聖經註釋書

論到推羅及其君王的共有三章；接著是論到埃及及其君王的四章。本章是其中的第一章。埃及從前曾是神百姓的為奴之家；近年來他們與埃及的交往未免過於親密，並過分倚賴它；因此，無論這預言是否及於埃及，對以色列都是有益的，可以使他們不再信賴與埃及的結盟。論及埃及的這些預言全都集中在這四章之內，共有五個不同的日期：第一次在被擄第十年（結 29:1），第二次在第 27 年（結 29:17），第三次在第 11 年正月（結 30:20），第四次在第 11 年三月（結 31:1），第五次在第 12 年（結 32:1），另有一次也在同年，結 29:17。在本章我們看到：一、預言法老的毀滅，因他向以色列行事詭詐，結 29:1-7。二、預言埃及地的荒涼，結 29:8-12。三、應許四十年後部分恢復，結 29:13-16。四、埃及地將賜給尼布甲尼撒為業，結 29:17-20。五、應許向以色列施憐憫，結 29:21。

在以西結書二十九至三十二章，我們讀到針對埃及的諸預言；這些預言（Ezekiel 29:17 至末尾一段除外）是接連依次傳講的，預告法老合弗拉的傾覆與埃及的荒涼。

Ezekiel 29:1-16：第一篇針對埃及的預言，比前面針對推羅的諸預言（見 Ezekiel 26:1）早幾個月傳講；針對列國的預言，並非按時間先後，而是按地理順序排列的，即按各國與耶路撒冷鄰近的程度。

This and the three following chapters foretell the conquest of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, which he accomplished in the twenty-seventh year of Jehoiachin's captivity. The same event is foretold by Jeremiah, Jeremiah 46:13, etc. The prophecy opens with God's charging the king of Egypt (Pharaoh-hophra) with the same extravagant pride and profanity which were in the preceding chapter laid to the charge of the prince of Tyre. He appears, like him, to have affected Divine honors; and boasted so much of the strength of his kingdom, that, as an ancient historian (Herodotus) tells us, he impiously declared that God himself could not dispossess him. Wherefore the prophet, with great majesty, addresses him under the image of one of those crocodiles or monsters which inhabited that river, of whose riches and revenue he vaunted; and assures him that, with as much ease as a fisherman drags the fish he has hooked, God would drag him and his people into captivity, and that their carcasses should fall a prey to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of heaven, Ezekiel 29:1-7. The figure is then dropped; and God is introduced denouncing, in plain terns, the most awful judgments against him and his nation, and declaring that the Egyptians should be subjected to the Babylonians till the fall of the Chaldean empire, Ezekiel 29:8-12. The prophet then foretells that Egypt, which was about to be devastated by the Babylonians, and many of the people carried into captivity, should again become a kingdom; but that it should never regain its ancient political importance; for, in the lapse of time, it should be even the Basest of the kingdoms, a circumstance in the prophecy most literally fulfilled, especially under the Christian dispensation, in its government by the Mameluke slaves, Ezekiel 29:13-16. The prophecy, beginning at the seventeenth verse, is connected with the foregoing, as it relates to the same subject, though delivered about seventeen years later. Nebuchadnezzar and his army, after the long siege of Tyre, which made every head bald by constantly wearing their helmets, and wore the skin of off every shoulder by carrying burdens to raise the fortifications, were disappointed of the spoil which they expected, by the retiring of the inhabitants to Carthage. God, therefore, promises him Egypt for his reward, Ezekiel 29:17-20. The chapter concludes with a prediction of the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, Ezekiel 29:21.

INTRODUCTION TO Ezekiel 29

This chapter contains a prophecy against Pharaoh king of Egypt; and of the destruction of the land of Egypt; and of the restoration of it after a certain time. The time of prophecy is noted, Ezekiel 29:1, the order to prophesy against Pharaoh, who is described as a large fish, lying in his rivers, and boasting of them, Ezekiel 29:2, his destruction and the manner of it, Ezekiel 29:4, the reason of it, his treachery to the Jews, Ezekiel 29:6, hence the whole land of Egypt is threatened with desolation, from one end to the other, so as to be uninhabited by man or beast for the space of forty years, Ezekiel 29:8, but shall not arrive to their former glory as a kingdom, nor be any more the confidence of the house of Israel, Ezekiel 29:15, then follows a prophecy seventeen years after this, showing the reason why Egypt was given to the king of Babylon, Ezekiel 29:17, and the chapter is closed with a promise of happiness to Israel, Ezekiel 29:21.

