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Proverbs Capítulo 21
1-31
Miscellaneous Maxims
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Original em inglês
Miscellaneous Maxims
¹ The king's heart is in the hand of the LORD, as the rivers of water: he turneth it whithersoever he will.
Note, 1. Even the hearts of men are in God's hand, and not only their goings, as he had said, Pr 20:24. God can change men's minds, can, by a powerful insensible operation under their spirits, turn them from that which they seemed most intent upon, and incline them to that which they seemed most averse to, as the husbandman, by canals and gutters, turns the water through his grounds as he pleases, which does not alter the nature of the water, nor put any force upon it, any more than God's providence does upon the native freedom of man's will, but directs the course of it to serve his own purpose. 2. Even kings' hearts are so, notwithstanding their powers and prerogatives, as much as the hearts of common persons. The hearts of kings are unsearchable to us, much more unmanageable by us; as they have their arcana imperii—state secrets, so that they have great prerogatives of their crown; but the great God has them not only under his eye, but in his hand. Kings are what he makes them. Those that are most absolute are under God's government; he puts things into their hearts, Re 17:17, Ezr 7:27.
² Every way of a man is right in his own eyes: but the LORD pondereth the hearts.
Note, 1. We are all apt to be partial in judging of ourselves and our own actions, and to think too favourably of our own character, as if there was nothing amiss in it: Every way of a man, even his by-way, is right in his own eyes. The proud heart is very ingenious in putting a fair face upon a foul matter, and in making that appear right to itself which is far from being so, to stop the mouth of conscience. 2. We are sure that the judgment of God concerning us is according to truth. Whatever our judgment is concerning ourselves, the Lord ponders the heart. God looks at the heart, and judges of men according to that, of their actions according to their principles and intentions; and his judgment of that is as exact as ours is of that which we ponder most, and more so; he weighs it in an unerring balance, Pr 16:2.
³ To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice.
Here, 1. It is implied that many deceive themselves with a conceit that, if they offer sacrifice, that will excuse them from doing justice, and procure them a dispensation for their unrighteousness; and this makes their way seem right, Pr 21:2. We have fasted, Isa 58:3. I have peace-offerings with me, Pr 7:14. 2. It is plainly declared that living a good life (doing justly and loving mercy) is more pleasing to God than the most pompous and expensive instances of devotion. Sacrifices were of divine institution, and were acceptable to God if they were offered in faith and with repentance, otherwise not, Isa 1:11, etc. But even then moral duties were preferred before them (1Sa 15:22), which intimates that their excellency was not innate nor the obligation to them perpetual, Mic 6:6-8. Much of religion lies in doing judgment and justice from a principle of duty to God, contempt of the world, and love to our neighbour; and this is more pleasing to God than all burnt-offerings and sacrifices, Mk 12:33.
⁴ An high look, and a proud heart, and the plowing of the wicked, is sin.
This may be taken as showing us, 1. The marks of a wicked man. He that has a high look and a proud heart, that carries himself insolently and scornfully towards both God and man, and that is always ploughing and plotting, designing and devising some mischief or other, is indeed a wicked man. The light of the wicked is sin. Sin is the pride, the ambition, the glory and joy, and the business of wicked men. 2. The miseries of wicked man. His raised expectations, his high designs, and most elaborate contrivances and projects, are sin to him; he contracts guilt in them and so prepares trouble for himself. The very business of all wicked men, as well as their pleasure, is nothing but sin; so Bishop Patrick. They do all to serve their lusts, and have no regard to the glory of God in it, and therefore their ploughing is sin, and no marvel when their sacrificing is so, Pr 15:8.
⁵ The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness; but of every one that is hasty only to want.
Here is, 1. The way to be rich. If we would live plentifully and comfortably in the world, we must be diligent in our business, and not shrink from the toil and trouble of it, but prosecute it closely, improving all advantages and opportunities for it, and doing what we do with all our might; yet we must not be hasty in it, nor hurry ourselves and others with it, but keep doing fair and softly, which, we say, goes far in a day. With diligence there must be contrivance. The thoughts of the diligent are as necessary as the hand of the diligent. Forecast is as good as work. Seest thou a man thus prudent and diligent? He will have enough to live on. 2. The way to be poor. Those that are hasty, that are rash and inconsiderate in their affairs, and will not take time to think, that are greedy of gain, by right or wrong, and make haste to be rich by unjust practices or unwise projects, are in the ready road to poverty. Their thoughts and contrivances, by which they hope to raise themselves, will ruin them.
⁶ The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death.
This shows the folly of those that hope to enrich themselves by dishonest practices, by oppressing and over-reaching those with whom they deal, by false-witness-bearing, or by fraudulent contracts, of those that make no scruples of lying when there is any thing to be got by it. They may perhaps heap up treasures by these means, that which they make their treasure; but, 1. They will not meet with the satisfaction they expect. It is a vanity tossed to and fro; it will be disappointment and vexation of spirit to them; they will not have the comfort of it, nor can they put any confidence in it, but will be perpetually uneasy. It will be tossed to and fro by their own consciences, and by the censures of men; let them expect to be in a constant hurry. 2. They will meet with destruction they do not expect. While they are seeking wealth by such unlawful practices they are really seeking death; they lay themselves open to the envy and ill-will of men by the treasures they get, and to the wrath and curse of God, by the lying tongue wherewith they get them, which he will make to fall upon themselves and sink them to hell.
⁷ The robbery of the wicked shall destroy them; because they refuse to do judgment.
See here, 1. The nature of injustice. Getting money by lying (Pr 21:6) is no better than downright robbery. Cheating is stealing; you might as well pick a man's pocket as impose upon him by a lie in making a bargain, which he had no fence against but by not believing you; and it will be no excuse from the guilt of robbery to say that he might choose whether he would believe you, for that is a debt we should owe to all men. 2. The cause of injustice. Men refuse to do judgment; they will not render to all their due, but withhold it, and omissions make way for commissions; they come at length to robbery itself. Those that refuse to do justice will choose to do wrong. 3. The effects of injustice; it will return upon the sinner's own head. The robbery of the wicked will terrify them (so some); their consciences will be filled with horror and amazement, will cut them, will saw them asunder (so others); it will destroy them here and for ever, therefore he had said (Pr 21:6), They seek death.
⁸ The way of man is froward and strange: but as for the pure, his work is right.
This shows that as men are so is their way. 1. Evil men have evil ways. If the man be froward, his way also is strange; and this is the way of most men, such is the general corruption of mankind. They have all gone aside (Ps 14:2,3); all flesh have perverted their way. But the froward man, the man of deceit, that acts by craft and trick in all he does, his way is strange, contrary to all the rules of honour and honesty. It is strange, for you know not where to find him nor when you have him; it is strange, for it is alienated from all good and estranges men from God and his favour. It is what he behold afar off, and so do all honest men. 2. Men that are pure are proved to be such by their work, for it is right, it is just and regular; and they are accepted of God and approved of men. The way of mankind in their apostasy is froward and strange; but as for the pure, those that by the grace of God are recovered out of that state, of which there is here and there one, their work is right, as Noah's was in the old world, Ge 7:1.
