Barnes' Notes on the Bible · Daniel 第4章

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Daniel 4章

対応言語の状況 英 韓 日74% 中(簡)78% 中(繁)

서론

Daniel 4 Introduction

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I. この章の信憑性

前章と同様、この章の信憑性に対しても、反対論者たちの見地では、歴史的物語としての信用性を破壊するに十分な反対論と困難が提起されてきた。これらの反対論(ベルトルト70~72、285~309頁、ブレーク『神学雑誌』第三分冊268頁以下、アイヒホルン『序説』iv. 471頁以下に詳しい)は、主として二点に関わる。すなわち、この物語を確認する歴史的証拠の欠如に由来するものと、いわゆる内的なありえなさに由来するものである。

I. 前者、すなわち物語の真実性の歴史的確認の欠如に由来するものは、要約すれば次のとおりである。

(1)旧約聖書の歴史書は、これらの著しい出来事がネブカデネザルに起こったこと、すなわち彼が精神を乱され王座から追われ、野の獣たちと共に開かれた天の下に住まわされたことについて、何の示唆も与えない。もしもこれらのことが起こったのなら、このような省略は起こらなかったであろうとされる。なぜなら、ヘブルの書き手たちは、ネブカデネザルが自分の国民に加えた害悪のゆえに、これらの事実を、彼に対する神の怒りの証明として必ずや利用したであろうからである。

(2)これらの出来事について、古代の異教の書き手たちの間には記録がなく、ギリシャ人あるいは他の国民の書き手で、これらに言及した者は一人もいない。

(3)ヨセフスが、ネブカデネザルの病気の物語の中で、このことが他の国民たちの間で知られていたことには全く言及せず、彼が自分の情報をただ自分の民の聖なる書物から得たことを示しているのも、同様に注目すべきである。

(4)オリゲネスとヒエロニムスは、この記述の真実性のための歴史的根拠を見いだせなかったことを認めている。

(5)もしここに記されている通りにこれらのことが起こったのなら、このように隠されてはいなかっただろう。というのも、王自身が、この章で言及される勅令によって、あらゆる手段を講じてこれらのことを知らしめ、永続的な記録として残そうとしたからである。もしこのように起こったのに、すべての知識が失われてしまうことが、どうしてありえようか。

(6)勅令が失われたのなら、それはどのようにして再び回収されたのか。いつ、どこで、誰によって見出されたのか。もし実際に発布されたのなら、それは帝国中にこの件を知らせることを意図していた。なぜそれほどの効果を挙げられず、忘れ去られたのか。もし失われたのなら、この出来事はどう知られたのか。また、もし失われたのなら、この書の著者によってどのように回収され、記録されえたのか。ベルトルト298頁と比較せよ。

これらの反対論に対しては、次のように回答することができよう。

(1)旧約聖書の歴史書の沈黙は、この章で述べられている事柄に対する根拠のある反対論とはならない。なぜなら、それらの書はどれも、ネブカデネザルの歴史を彼の生涯の終わりまで、あるいは彼の生涯のこの時期まで記そうとするものではないからである。列王記と歴代誌は、彼のパレスチナとエジプトへの侵入に言及し、彼がイスラエルの子らをバビロンへ捕え移した事実を記録するが、その後に彼に起こったことや、彼の生涯の終わりについて記録しようとはしていない。歴代誌第二は、ユダヤ人のバビロンへの移住、神殿の聖なる器の運び去り、神殿の焼失と都の破壊の記述をもって終わっており、それ以上ネブカデネザルの歴史を語らない(2 Chronicles 36)。歴史はそこで終わっているのであるから、またその目的はバビロン捕囚に至るユダヤ人の事柄の記録であって、ネブカデネザル個人の歴史ではないのであるから、その後彼の王国で彼に起こったとされる事柄に関して、この沈黙は何の反対の根拠も与えない。

(2)世俗の書き手たちに関しても、彼らがこの主題について沈黙しているからといって、ここで言及される記述のありえなさを論じることは何もできない。東洋の王たちと帝国について彼らの著作に見出されるわずかな断片の中で、この種の出来事が省かれていたとしても、驚くには当たらない。外国の国民についての知識の大部分を我々がそこから得ているギリシャ人の歴史著作の、外国人国民に関する一般的な無価値さは、今では一般に認められており、ニーブールとシュロッサーによって明言されている(ヘンゲステンベルク『ダニエル書の真正性』101頁を見よ)。そしてこれらの書き手の大部分は、ネブカデネザルに全く言及していない。東方に旅し、世界の歴史について集め得るすべてを集めたヘロドトスでさえ、ネブカデネザルほど輝かしい征服者に全く言及していない。彼の征服について、また世界にこれほど重要な影響を及ぼした彼の下での大事件について、あらゆる言及を省いているときに、この章で言及されるような出来事——帝国の対外関係に何の影響も及ぼさなかったように見える出来事——の記録があったと期待できようか。

