1
De 20:1-20.
简体中文
英文原文
De 20:1-20.
THE PRIESTS' EXHORTATION TO ENCOURAGE THE PEOPLE TO BATTLE.
1. When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies--In the approaching invasion of Canaan, or in any just and defensive war, the Israelites had reason to expect the presence and favor of God.
2
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简体中文
2-4. 你们将要上阵的时候，祭司要近前来对百姓说话——犹太作者说，有专门按特殊礼仪任命的随军祭司。以宗教的庄严目标和动机激励爱国之心，从而增添勇武之气，是合乎自然的事；别的民族也曾如此行。但在以色列，祭司在战场上随军，是与他们的神权政体相符的——在这样的政体中，万事都由神借祂所委派的使者直接而行。吹号是这位祭司的职分
(民 10:9; 31:6)，
他手下还有别的人，在各营前列将他向众战士所发的训勉照样复述。这番话
(申 20:3, 4)
简练有力，极合时宜——即当士兵列阵之时。
英文原文
2-4. when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people--Jewish writers say that there was a war priest appointed by a special ceremonial to attend the army. It was natural that the solemn objects and motives of religion should have been applied to animate patriotism, and so give additional impulse to valor; other people have done this. But in the case of Israel, the regular attendance of a priest on the battlefield was in accordance with their theocratic government, in which everything was done directly by God through His delegated ministers. It was the province of this priest to sound the trumpets
(Nu 10:9; 31:6),
and he had others under him who repeated at the head of each battalion the exhortations which he addressed to the warriors in general. The speech
(De 20:3, 4)
is marked by a brevity and expressiveness admirably suited to the occasion, namely, when the men were drawn up in line.
4
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简体中文
4. 因为耶和华你们的神与你们同去，为你们与仇敌争战，拯救你们——据犹太作者说，约柜总是被带入战场。但圣经历史中并无此证据；只要确知神与他们同在，已是足够的鼓励。
英文原文
4. your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you--According to Jewish writers, the ark was always taken into the field of combat. But there is no evidence of this in the sacred history; and it must have been a sufficient ground of encouragement to be assured that God was on their side.
5
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简体中文
5-8. 官长也要对百姓宣告——原文是Shoterim，被称为"文士"或"督工"
(出 5:6)。
他们可能是名册的管理者，更可能是军中传令官，其职责是宣告将领的命令
(代下 26:11)。
这宣告
(申 20:5-8)
必须在祭司讲话之前发出；否则，若享有特权者离队而使密集阵列中断，必造成大混乱与不便。明确提到的四项免役理由：（1）新房的奉献——在一切东方国家至今都是重要事件，并以喜庆和宗教仪式来庆祝
(尼 12:27)；
免役一年。（2）栽种葡萄园。因前三年之果被定为不可用，第四年才能献初熟之果，此处的免役至少持续四年。（3）许配妻子——通常在结婚之前相当一段时间。被视为大苦的是：留下一座未完工的房屋，一份尚未耕作一半的新产业，一段刚刚缔结的婚姻；这些情形下所许可的免役，其根据是：人的心既深深牵挂着远方的事物，他对公众服役的热忱便不会太高。（4）免役的理由是怯懦。鉴于以色列军队的构成——一支不正规的民兵，凡二十岁以上者都有服役义务——许多完全不宜作战的人必被征召上阵；因此，将此类不善战的人从军中清除，是一种审慎的安排——他们既不能提供有效的服务，其懦怯的灵又会像瘟疫一般蔓延，导致恐慌与溃败。
英文原文
5-8. And the officers shall speak unto the people--literally, Shoterim, who are called "scribes" or "overseers"
(Ex 5:6).
They might be keepers of the muster-roll, or perhaps rather military heralds, whose duty it was to announce the orders of the generals
(2Ch 26:11).