⁹ It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman in a wide house.
See here, 1. What a great affliction it is to a man to have a brawling scolding woman for his wife, who upon every occasion, and often upon no occasion, breaks out into a passion, and chides either him or those about her, is fretful to herself and furious to her children and servants, and, in both, vexatious to her husband. If a man has a wide house, spacious and pompous, this will embitter the comfort of it to him—a house of society (so the word is), in which a man may be sociable, and entertain his friends; this will make both him and his house unsociable, and unfit for enjoyments of true friendship. It makes a man ashamed of his choice and his management, and disturbs his company. 2. What many a man is forced to do under such an affliction. He cannot keep up his authority. He finds it to no purpose to contradict the most unreasonable passion, for it is unruly and rages so much the more; and his wisdom and grace will not suffer him to render railing for railing, nor his conjugal affection to use any severity, and therefore he finds it his best way to retire into a corner of the house-top, and sit alone there, out of the hearing of her clamour; and if he employ himself well there, as he may do, it is the wisest course he can take. Better do so than quit the house, and go into bad company, for diversion, as many, who, like Adam, make their wife's sin the excuse of their own.
¹⁰ The soul of the wicked desireth evil: his neighbour findeth no favour in his eyes.
See here the character of a very wicked man. 1. The strong inclination he has to do mischief. His very soul desires evil, desires that evil may be done and that he may have the pleasure, not only of seeing it, but of having a hand in it. The root of wickedness lies in the soul; the desire that men have to do evil, that is the lust which conceives and brings forth sin. 2. The strong aversion he has to do good: His neighbour, his friend, his nearest relation, finds no favour in his eyes, cannot gain from him the least kindness, though he be in the greatest need of it. And, when he is in the pursuit of the evil his heart is so much upon, he will spare no man that stands in his way; his next neighbour shall be used no better than a stranger, than an enemy.
¹¹ When the scorner is punished, the simple is made wise: and when the wise is instructed, he receiveth knowledge.
This we had before (Pr 19:25), and it shows that there are two ways by which the simple may be made wise:—1. By the punishments that are inflicted on those that are incorrigibly wicked. Let the law be executed upon a scorner, and even he that is simple will be awakened and alarmed by it, and will discern, more than he did, the evil of sin, and will take warning by it and take heed. 2. By the instructions that are given to those that are wise and willing to be taught: When the wise is instructed by the preaching of the word he (not only the wise himself, but the simple that stands by) receives knowledge. It is no injustice at all to take a good lesson to ourselves which was designed for another.
¹² The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked: but God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness.
1. As we read this verse, it shows why good men, when they come to understand things aright, will not envy the prosperity of evil-doers. When they see the house of the wicked, how full it is perhaps of all the good things of this life, they are tempted to envy; but when they wisely consider it, when they look upon it with an eye of faith, when they see God overthrowing the wicked for their wickedness, that there is a curse upon their habitation which will certainly be the ruin of it ere long, they see more reason to despise them, or pity them, than to fear or envy them. 2. Some give another sense of it: The righteous man (the judge or magistrate, that is entrusted with the execution of justice, and the preservation of public peace) examines the house of the wicked, searches it for arms or for stolen goods, makes a diligent enquiry concerning his family and the characters of those about him, that he may by his power overthrow the wicked for their wickedness and prevent their doing any further mischief, that he may fire the nests where the birds of prey are harboured or the unclean birds.
¹³ Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself, but shall not be heard.
Here we have the description and doom of an uncharitable man. 1. His description: He stops his ears at the cry of the poor, at the cry of their wants and miseries (he resolves to take no cognizance of them), at the cry of their requests and supplications—he resolves he will not so much as give them the hearing, turns them away from his door, and forbids them to come near him, or, if he cannot avoid hearing them, he will not need them, nor be moved by their complaints, no be prevailed with by their importunities; he shuts up the bowels of his compassion, and that is equivalent to the stopping of his ears, Ac 7:57. 2. His doom. He shall himself be reduced to straits, which will make him cry, and then he shall not be heard. Men will not hear him, but reward him as he has rewarded others. God will not hear him; for he that showed no mercy shall have judgment without mercy (Jam 2:13), and he that on earth denied a crumb of bread in hell was denied a drop of water. God will be deaf to the prayers of those who are deaf to the cries of the poor, which, if they be not heard by us, will be heard against us, Ex 22:23.
¹⁴ A gift in secret pacifieth anger: and a reward in the bosom strong wrath.
Here is, 1. The power that is commonly found to be in gifts. Nothing is more violent than anger. O the force of strong wrath! And yet a handsome present, prudently managed, will turn away some men's wrath when it seemed implacable, and disarm the keenest and most passionate resentments. Covetousness is commonly a master-sin and has the command of other lusts. Pecuniæ obediunt omnia—Money commands all things. Thus Jacob pacified Esau and Abigail David. 2. The policy that is commonly used in giving and receiving bribes. It must be a gift in secret and a reward in the bosom, for he that takes it would not be thought to covet it, nor known to receive it, nor would he willingly be beholden to him whom he has been offended with; but, if it be done privately, all is well. No man should be too open in giving any gift, nor boast of the presents he sends; but, if it be a bribe to pervert justice, that is so scandalous that those who are fond of it are ashamed of it.
¹⁵ It is joy to the just to do judgment: but destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity.
Note, 1. It is a pleasure and satisfaction to good men both to see justice administered by the government they live under, right taking place and iniquity suppressed, and also to practise it themselves, according as their sphere is. They not only do justice, but do it with pleasure, not only for fear of shame, but for love of virtue. 2. It is a terror to wicked men to see the laws put in execution against vice and profaneness. It is destruction to them; as it is also a vexation to them to be forced, either for the support of their credit or for fear of punishment, to do judgment themselves. Or, if we take it as we read it, the meaning is, There is true pleasure in the practice of religion, but certain destruction at the end of all vicious courses.
¹⁶ The man that wandereth out of the way of understanding shall remain in the congregation of the dead.
Here is, 1. The sinner upon his ramble: He wanders out of the way of understanding, and when once he has left that good way he wanders endlessly. The way of religion is the way of understanding; those that are not truly pious are not truly intelligent; those that wander out of this way break the hedge which God has set, and follow the conduct of the world and the flesh; and they go astray like lost sheep. 2. The sinner at his rest, or rather his ruin: He shall remain (quiescet—he shall rest, but not in pace—in peace) in the congregation of the giants, the sinners of the old world, that were swept away by the deluge; to that destruction the damnation of sinners is compared, as sometimes to the destruction of Sodom, when they are said to have their portion in fire and brimstone. Or in the congregation of the damned, that are under the power of the second death. There is a vast congregation of damned sinners, bound in bundles for the fire, and in that those shall remain, remain for ever, who are shut out from the congregation of the righteous. He that forsakes the way to heaven, if he return not to it, will certainly sink into the depths of hell.
¹⁷ He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich.