XXIX.

The series of prophecies against Egypt, occupying the four following chapters, and containing seven separate prophecies, were all delivered in regular order, except the short one at the close of this chapter (Ezekiel 29:17-21), which was much later. The prophecy of Ezekiel 30:1-19 is indeed undated, but there is no reason to suppose it is out of its chronological place. Ezekiel 29-31, with the exception just mentioned, were uttered before the fall of Jerusalem, and consequently before the series of prophecies against other foreign nations just considered, the principle of arrangement here being geographical rather than chronological, and the immediate neighbours of Israel being taken up before the more distant Egypt. In the detail this series is arranged substantially on the same plan as that against Tyre: first, a prophecy against Egypt (Ezekiel 29, 30); then a picture of her greatness and fall (Ezekiel 31); and finally a dirge over her (Ezekiel 32).

At the time when the first of these prophecies was uttered the Jews still looked upon Egypt as the great power opposed to the Chaldæans, and still hoped for aid from this source. Hence the teaching of this prophecy was very necessary for them. And even afterwards it was important for them to understand that they were not to rely on any earthly aid, and especially that Egypt, to which they had been disposed to look during so many generations, could never help them.

The monarch now upon the throne of Egypt was Pharaoh-Hophra, the Apries of the Greeks. On the question of his death and the conquest of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, see Excursus at the end of this book. It is certain that the period was one of a temporary revival of Egyptian power amid its general course of decadence. Egypt had been conquered by Assyria, and again and again subdued after its revolts. On the fall of Assyria it had thrown off all foreign yoke, and Hophra himself had made a successful attack upon the Phœnicians, and had attempted to raise the siege of Jerusalem, in which he momentarily succeeded, but was driven off by Nebuchadnezzar. Not many years afterwards Egypt was finally subdued by the Medo-Persian power, which succeeded the Chaldæan at Babylon, and never regained its independence for any length of time. It continued a Persian satrapy until it fell successively under the Greek, the Roman, and the Mameluke sway.

Ch. 29–32 Prophecy against Egypt

With the exception of the passage ch. Ezekiel 29:17-21 the prophecies against Egypt belong to a time shortly anterior to the fall of Jerusalem or shortly after it. Ch. 29 is dated about seven months before the capture of the city; ch. Ezekiel 30:20 seq. about four months, and ch. 31 about two months before that event, while ch. 32 falls somewhat more than a year and a half later than the destruction. The active participation of Egypt in the affairs of Israel all this time, the hopes reposed in her by the people (Lamentations 4:17), and the disappointments caused by her, explain the large space devoted by the prophet to her character and her destinies in the purposes of Jehovah.

The general thought prevailing in the prophecy is the same as that in other parts of Ezekiel’s book, viz. that Jehovah, God of Israel, is the one true God, and that all the movements among the nations, the overthrow of some and the triumphs of others, are his operations, and that they are but parts of a general rule and direction of the world, the design of which is to make himself known to all the nations as the one living and true God. The two sins for which Egypt, represented by Pharaoh, is chastised are, first, pride of heart which recognizes no God above it, which says, My River is mine, I have made it (Ezekiel 29:3); and second, the deceptive fascination which the imposing and pretentious power of the Nile valley exerted on the people of God, seducing them away from trust in Jehovah alone (cf. Isaiah 30:1-5; Isaiah 31:1-3), and proving always a delusive support (Ezekiel 29:6-7). This reed which, so far from supporting, pierced the hand that leant on it, must be broken for ever, that in the future (the new age about to dawn) the people of Jehovah may no more be tempted to trust in it.