This proclamation
(De 20:5-8)
must have been made previous to the priest's address, as great disorder and inconvenience must have been occasioned if the serried ranks were broken by the departure of those to whom the privilege was granted. Four grounds of exemption are expressly mentioned: (1) The dedication of a new house, which, as in all Oriental countries still, was an important event, and celebrated by festive and religious ceremonies
(Ne 12:27);
exemption for a year. (2) The planting of a vineyard. The fruit of the first three years being declared unfit for use, and the first-fruits producible on the fourth, the exemption in this case lasted at least four years. (3) The betrothal of a wife, which was always a considerable time before marriage. It was deemed a great hardship to leave a house unfinished, a new property half cultivated, and a recently contracted marriage; and the exemptions allowed in these cases were founded on the principle that a man's heart being deeply engrossed by something at a distance, he would not be very enthusiastic in the public service. (4) The ground of exemption was cowardice. From the composition of the Israelitish army, which was an irregular militia, all above twenty years being liable to serve, many totally unfit for war must have been called to the field; and it was therefore a prudential arrangement to rid the army of such unwarlike elements--persons who could render no efficient service, and the contagion of whose craven spirit might lead to panic and defeat.
9
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简体中文
9. 他们就要立军长率领百姓——当免役者退出之后，作战的人就要列阵备战。
英文原文
9. they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people--When the exempted parties have withdrawn, the combatants shall be ranged in order of battle.
10
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简体中文
10-20. 你临近一座城要攻打的时候，要先对城里的民宣告和睦——以色列的战争律在此引入一项重要原则，涉及他们所攻打的百姓和所围困的城邑。对于迦南"那些国民的城邑，就是耶和华你神赐你为业的"，必须是彻底灭绝之战
(申 20:17, 18)。
但他们在正当情形下攻打别国时，要先宣告和睦；若对方投降接受，该民便成为藩属
[申 20:11]，
而在藩属关系中，被征服的列国将因与选民结盟而领受最高的福分；他们得以认识以色列的神和以色列的敬拜，并得以有分于以色列的特权。但若被围的城拒绝投降而被攻取，则要尽杀男丁，妇女和孩子却要保留并善待
(申 20:13, 14)。
借此，掳掠者与被掳者之间得以建立友好而有益的联系；以色列即使借其征战，也必成为列国的祝福。
英文原文
10-20. When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it--An important principle is here introduced into the war law of Israel regarding the people they fought against and the cities they besieged. With "the cities of those people which God doth give thee" in Canaan, it was to be a war of utter extermination
(De 20:17, 18).
But when on a just occasion, they went against other nations, they were first to make a proclamation of peace, which if allowed by a surrender, the people would become dependent
[De 20:11],
and in the relation of tributaries the conquered nations would receive the highest blessings from alliance with the chosen people; they would be brought to the knowledge of Israel's God and of Israel's worship, as well as a participation of Israel's privileges. But if the besieged city refused to capitulate and be taken, a universal massacre was to be made of the males while the women and children were to be preserved and kindly treated
(De 20:13, 14).
By this means a provision was made for a friendly and useful connection being established between the captors and the captives; and Israel, even through her conquests, would prove a blessing to the nations.
19
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简体中文
19. 你围困那城许多日子攻打的时候，不可用斧头砍伐那些树——在长期围城时，木材为各种用途所需，既用于军事工程，也用作燃料。但结果子的树木当小心保全；事实上，在像印度这样温暖的国家，人们多以水果为食，毁坏果树被视为某种亵渎。
英文原文
19. thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them--In a protracted siege, wood would be required for various purposes, both for military works and for fuel. But fruit-bearing trees were to be carefully spared; and, indeed, in warm countries like India, where the people live much more on fruit than we do, the destruction of a fruit tree is considered a sort of sacrilege.
20
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简体中文
20. 你要以树林中非结果子的树木来筑垒，攻打那与你打仗的城——显然所指是某种军事器械；我们确知，在以色列人学习军事战术的埃及，围城的方法是堆筑土垒，并以活动塔楼或龟甲阵（testudo）推进〔WILKINSON〕。
英文原文
20. thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee--It is evident that some sort of military engines were intended; and accordingly we know, that in Egypt, where the Israelites learned their military tactics, the method of conducting a siege was by throwing up banks, and making advances with movable towers, or with the testudo [WILKINSON].
申 20:1-20。
祭司勉励百姓上阵的话。
1. 你出去与仇敌争战的时候——在即将攻取迦南的战役中，或在任何正义且出于自卫的战争中，以色列人有理由期望神的同在与赐福。