Here is an argument against a voluptuous luxurious life, taken from the ruin it brings upon men's temporal interests. Here is 1. The description of an epicure: He loves pleasure. God allows us to use the delights of sense soberly and temperately, wine to make glad the heart and put vigour into the spirits, and oil to make the face to shine and beautify the countenance; but he that loves these, that sets his heart upon them, covets them earnestly, is solicitous to have all the delights of sense wound up to the height of pleasurableness, is impatient of every thing that crosses him in his pleasures, relishes these as the best pleasures, and has his mouth by them put out of taste for spiritual delights, he is an epicure, 2Ti 3:4. 2. The punishment of an epicure in this world: He shall be a poor man; for the lusts of sensuality are not maintained but at great expense, and there are instances of those who want necessaries, and live upon alms, who once could not live without dainties and varieties. Many a beau becomes a beggar.
¹⁸ The wicked shall be a ransom for the righteous, and the transgressor for the upright.
This intimates, 1. What should be done by the justice of men: The wicked, that are the troublers of a land, ought to be punished, for the preventing and turning away of those national judgments which otherwise will be inflicted and in which even the righteous are many times involved. Thus when Achan was stoned he was a ransom for the camp of righteous Israel; and the seven sons of Saul, when they were hanged, were a ransom for the kingdom of righteous David. 2. What is often done by the providence of God: The righteous is delivered out of trouble, and the wicked comes in his stead, and so seems as if he were a ransom for him, Pr 11:8. God will rather leave many wicked people to be cut off than abandon his own people. I will give men for thee, Isa 43:3,4.
¹⁹ It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a contentious and an angry woman.
Note, 1. Unbridled passions embitter and spoil the comfort of all relations. A peevish angry wife makes her husband's life uneasy, to whom she should be a comfort and a meet help. Those cannot dwell in peace and happiness that cannot dwell in peace and love. Even those that are one flesh, if they be not withal one spirit, have no joy of their union. 2. It is better to have no company than bad company. The wife of thy covenant is thy companion, and yet, if she be peevish and provoking, it is better to dwell in a solitary wilderness, exposed to wind and weather, than in company with her. A man may better enjoy God and himself in a wilderness than among quarrelsome relations and neighbours. See Pr 21:9.
²⁰ There is treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the wise; but a foolish man spendeth it up.
Note, 1. Those that are wise will increase what they have and live plentifully; their wisdom will teach them to proportion their expenses to their income and to lay up for hereafter; so that there is a treasure of things to be desired, and as much as needs be desired, a good stock of all things convenient, laid up in season, and particularly of oil, one of the staple commodities of Canaan, De 8:8. This is in the habitation, or cottage, of the wise; and it is better to have an old-fashioned house, and have it well furnished, than a fine modern one, with sorry housekeeping. God blesses the endeavors of the wise and then their houses are replenished. 2. Those that are foolish will misspend what they have upon their lusts, and so bring the stock they have to nothing. Those manage wretchedly that are in haste to spend what they had, but not in care which way to get more. Foolish children spend what their wise parents have laid up. One sinner destroys much good, as the prodigal son.
²¹ He that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life, righteousness, and honour.
See here, 1. What it is to make religion our business; it is to follow after righteousness and mercy, not to content ourselves with easy performances, but to do our duty with the utmost care and pains, as those that are pressing forward and in fear of coming short. We must both do justly and love mercy, and must proceed and persevere therein; and, though we cannot attain to perfection, yet it will be a comfort to us if we aim at it and follow after it. 2. What will be the advantage of doing so: Those that do follow after righteousness shall find righteousness; God will give them grace to do good, and they shall have the pleasure and comfort of doing it; those that make conscience of being just to others shall have the pleasure and comfort of doing it; those that make conscience of being just to others shall be justly dealt with by others and others shall be kind to them. The Jews followed after righteousness, and did not find it, because they sought amiss, Ro 9:31. Otherwise, Seek and you shall find, and with it shall find both life and honour, everlasting life and honour, the crown of righteousness.
²² A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty, and casteth down the strength of the confidence thereof.
Note, 1. Those that have power are apt to promise themselves great things from their power. The city of the mighty thinks itself impregnable, and therefore its strength is the confidence thereof, what it boasts of and trust in, bidding defiance to danger. 2. Those that have wisdom, though they are so modest as not to promise much, often perform great things, even against those that are so confident of their strength, by their wisdom. Good conduct will go far even against great force; and a stratagem, well managed, may effectually scale the city of the mighty and cast down the strength it had such a confidence in. A wise man will gain upon the affections of people and conquer them by strength of reason, which is a more noble conquest than that obtained by strength of arms. Those that understand their interest will willingly submit themselves to a wise and good man, and the strongest walls shall not hold out against him.
²³ Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles.
Note, 1. It is our great concern to keep our souls from straits, being entangled in snares and perplexities, and disquieted with troubles, that we may preserve the possession and enjoyment of ourselves and that our souls may be in frame for the service of God. 2. Those that would keep their souls must keep a watch before the door of their lips, must keep the mouth by temperance, that no forbidden fruit go into it, no stolen waters, that nothing be eaten or drunk to excess; they must keep the tongue also, that no forbidden word go out of the door of the lips, no corrupt communication. By a constant watchfulness over our words we shall prevent abundance of mischiefs which an ungoverned tongue runs men into. Keep thy heart, and that will keep thy tongue from sin; keep thy tongue, and that will keep thy heart from trouble.
²⁴ Proud and haughty scorner is his name, who dealeth in proud wrath.
See here the mischief of pride and haughtiness. 1. It exposes men to sin; it makes them passionate, and kindles in them the fire of proud wrath. They are continually dealing in it, as if it were their trade to be angry, and they had nothing so much to do as to barter passions and exchange bitter words. Most of the wrath that inflames the spirits and societies of men is proud wrath. Men cannot bear the least slight, nor in any thing to be crossed or contradicted, but they are out of humour, nay, in a heat, immediately. It likewise makes them scornful when they are angry, very abusive with their tongues, insolent towards those above them and imperious towards all about them. Only by pride comes all this. 2. It exposes men to shame. They get a bad name by it, and every one calls them proud and haughty scorners, and therefore nobody cares for having any thing to do with them. If men would but consult their reputation a little and the credit of their profession, which suffers with it, they would not indulge their pride and passion as they do.
²⁵ The desire of the slothful killeth him; for his hands refuse to labour.
²⁶ He coveteth greedily all the day long: but the righteous giveth and spareth not.