Egypt, however, is a different kind of power both from the petty peoples like Edom and Moab, and from Tyre the great commercial mart of the nations. The smaller nations suffer because of their despite against Israel, and in suffering they learn what Jehovah is. Tyre did not affect to be a conqueror. She was the lady at whose feet the nations laid their tribute of precious ores and jewels, rich cloths and sweet perfumes. The prince of Tyre prided himself upon his wisdom, his skill in seamanship and commerce, his brilliant ingenuity in the arts, and on his beauty and splendour. The sin of Tyre was this ungodly pride of mind, and this wholly secular devotion to trade. But Egypt is a world power. It rules nations (Ezekiel 29:15). It is a great cedar, envied by the trees in the garden of God (Ezekiel 31:9), in the branches of which all the fowls of heaven nest, and under the shadow of which all the beasts of the field bring forth (Ezekiel 31:6). It aspires to universal dominion. Hence in treating of it the prophet’s mind takes a wider sweep. He thinks of Jehovah as God over all, and of his operations as embracing the world. The judgment of Egypt is the day of the Lord (Ezekiel 30:3); it is the time of the Gentiles. Hence its overthrow is felt over the world (Ezekiel 32:10). Creation shudders; the waters stand motionless (Ezekiel 31:15). Jehovah is known to the ends of the earth (Ezekiel 30:19; Ezekiel 30:26).

Each of the four chapters is formed in the main upon the same model, containing first, a general threat of destruction upon Egypt, represented by the Pharaoh, under some allegorical designation (e.g. the crocodile); secondly, a more particular detail of the instrument whom Jehovah shall use (the king of Babylon), the destruction of the country and the dispersion of its inhabitants; to which, thirdly, in several of the chapters a description is added of the effect on the nations and all creation which these terrible convulsions shall produce. These events shall be done on the stage of the world, with mankind as spectators; Jehovah shall brandish his sword in the eyes of the nations, and nature and men will shudder (Ezekiel 32:10). Ch. 32 ends with a dirge chanted over the interment of Pharaoh, which is one of the most weird passages in literature.

Ch. 29 General threat of Judgment on Pharaoh and his people

(1) Ezekiel 29:1-7. Pharaoh is presented under the allegory of a great crocodile inhabiting the waters of the land, and the population as fishes. Jehovah with his hook shall draw him out of his waters, with his fishes cleaving to his scales, and shall cast his carcase upon the desert, where the fowls and the beasts shall batten on him. The causes of this judgment on Pharaoh and his people are, his ungodly pride (Ezekiel 29:3), and the fact that he has always proved a delusive confidence to Israel, seducing them from their single trust in Jehovah (Ezekiel 29:6-7).

(2) Ezekiel 29:8-12. Explanation of the allegory. A great conqueror, stirred up by Jehovah, will overthrow Pharaoh, destroy his people and desolate his land. The inhabitants shall be scattered into all countries, and Egypt shall remain utterly desolate, trodden by the foot neither of man nor beast, for the space of forty years.

(3) Ezekiel 29:13-16. At the end of forty years Egypt shall be restored, but only to attain the rank of a mean power, meaner than all the kingdoms of the earth. It shall no more rule over nations, and no more from its imposing greatness be a temptation to the people of Jehovah to put their trust in it. The term of forty years is considered by the prophet the time of Chaldean supremacy. At the end of this period the world shall be revolutionised.

(4) Ezekiel 29:17-21. A passage of date 570 b.c., probably inserted after the prophecies against Egypt had been reduced to writing—hardly after the book had been published—and suggested by the termination of Nebuchadnezzar’s thirteen years’ siege of Tyre. It consists of a promise to Nebuchadnezzar that Egypt shall be given him as a recompense for the service which he served in Jehovah’s behalf against Tyre, for which service he failed at Tyre to obtain the adequate reward.

Eze 29:1-21.

埃及藉尼布甲尼撒所受的審判；雖然四十年後將要復興，卻仍將處於低落的狀態。

這是以西結預言所針對的最後一個世界帝國，在他的預言中佔據最大的篇幅，即隨後四章。埃及雖然比推羅更遠，卻對以色列發揮了更強大的影響力。

第十年——耶路撒冷當時已被圍困，但尚未陷落。當法老合弗拉的軍隊逼近、使迦勒底人暫時解圍之際，耶利米發表了他針對埃及的預言（Jeremiah 37:5）。這是迦基米施之戰以後，埃及干預巴勒斯坦或敘利亞事務的唯一一次（比較 2 Kings 24:7）；它隨即受到迅速的懲罰。