil deeds expect to have good tidings? No, the worthiest man will bring them the worst news, as the priest's son did here to Adonijah, 1Ki 1:43. "Verily, the best tidings I have to bring you is that Solomon is made king, so that your pretensions are all quashed." He relates to them very particularly, 1. With what great solemnity Solomon was made king (1Ki 1:44,45), and that he was now sitting on the throne of the kingdom, 1Ki 1:46. Adonijah thought to have stepped into the throne before him, but Solomon was too quick for him. 2. With what general satisfaction Solomon was made king, so that that which was done was not likely to be undone again. (1.) The people were pleased, witness their joyful acclamations, 1Ki 1:45. (2.) The courtiers were pleased: The kings servants attended him with an address of congratulation upon this occasion, 1Ki 1:47. We have here the heads of their address: They blessed king David, applauded his prudent care for the public welfare, acknowledged their happiness under his government, and prayed heartily for his recovery. They also prayed for Solomon, that God would make his name better than his father's, which it might well be when he had his father's foundation to build upon. A child, on a giant's shoulders, is higher than the giant himself. (3.) The king himself was pleased: He bowed himself upon the bed, not only to signify his acceptance of his servants' address, but to offer up his own address to God (1Ki 1:48): "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, who, as Israel's God, for Israel's good, has brought this matter to such a happy issue, my eyes even seeing it." Note, It is a great satisfaction to good men, when they are going out of the world, to see the affairs of their families in a good posture, their children rising up in their stead to serve God and their generation, and especially to see peace upon Israel and the establishment of it.
II. The effectual crush which this gave to Adonijah's attempt. It spoiled the sport of his party, dispersed the company, and obliged every man to shift for his own safety. The triumphing of the wicked is short. They were building a castle in the air, which, having no foundation, would soon fall and crush them. They were afraid of being taken in the fact, while they were together hatching their treason, and therefore each one made the best of his way.
III. The terror Adonijah himself was in, and the course he took to secure himself. He was now as much depressed as he had been elevated, 1Ki 1:42,50. He had despised Solomon as not worthy to be his guest (1Ki 1:10), but now he dreads him as his judge: He feared because of Solomon. Thus those who oppose Christ and his kingdom will shortly be made to tremble before him, and call in vain to rocks and mountains to shelter them from his wrath. He took hold on the horns of the altar, which was always looked upon as a sanctuary, or place of refuge (Ex 21:14), intimating hereby that he durst not stand a trial, but threw himself upon the mercy of his prince, in suing for which he relied upon no other plea than the mercy of God, which was manifested in the institution and acceptance of the sacrifices that were offered on that altar and the remission of sin thereupon. Perhaps Adonijah had formerly slighted the service of the altar, yet now he courts the protection of it. Many who in the day of their security neglect the great salvation, under the arrests of the terrors of the Lord would gladly be beholden to Christ and his merit, and, when it is too late, will catch hold of the horns of the altar.
IV. His humble address to Solomon for mercy. By those who brought Solomon tidings where he was, he sent a request for his life (1Ki 1:51): Let king Solomon swear to me that he will not slay his servant. He owns Solomon for his prince, and himself his servant, dares not justify himself, but makes supplication to his judge. It was a great change with him. He that in the morning was grasping at a crown is before night begging for his life. Then Adonijah reigned, now Adonijah trembles, and cannot think himself safe unless Solomon promise, with an oath, not to put him to death.
V. The orders Solomon gave concerning him. He discharges him upon his good behaviour, 1Ki 1:52,53. He considered that Adonijah was his brother, and that it was the first offence. Perhaps, being so soon made sensible of his error and then not persisting in his rebellion, he might prove not only a peaceable, but a serviceable subject, and therefore, if he will conduct himself well for the future, what is past shall be pardoned: but if he be fond disaffected, turbulent, and aspiring, this offence shall be remembered against him, he shall be called up upon his former conviction (as our law speaks), and execution shall be awarded against him. Thus the Son of David receives those to mercy that have been rebellious: if they will return to their allegiance, and be faithful to their Sovereign, their former crimes shall not be mentioned against them; but, if still they continue in the interests of the world and the flesh, this will be their ruin. Adonijah is sent for, and told upon what terms he stands, which he signifies his grateful submission to, and then is told to go to his house and live retired there. Solomon not only gave him his life, but his estate, thus establishing his throne by mercy.
本章记载如下：I. 大卫健康日渐衰弱，王上1:1-4。II. 亚多尼雅觊觎王位，为此设宴拢聚党羽，王上1:5-10。III. 拿单与拔示巴筹划确保所罗门继位，并求得大卫为此颁布旨意，王上1:11-31。IV. 所罗门因此受膏，百姓为此欢喜，王上1:32-40。V. 此举有效遏制了亚多尼雅的篡位图谋，其党羽随之散去，王上1:41-49。VI. 所罗门以宽待之条件遣散亚多尼雅，王上1:50-53。