Here we have, 1. The miseries of the slothful, whose hands refuse to labour in an honest calling, by which they might get an honest livelihood. They are as fit for labour as other men, and business offers itself, to which they might lay their hands and apply their minds, but they will not; herein they fondly think they do well for themselves, see Pr 26:16. Soul, take thy ease. But really they are enemies to themselves; for, besides that their slothfulness starves them, depriving them of their necessary supports, their desires at the same time stab them. Though their hands refuse to labour, their hearts cease not to covet riches, and pleasures, and honours, which yet cannot be obtained without labour. Their desires are impetuous and insatiable; they covet greedily all the day long, and cry, Give, give; they expect every body should do for them, though they will do nothing for themselves, much less for any body else. Now these desires kill them; they are a perpetual vexation to them, fret them to death, and perhaps put them upon such dangerous courses for the satisfying of their craving lusts as hasten them to an untimely end. Many that must have money with which to make provision for the flesh, and would not be at the pains to get it honestly, have turned highwaymen, and that has killed them. Those that are slothful in the affairs of their souls, and yet have desires towards that which would be the happiness of their souls, those desires kill them, will aggravate their condemnation and be witnesses against them that were convinced of the worth of spiritual blessings, but refused to be at the pains that were necessary to the obtaining of them. 2. The honours of the honest and diligent. The righteous and industrious have their desires satisfied, and enjoy not only that satisfaction, but the further satisfaction of doing good to others. The slothful are always craving and gaping to receive, but the righteous are always full and contriving to give; and it is more blessed to give than to receive. They give and spare not, give liberally and upbraid not; they give a portion to seven and also to eight, and do not spare for fear of wanting.
²⁷ The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination: how much more, when he bringeth it with a wicked mind?
Sacrifices were of divine institution; and when they were offered in faith, and with repentance and reformation, God was greatly honoured by them and well-pleased in them. But they were often not only unacceptable, but an abomination, to God, and he declared so, which was an indication both that they were not required for their own sakes and that there were better things, and for effectual, in reserve, when sacrifice and offering should be done away. They were an abomination, 1. When they were brought by wicked men, who did not, according to the true intent and meaning of sacrificing, repent of their sins, mortify their lusts, and amend their lives. Cain brought his offering. Even wicked men may be found in the external performances of religious worship. Many can freely give God their beasts, their lips, their knees, who would not give him their hearts; the Pharisees gave alms. But when the person is an abomination, as every wicked man is to God, the performance cannot but be so; even when he brings it diligently; so some read the latter part of the verse. Though their offerings are continually before God (Ps 50:8), yet they are an abomination to him. 2. Much more when they were brought with wicked minds, when their sacrifices were made, not only consistent with, but serviceable to, their wickedness, as Absalom's vow, Jezebel's fast, and the Pharisees' long prayers. When men make a show of devotion, that they may the more easily and effectually compass some covetous or malicious design, when holiness is pretended, but some wickedness intended, then especially the performance is an abomination, Isa 66:5.
²⁸ A false witness shall perish: but the man that heareth speaketh constantly.
Here is, 1. The doom of a false witness. He who, for favour to one side or malice to the other, gives in a false evidence, or makes an affidavit of that which he knows to be false, or at least does not know to be true, if it be discovered, his reputation will be ruined. A man may tell a lie perhaps in his haste; but he that gives a false testimony does it with deliberation and solemnity, and it cannot but be a presumptuous sin, and a forfeiture of man's credit. But, though he should not be discovered, he himself shall be ruined; the vengeance he imprecated upon himself, when he took the false oath, will come upon him. 2. The praise of him that is conscientious: He who hears (that is, obeys) the command of God, which is to speak every man truth with his neighbour, he who testifies nothing but what he has heard and knows to be true, speaks constantly (that is, consistently with himself); he is always in the same story; he speaks in finem—to the end; people will give credit to him and hear him out; he speaks unto victory; he carries the cause, which the false witness shall lose; he shall speak to eternity. What is true is true eternally. The lip of truth is established for ever.
²⁹ A wicked man hardeneth his face: but as for the upright, he directeth his way.
Here is, 1. The presumption and impudence of a wicked man: He hardens his face—brazens it, that he may not blush—steels it, that he may not tremble when he commits the greatest crimes; he bids defiance to the terrors of the law and the checks of his own conscience, the reproofs of the word and the rebukes of Providence; he will have his way and nothing shall hinder him, Isa 57:17. 2. The caution and circumspection of a good man: As for the upright, he does not say, What would I do? What have I a mind to? and that will I have; but, What should I do? What does God require of me? What is duty? What is prudence? What is for edification? And so he does not force his way, but direct his way by a safe and certain rule.
³⁰ There is no wisdom nor understanding nor counsel against the LORD.
³¹ The horse is prepared against the day of battle: but safety is of the LORD.
The designing busy part of mankind are directed, in all their counsels and undertakings, to have their eye to God, and to believe, 1. That there can be no success against God, and therefore they must never act in opposition to him, in contempt of his commands, or in contradiction to his counsels. Though they think they have wisdom, and understanding, and counsel, the best politics and politicians, on their side, yet, if it be against the Lord, it cannot prosper long; it shall not prevail at last. He that sits in heaven laughs at men's projects against him and his anointed, and will carry his point in spite of them, Ps 2:1-6. Those that fight against God are preparing shame and ruin for themselves; whoever make war with the Lamb, he will certainly overcome them, Re 17:14. 2. That there can be no success without God, and therefore they must never act but in dependence on him. Be the cause ever so good, and the patrons of it ever so strong, and wise, and faithful, and the means of carrying it on, and gaining the point, ever so probable, still they must acknowledge God and take him along with them. Means indeed are to be used; the horse must be prepared against the day of battle, and the foot too; they must be armed and disciplined. In Solomon's time even Israel's kings used horses in war, though they were forbidden to multiply them. But, after all, safety and salvation are of the Lord; he can save without armies, but armies cannot save without him; and therefore he must be sought to and trusted in for success, and when success is obtained he must have all the glory. When we are preparing for the day of battle our great concern must be to make God our friend and secure his favour.
諸々の格言
ここで、一。人の心でさえ神の手のうちにあり、彼らの歩みだけでない(前述、箴言20:24)。神は人の思いを変えることができる。彼らの霊の下での力強い、気づかれない働きによって、彼らが最も熱心だったものから彼らを向けさせ、彼らが最も反発していたものへ彼らを傾かせることができる。農夫が水路や溝によって、自分の畑を好むように水を流すように。それは水の性質を変えず、いかなる力も加えない。神の摂理が人の意志の生来的自由に対してするのと同じである。ただその流れを神ご自身の目的に仕えるように導くだけである。二。王たちの心も、彼らの権力と特権にもかかわらず、一般の人々の心と同じようにそうである。王の心は探り難い。まして私たちが扱えるはずがない。彼らには国家機密(arcana imperii)があり、王冠の大きな特権がある。しかし大いなる神は、彼らを御目の下にあるだけでなく、御手のうちにおられる。王たちは神が彼らを造られた者である。最も絶対的な権力者も神の支配の下にある。神は事を彼らの心に入れられる(黙示17:17、エズラ7:27)。
ここで、一。私たちは皆、自分自身と自分の行いを判断する際にかたよりがちであり、自分の品性について好意的に考えすぎる。あたかもそこに何の欠点もないかのように。人の道は、その脇道でさえ、みずからの目に正しい。高慢な心は、汚い事柄に美しい顔を置き、正しいものから遠いものを自分には正しく見せるために非常に巧妙であり、良心の口を封じる。二。私たちに関する神の裁きは真理に従うことを確信する。私たちに関する自分の裁きがどのようなものであれ、主は心を量られる。神は心を見、それに従って人を裁き、彼らの行いをその原則と意図に従って裁かれる。そして神の裁きは、最も熟考するものについての私たちの裁きと同じほど正確であり、それ以上である。神は誤りのないはかりで量られる(箴言16:2)。
ここに、一。多くの者が、犠牲を捧げれば公義を行うことを免除され、自分の不義の免許を得ると思い込んで自分を欺いていることが暗示される。これが彼らの道を正しく見えるようにする(箴言21:2)。「私たちは断食した」(イザヤ58:3)。「私には平安の供え物がある」(箴言7:14)。二。良い生活を送ること(正義を行い、慈悲を愛すること)が、最も壮大で費用のかかる信心の業よりも神に喜ばれることが明言される。犠牲は神の制定であり、信仰と悔い改めをもって捧げられるなら神に受け入れられた。そうでなければ受け入れられなかった(イザヤ1:11等)。しかし、そのときでさえ、道徳的義務はその前に優先された(サムエル第一15:22)。これは犠牲の卓越性が本来的ではなく、それに対する義務が永続的でないことを示唆する(ミカ6:6-8)。宗教の多くは、神への義務の原則、世の軽蔑、隣人への愛から公義と正義を行うことにあり、これはすべての燔祭と犠牲よりも神に喜ばれる(マルコ12:33)。
これは、一。悪人のしるしを示すものと理解できる。高ぶる目と誇る心を持つ者、すなわち神にも人にも不遜に、軽蔑的に振る舞い、常に何か悪事を耕し、計画し、工夫している者は、確かに悪人である。悪人の光は罪である。罪は悪人の誇り、野心、栄光と喜びであり、悪人の仕事である。二。悪人の悲惨を示す。彼の高められた期待、高い計画、最も精巧な工夫と企画は、彼にとって罪である。彼はそのうちに罪責を負い、それゆえ自分自身のために煩いを準備する。すべての悪人の仕事は、彼らの快楽と同じように、罪以外の何ものでもない。パトリック主教のように。彼らはすべて自分の欲情に仕えるためにすべてを行い、そのうちに神の栄光を顧みない。それゆえ彼らの耕すことは罪であり、彼らの犠牲がそうである(箴言15:8)のなら驚くには当たらない。
ここに、一。富む道。もし私たちが世で豊かに、快適に生きたいなら、自分の業務において勤勉でなければならず、その労苦と煩わしさから逃れてはならず、それを密接に追求し、すべての利点と機会を改善し、なすことをすべての力で行わなければならない。しかし急いではならず、自分や他者を慌てさせてはならない。公正に、ゆっくりと続けることが、一日に遠くへ行くと言われる。勤勉には工夫が伴わなければならない。勤勉な者の思いは、勤勉な者のの手と同じくらい必要である。予測は仕事と同じくらい良い。あなたはこのように慎重で勤勉な人を見るか。彼は生きるのに十分を持つであろう。二。貧しくなる道。急ぐ者、すなわち自分の事柄において軽率で思慮がなく、考える時間を取らず、是非に関わらず利得を貪り、不正な慣行や不賢明な企画によって急いで富もうとする者は、貧困への準備された道にある。彼らが自分を高めようとする思いと工夫は、彼らを滅ぼすであろう。
これは、不正な慣行、すなわち取引相手を圧迫し、出し抜くこと、偽証、詐欺的な契約によって自分を富ませることを希望する者の愚かさを示す。得るものがあれば嘘をつくことを躊躇しない者の。彼らはこれらの手段で、自分の宝とするものを蓄えるかもしれない。しかし、一。彼らは期待する満足を得ない。それは動き回る空しさであり、彼らには失望と煩わしさとなる。彼らはその慰めを持たず、いかなる確信も置けず、絶えず不快であろう。それは彼ら自身の良心と人々の非難によって動き回る。絶えず慌ただしい中にあることを期待せよ。二。彼らは予期しない破壊に会う。彼らがこのような不法な慣行によって富を求めながら、実は死を求めているのである。彼らが得た宝によって人々のねたみと悪意に身を晒し、彼らがそれを得た嘘りの舌によって神の怒りとのろいに身を晒し、それが自分自身の上に落ちて、彼らを地獄に沈める。
ここに、一。不義の性質。嘘(箴言21:6)によって金を得ることは、明白な強盗に等しい。騙すことは盗むことである。取引において嘘によって人を欺くことは、人のポケットを掏むのと同じである。人は信じないことによって以外には防ぐ柵を持たなかったのに。そして、人があなたを信じるかどうか選べるからと言って、強盗の罪から免除されることはない。それは私たちがすべての人に負っている借金だからである。二。不義の原因。人は正しいさばきを行うことを拒む。すべての人にその分け前を与えず、これを保留する。そして不作為が作為の道を開く。彼らはついに強盗そのものに至る。正義を行うことを拒む者は、悪を行うことを選ぶであろう。三。不義の影響。それは罪人自身の頭に帰る。悪者の強盗は彼らを恐怖させる(ある者の読み)。彼らの良心は恐怖と驚きに満たされる。彼らを切り、彼らを鋸で引く(ある者の読み)。彼らをここにおいても永遠においても滅ぼす。それゆえ彼は言った(箴言21:6)、彼らは死を求めると。
これは、人がどのようなものであるかによって、その道もそのようなものであることを示す。一。悪い者は悪い道を持つ。もし人が曲がっていれば、その道も異常である。そしてこれは大多数の人の道である。人類の全般的な堕落がそのようであるから。彼らは皆、離れた(詩14:2,3)。すべての肉なる者はその道を曲げた。しかし曲がった人、欺きの人、すべてにおいて策略とトリックによって行動する人、その道は異常であり、名誉と正直のすべての規則に反する。それは異常である。どこに彼を見つけるか、いつ彼を捕らえるか分からない。それは異常であり、すべての善から離れ、人を神とその恵みから遠ざける。彼は遠くからこれを見、すべての正直な者もそうする。二。潔白な者はそのわざによってそうであることが証明される。それは正しい、正義と規則に従う。そして彼らは神に受け入れられ、人に是認される。人類が背教の状態にあるその道は曲がって異常である。しかし恵みによってその状態から回復された潔白な者は――ここかしこに一人はいるが――そのわざは正しい。いにしえの世界におけるノアのように(創世記7:1)。
ここに、一。争い好きで口やかましい女を妻に持つことが、人にとってどれほど大きな苦悩であるか。彼女はすべての機会に、しばしば何の機会もなく激情に爆発し、夫や周囲の者を責める。自分自身には気難しく、子どもや召使には激しく、両方において夫を悩ます。もし広い家、広々と壮麗な家を持っても、これはその慰めを苦くする。交わりの家(へブル語)――人が交わりを持ち、友人をもてなすことができる家――に。これは夫と家を双方とも交わりに不適格とし、真の友情の楽しみに不適格とする。それは人に自分の選択と管理を恥じ入れさせ、彼の仲間を攪乱する。二。このような苦悩の下で多くの人がしなければならないこと。彼は自分の権威を維持できない。最も不合理な激情に反論しても無駄だと分かる。それは手に負えず、ますます激しくなるから。そして彼の知恵と恵みは、悪口に悪口を返すことを許さず、夫婦の愛情は厳しさを用いることを許さない。それゆえ彼は屋根の隅に退き、そこに一人で座り、彼女の騒ぎを聞かないようにすることが最善の道だと分かる。そこでうまく自分を用いれば、それは彼の取れる最も賢い道である。そうする方が、家を出て、気晴らしに悪い仲間に入るより良い。アダムのように、妻の罪を自分の罪の言い訳にする多くの者のように。
ここに非常に悪い者の品性が見える。一。害を行う強い傾向。彼の魂は悪を求める。悪が行われ、それを見る喜びだけでなく、それに手を下す喜びを持つことを。悪の根は魂にある。人が悪を行いたいという欲求、それが罪を宿し、生み出す欲望である。二。善を行うことへの強い反発。彼の隣人、友人、最も近い親族さえ、彼の目に恵みを見出さない。最も必要としていても、彼から少しの親切も得られない。そして、彼の心がそれほど向いている悪の追求にあるとき、彼の邪魔になる者はだれも赦さない。隣人は見知らぬ人、敵と同じように扱われる。
これは前に見た(箴言19:25)。そしてそれは、単純な者が知恵ある者とされる二つの道を示す。一。改まらない悪人に下される罰によって。あざける者に律法が執行されれば、単純な者でさえ目覚まされ、警告され、罪の悪を以前よりもよく悟り、それによって警告し、注意する。二。知恵ある者、教えられたいと願う者に与えられる教えによって。知恵ある者がみことばの宣教によって教えられるとき、彼(知恵ある者自身だけでなく、そばに立つ単純な者も)知識を受ける。他者のために意図された良い教訓を自分のものとすることは少しも不公正ではない。
一。この節を私たちが読む通りに解すると、なぜ善人が物事を正しく理解するとき、悪を行う者の繁栄をねたまないかを示す。彼らが悪者の家を見るとき、それがこの世の良いもので満ちているように見えても、誘惑される。しかし賢く考えるとき、信仰の目で見るとき、神が悪者をその悪のゆえに滅ぼされるのを見るとき、彼らの住まいにのろいがあり、まもなくそれが滅びをもたらすことが分かるとき、彼らは恐れたり、ねたんだりするよりも、むしろ軽蔑したり、あわれんだりする理由を見る。二。ある者は別の解釈を与える。正しい者(正義の執行と公的な平和の維持を託された裁判官や行政官)は悪者の家を調べ、武器や盗品のためにそれを捜し、彼の家族と周囲の者の品性について入念に尋問し、その勢力によって悪者をその悪のゆえに滅ぼし、彼らがこれ以上害をなさないようにし、獲物をあさる鳥や汚れた鳥が巣くう巣を焼き払う。
ここに無慈悲な人の描写と運命がある。一。その描写。彼は貧しい者の叫びに耳を閉ざす。彼らの不足と惨めさの叫び(それを顧みないと決心する)、彼らの願いと嘆願の叫びに――少なくとも聞くことさえしないと決心する。彼らを自分の戸口から追い払い、近づくことを禁じる。あるいは、聞くことを避けられなくても、彼らを助けず、彼らの訴えに心を動かされず、彼らのしつこさに折れない。彼はあわれみの腸を閉ざす。それは耳を閉ざすのに等しい(使徒7:57)。二。その運命。彼自身も窮乏に陥り、叫ぶようになるが、聞かれない。人は彼を聞かず、彼が他者にしたように報いるであろう。神は彼を聞かれない。あわれみを示さなかった者は、あわれみなしにさばかれる(ヤコブ2:13)。地上でパン屑を拒んだ者は、地獄で水の一滴を拒まれた。神は貧しい者の叫びに対して耳の閉ざされた者の祈りに耳を閉ざされる。もし私たちが彼らの叫びを聞かないなら、その叫びは私たちに向けられて聞かれる(出エジプト22:23)。
ここに、一。贈り物に通例見出される力がある。怒りほど激しいものはない。ああ、激しい怒りの力よ。しかし気前のよい贈り物は、慎重に管理されれば、どうしても鎮められないと思われたある人々の怒りを翻し、最も鋭く最も激情的な恨みを和らげる。貪欲は通例主たる罪であり、他の欲情を支配する。Pecuniæ obediunt omnia(金はすべてのものを支配する)。こうしてヤコブはエサウを、アビガイルはダビデを鎮めた。二。賄賃の授受に通例用いられる策略。それは秘密の贈り物であり、ふところの報酬でなければならない。それを受け取る者はそれを貪ると思われたく、受け取ったことを知られたく、自分が怒らされた者に恩義を受けたくないからである。しかし密かに行われるなら、すべては良し。贈り物を与えるのにあまりに公けにすべきではなく、贈った品物を誇るべきではない。しかし、それが正義を曲げるための賄賃であるなら、それは非常に不名誉であり、それを好む者でさえそれを恥じる。
ここで、一。善人にとって、自分たちが住む政府の下で正義が行われ、正しいことが起こり、不法が抑制されるのを見ること、また自分自身の範囲でそれを実践することは、喜びと満足である。彼らは正義を行うだけでなく、喜んで行う。恥を恐れるからではなく、徳を愛するから。二。悪人にとって、法律が悪徳と不敬虔に対して執行されるのを見ることは恐怖である。それは彼らにとって滅びである。また、自分の信用を維持するため、あるいは罰を恐れて、正しいさばきを行わなければならないことも、彼らにとっては煩わしい。あるいは、私たちが読む通りに解するなら、意味はこうである。宗教の実践には真の喜びがあるが、すべての悪徳の道の終わりには確実な滅びがある。
ここに、一。放浪する罪人。彼は悟りの道からさまよい出、その良い道を離れると、終わりなくさまよい続ける。宗教の道は悟りの道である。真に信心深くない者は真に知的でない。この道からさまよい出る者は神が設けた垣根を破り、世と肉の導きに従う。彼らは失われた羊のように迷い出る。二。休息、あるいはむしろ滅びの場所にいる罪人。彼は留まる(quiescet――彼は休む、しかし in pace――平和においてではない)巨人の群れの中に。すなわち洪水によって一掃された古い世界の罪人の中に。罪人の滅びはそれに例えられる。ときにはソドムの滅びに例えられるように。彼らが火と硫黄の分け前を持つと言われるとき。あるいはのろわれた者の群れ、第二の死の力の下にある者の中に。そこには火のために束ねられたのろわれた罪人の広大な群れがあり、その中にこれらの者は留まり、義人の群れから締め出された者は永遠に留まる。天への道を捨てる者は、それに戻らないなら、確かに地獄の深みに沈むであろう。
ここに、快楽的で奢侈な生活に対する議論がある。それが人の世的利益にもたらす滅びから取られる。ここに、一。美食家の描写。彼は快楽を愛する。神は私たちが感覚の喜びを慎み、節度をもって用いることを許される。心を喜ばせるぶどう酒、霊に活気を与え、顔を輝かせる油、顔を美しくする。しかし、これらを愛する者、これらに心を向ける者、これらを切に慕う者、感覚のすべての喜びを喜びの高さにまで高めることを気遣う者、自分の喜びを妨げるすべてのことに不耐んとなる者、これらを最も良い喜びとして味わい、これらによって霊的な喜びの味覚を失う者、彼は美食家である(テモテ第二3:4)。二。この世における美食家の罰。彼は貧しい者となる。感覚の欲情は大きな費用なしには維持されないからである。かつてはごちそうと多様性なしには生きられなかった者が、必要なものに欠き、施しによって生きる例がある。多くの伊達男が物乞いとなる。
これは、一。人の正義によってなされるべきことを示唆する。国を悩ます悪者は罰せられるべきである。そうでなければ下される国民的な裁きを防ぎ、そらすために。その裁きには正しい者さえも多くの場合巻き込まれるから。こうしてアカンが石打ちにされたとき、彼は正しいイスラエルの宿営の身代金であった。サウルの七人の子らが绞首刑にされたとき、彼らは正しいダビデの王国の身代金であった。二。神の摂理によってしばしばなされること。正しい者は悩みから救い出され、悪者がその代わりに来る。それであたかも彼がその身代金であるかのように見える(箴言11:8)。神はご自身の民を見捨てるよりも、多くの悪人を断たれることをお選びになる。「わたしは人をあなたのために与える」(イザヤ43:3,4)。
ここで、一。抑制されない激情はすべての関係の慰めを苦くし、損なう。かんしゃく持ちで怒りやすい妻は夫の生活を不快にする。妻は彼の慰め、ふさわしい助け手であるべきなのに。平和と愛のうちに住めない者は、平和と幸福のうちに住めない。一つの肉である者が、同時に一つの霊でなければ、その一致の喜びを持たない。二。悪い仲間を持つより、仲間がない方が良い。あなたの契約の妻はあなたの伴侶である。しかし彼女がかんしゃく持ちで、刺激的なら、孤独の荒野に住む、風雨に晒される方が、彼女と一緒にいるより良い。人は荒野において、口論好きな親族や隣人の中よりも、よく神と自分自身を楽しむことができる。箴言21:9を見よ。
ここで、一。知恵ある者は自分の持つものを増し、豊かに生きる。その知恵は、支出を収入に比例させ、後のために蓄えるよう教える。それゆえ慕うべき物の宝があり、必要なだけ求められるもの、季節に備えて蓄えられたすべての便利なものの良い在庫、とりわけカナンの主要産品の一つである油(申命記8:8)がある。これは知恵ある者の住まい、あるいは小屋にある。古風な家を持ち、それをよく飾る方が、りっぱな現代の家で貧しい家事をするより良い。神は知恵ある者の努力を祝福し、その家は満たされる。二。愚かな者は自分の持つものを欲情の上に誤って費やし、その手持ちを無に帰する。急いで使ったものの、さらに得る方法には関心を持たない者は惨めに管理する。愚かな子どもは賢い親が蓄えたものを使い尽くす。一人の罪人が多くの良いものを滅ぼす。放蕩息子のように。
ここに、一。宗教を自分の仕事とすることは何であるか。それは義と恷みを追い求めることである。容易な業で満足せず、最大の注意と苦労をもって自分の義務を行うこと。前進し、達しそうにないことを恐れる者のように。私たちは正義を行い、慈悲を愛し、その中に進み、忍耐しなければならない。そして完全に達することはできなくても、それを目指し、それを追い求めるなら、それは慰めとなる。二。そうすることの益。義を追い求める者は義を見出す。神は彼らに善を行う恵みを与え、彼らはそれを行う喜びと慰めを持つ。他者に対して正義であることに良心を持つ者は、他者から正しく扱われ、他者が彼らに親切にする喜びと慰めを持つ。ユダヤ人は義を追い求めたが、それを見出さなかった。彼らが間違って求めたからである(ローマ9:31)。そうでなければ、求めよ、そうすれば見出す。そしてそれと共にいのちと誉れ、永遠のいのちと誉れ、義の冠を見出す。
ここで、一。権力を持つ者は、自分の権力から大きなことを約束しがちである。力ある者の町は攻略できないと思い込み、それゆえその強さはその頼みであり、誇りと信頼の対象であり、危険に挑戦状を突きつける。二。知恵を持つ者は、多くを約束しないほど控えめであるにもかかわらず、しばしば大きなことを成し遂げる。そのような自信を持つ者に対してさえ、その知恵によって。良い指導は大きな力に対してもよく通じる。うまく管理された策略は、力ある者の町に登り、それがこれほど自信を持っていた強さを倒すことができる。知恵ある者は人々の愛情を勝ち取り、理性の力によって彼らを征服する。それは武力による征服よりも高貴な征服である。自分の利益を理解する者は、進んで知恵ある良い人に服し、最も強い城壁も彼に抵抗することはできない。
ここで、一。私たちの魂を苦境から、わなと当惑に巻き込まれ、煩いに不安にされることから守ることは、私たちの大きな関心事である。それは私たちが自分自身の所有と享受を保ち、魂が神の奉仕にふさわしい状態にあるためである。二。自分の魂を守とうとする者は、自分の唇の戸口の前に見張りを置き、口を守らなければならない。節度によって、禁じられた果実がそこに入らないように、盗まれた水が入らないように、何も過度に飲食されないように。また舌を守らなければならない。禁じられた言葉が唇の戸口から出ないように、腐敗した言葉が出ないように。言葉に対する絶え間ない見張りによって、私たちは統御されない舌が人を陥れる多くの害を防ぐ。心を守れ、そうすればそれは舌を罪から守る。舌を守れ、そうすればそれは心を悩みから守る。
ここに高慢と誇りの害が見える。一。それは人を罪に晒す。人を激情的にし、誇った怒りの火を彼らの中に燃やす。彼らは絶えずそれを扱い、あたかも怒ることが自分たちの商売であり、激情を交換し、苦い言葉を取り替えること以外にすることがないかのようである。人の霊と社会を燃え上がらせる怒りのほとんどは誇った怒りである。人はわずかな軽視にも耐えられず、何事においても反対されたり、矛盾されたりすると、すぐに不快となり、いな、熱する。それはまた、彼らが怒るときに彼らをあざける者とし、舌において非常に乱暴とし、目上の者に対して不遜とし、周囲のすべてに対して横柄とする。高慢によってのみこれらすべてが来る。二。それは人を恥に晒す。彼らはそれによって悪い名を得、だれもが彼らを高慢で誇り高きあざける者と呼び、それゆえだれも彼らと何の関わりも持ちたがらない。もし人が自分の評判と、それと共に苦しむ告白の信用を少しでも顧みるなら、自分の高慢と激情を今のように放任しないであろう。
ここに、一。なまけ者の悲惨。その手が正直な召しにおいて労することを拒む。それによって正直な生活を得ることができるのに。彼らは他の人と同じように労働に適しており、業務が彼らに提示される。彼らはそれに手をつけ、心を向けることができる。しかし彼らはしない。ここにおいて彼らは自分のためにうまくやっていると愚かに思う(箴言26:16参照)。「たましいよ、安んぜよ」。しかし実は彼らは自分自身の敵である。彼らのなまけが彼らを飢えさせ、必要な支えを奪うだけでなく、彼らの欲望が同時に彼らを刺す。彼らの手は労することを拒んでも、彼らの心は富、快楽、誉れを貪ることをやめない。しかしそれらは労働なしには得られない。彼らの欲望は激しく、満たされない。彼らは終日貪り求め、「与えよ、与えよ」と叫ぶ。自分では何もしないのに、すべての人が自分のためにしてくれると期待する。まして他者のためになど。さて、これらの欲望は彼らを殺す。それは彼らにとって絶え間ない煩わしさであり、彼らを死ぬまで苛立たせ、おそらく彼らのかき立てられた欲情を満たすために危険な道に彼らを赴かせ、若死にさせる。肉のために備えをする金をどうしても必要とし、正直に得る労苦をいとわなかった多くの者が、追いはぎとなり、それが彼らを殺した。自分のたましいの事柄においてなまけでありながら、たましいの幸福となるものに向かう欲望を持つ者、それらの欲望は彼らを殺す。彼らの罪定めを重くし、霊的な祝福の価値を確信しながら、それを得るために必要な労苦を拒んだ者の証人となる。二。正直で勤勉な者の誉れ。正しくて勤勉な者は自分の欲望が満たされ、その満足だけでなく、他者に善を行うさらに大きな満足を楽しむ。なまけ者は常に求め、受けようと口を開けているが、正しい者は常に満ちており、与えることを工夫する。受けるより与える方がさいわいである。彼らは与え、惜しまない。気前よく与え、責めない。七人に、また八人に分け前を与え、欠けることを恐れて惜しまない。
犠牲は神の制定であった。それが信仰と悔い改めと改正をもって捧げられたとき、神はそれによって大いに栄えられ、それに喜ばれた。しかししばしばそれらは神に受け入れられないだけでなく、忌み嫌われるものとなった。神はそう宣言された。これは、それらがそれ自体のために要求されたのではないことと、犠牲と供え物が廃止されるとき、より良い、有効なものが備えにあることの両方を示すしるしであった。それらは忌み嫌われた。一。それらが悪人によって捧げられたとき。彼らは犠牲の真の意図と意味に従って、自分の罪を悔い改め、欲情を殺し、生活を改めなかった。カインはその供え物を持ってきた。悪人でさえ宗教的礼拝の外面的な実践において見出されることがある。多くの者が神に自分の獣、唇、ひざを気前よく与えるが、心を与えようとはしない。パリサイ人は施しをした。しかし、その人が忌み嫌われるものであれば、すべての悪人が神にとってそうであるように、その業もそうならざるを得ない。たとえ彼が熱心にこれを持ってきても。ある者は節の後半をそう読む。彼らの供え物が絶えず神の前にあっても(詩50:8)、神には忌み嫌われる。二。ましてそれらが悪意をもって捧げられたときはなおさら。彼らの犠牲が、自分たちの悪しさと矛盾しないだけでなく、それに仕えるものとされたとき。アブサロムの誓い、イゼベルの断食、パリサイ人の長い祈りのように。人が信心のふりをして、もっと容易に、効果的に貪欲や悪意の企みを達成しようとするとき。聖さが偽られ、何らかの悪事が意図されるとき、その業は特に忌み嫌われる(イザヤ66:5)。
ここに、一。偽りの証人の運命。一方への好意や他方への悪意のために、偽りの証拠を提出するか、自分が偽りであると知っている、あるいは少なくとも真実であると知らないことを宣誓供述書にする者は、もしそれが発覚すれば、その評判は破滅する。人は慌てて嘘をつくかもしれない。しかし偽りの証言をする者は、熟慮と荘厳さをもってそれを行い、僭越な罪であり、人の信用の喪失でなければならない。しかし、彼が発覚しなくても、彼自身が滅びる。彼が偽りの宣誓をしたとき、自分に呼び求めた復讐が彼に来る。二。良心ある者の誉れ。聞く者(すなわち従う者)――おのおの隣人と真理を語れという神の戒めを――自分が聞き、真実であると知っていることのみを証言する者は、常に語る(すなわち自分自身と一致して)。彼は常に同じ話をしている。彼はin finem(終わりまで)語る。人々は彼に信用を与え、彼を最後まで聞く。彼は勝利に向かって語る。彼は訴えを勝ち取る。それは偽りの証人が失うであろう。彼は永遠に向かって語る。真実なものは永遠に真実である。真理の唇はとこしえに堅く立てられる。
ここに、一。悪人の思い上がりと厚かましさ。彼は顔をかたくなにする。赤面しないように鈍らせ、震えないように鋼とする。最も重い罪を犯すとき。彼は律法の脅しと自分の良心の制止、みことばの責めと摂理のむちに挑戦状を突きつける。彼は自分の道を行き、何も彼を妨げない(イザヤ57:17)。二。良い人の慎重と用心深さ。直ぐな者は、「自分は何をしたいか。心は何を求めているか。それが欲しい」と言わず、「自分は何をなすべきか。神が私に求めておられるのは何か。義務は何か。慎重さは何か。徳のために何か」と言う。そして彼は自分の道を無理に開かず、安全で確かな規則によって道を定める。
企てて活動的な人類の部分は、すべての助言と企てにおいて、目を神に向け、次のことを信じるように導かれる。一。神に対抗して成功することはできない。それゆえ彼らは決して神に対抗して、その戒めを軽蔑して、あるいはその助言に矛盾して行動してはならない。彼らが知恵、悟り、はかりごとを持っていると思い、最善の政治と政治家が自分たちの側にいても、それが主に逆らうものであれば、長く繁栄することはできない。最後には勝つことはできない。天に座しておられる方は、彼とその油注がれた者に対する人の企てを笑い、彼らにかかわらずご自身の目的を成し遂げられる(詩2:1-6)。神に敵対して戦う者は、自分自身に恥と滅びを準備している。小羊に対して戦う者はだれでも、彼は確かに彼らに勝つ(黙示17:14)。二。神なしには成功できない。それゆえ彼らは決して神に依存せずには行動してはならない。大義がどれほど良く、その支持者がどれほど強く、賢く、忠実であっても、それを進め、目的を達成する手段がどれほど有望であっても、彼らは神を認め、神を自分たちと共に連れて行かなければならない。手段は確かに用いられるべきである。馬は戦いの日に備えられなければならない。歩兵も同様。彼らは武装し、訓練されなければならない。ソロモンの時代には、イスラエルの王たちでさえ戦争に馬を用いた。それらを増やすことが禁じられていたのに。しかし、すべての後で、救いは主にある。神は軍勢なしで救うことができるが、軍勢は神なしには救えない。それゆえ神に求め、信頼して成功を得なければならず、成功が得られたとき、神がすべての栄光を受けられなければならない。私たちが戦いの日に備えるとき、私たちの大きな関心は、神を自分の友とし、その恵みを確保することである。