ヨセフスが、カルデヤ人の文学と歴史を解明するために見つけ得るすべてを探し求めたにもかかわらず、この王について出会ったすべてとして次の「歴史」しか見つけられなかったと言っているのは(『古代誌』第10巻第11章第1節)、注目に値する。すなわち、カルデヤ史第三巻におけるベロッソス。ユダヤとフェニキヤの歴史におけるフィロストラトス——彼はツロの包囲に関してのみネブカデネザルに言及する。メガステネスのインド誌——Ἰνδικά Indika——において彼について言及される唯一の事実は、彼がリビヤとイベリアを略奪したことである。そしてディオクレスのペルシャ史——その中でネブカデネザルへの言及はただ一つしか現れない、と。これらに彼は『アピオンに対する弁明』(第1巻20節)において「フェニキヤ人の公文書館」への言及を加えており、そこには「彼がシリヤとフェニキヤを征服した」と述べられている。ベロッソスだけが、彼について何らかの詳しい説明を与えている。

『古代誌』第10巻第11章第1節を見よ。それゆえ、ヨセフスによって言及されたこれらの権威のうち、ベロッソスを除くすべては、ネブカデネザルの生涯における多くの疑いようのない事実に全く言及していないのであるから、退けられてよい。したがって、この章で言及される出来事も、彼らがそれを語らないにもかかわらず、起こり得たのである。ネブカデネザルにより詳しく言及した二人の著者が残っている。アビュデノスとベロッソスである。アビュデノスは紀元前268年に生きたギリシャ人であった。彼はカルデヤ人、バビロン人、アッシリヤ人についての歴史的記述をギリシャ語で書いたが、エウセビオス、キリロス、シュンケロスによって保存されたわずかな断片のみが残っている。ベロッソスはカルデヤ人であり、アレクサンダーの時代にベルス神殿の祭司であった。彼はマケドニア人からギリシャ語を学び、ギリシャへ行ってコス島に天文学と占星術の学校を開き、そこで彼の著作はアテネの人々に大きな名声をもたらした。アビュデノスは彼の弟子であった。ベロッソスはカルデヤ人の歴史に関する三冊の書を著したが、そのうちいくらかの断片のみがヨセフスとエウセビオスに保存されている。ベルスの祭司として、彼はカルデヤ人の知識を得るために望み得るあらゆる利点を持っており、彼の著作が保存されていたなら、疑いなく多大な価値を持つものであっただろう。この二人の著者はともに、カルデヤ人の伝承から知識を得たと称しており、ともに良き権威とみなされるべきである。

ベロッソスは、旧約聖書の歴史的記録の真実性を確認するためにヨセフスによって引用されている。ヨセフスによれば、彼はノアの時代の洪水に、また、箱舟がアララテの山々の一つの上に休まったことの記述に言及する。彼はノアの子孫の系図を与え、「ついにバビロンとカルデヤ人の王であったナボラッサルに至る」。彼は次いで、その子ナブコドノソル(ネブカデネザル)のエジプト遠征、エルサレムの占領、神殿の焼失、ユダヤ人のバビロンへの移住に言及する。さらに彼は、ネブカデネザルがどのように王位を継いだか、捕虜たちをバビロニヤの各地にどのように配置したか、ベルス神殿を飾ったこと、古いバビロンの都を建て直したこと、川の向かい側にもう一つの都を建設したこと、父が建てたものに新しい宮殿を付け加えたこと、またこの宮殿が十五日で完成したことに言及する。これらの征服と都の壮麗さに関する記述の後で、ベロッソスは次の物語を与えている。「ナブコドノソルは、上述の城壁を建て始めた後、病にかかった――ἐμπεσὼν είς ἀῤῥωστίαν empesōn eis arrōstian――そしてこの世を去った――μετηλλάξατο τὸν βίον metēllaxato ton bion――(死ぬことを意味する語句である。μεταλλάσσω metallassō の語についてはパソーの語釈を見よ)――『四十三年間治世を敷いたのち、その子エビル・メロダクが王国を得た』」と。ヨセフス『アピオンに対する弁明』第1巻20節。さて、この物語は注目すべきであり、実際、二つの点においてダニエル書の記述を確認するものとなる。

(a)ベロッソスがここで、ネブカデネザルに起こった通常ならざる何らかの病気——彼の死にかなり先立って起こったと思われる病気——に言及していることは明らかである。これは、この物語と直接結びつけて彼が言及する他の君主たち——ネブカデネザルの後継者たちであるネリグリッサルとナボンヌドス——については、死に先立つ病気への言及が一切ないという事実から分かる。ヨセフス『アピオンに対する弁明』第1巻20節を見よ。ベロッソスがここで「病気」と呼ぶものが、いま私どもの前にあるこの章で言及されているものと同一であると想定することに、何の不可能性もない。ベロッソス自身がカルデヤ人であり、これほど傑出した自国の君主についてのすべての事実を述べること、また彼の理性が奪われたことや彼がどのように扱われたかについて自分の知るすべてを述べることを望まなかったかもしれない。しかし、彼に起こったことはあまりに著しく、あまりに広く知られていたので、何らかの仕方でそれに言及する必要があるように思われた。そして彼は、可能なかぎり最も一般的な仕方でこれを行ったのである。もしもこれが彼のねらいであったなら、彼が再び王座に復帰したという事実に言及することもまた、ありそうもないことであろう。彼はそれを、ありふれた出来事——死に先立つ病気——として見せようと努めたであろう。事実、完全な健康の状態まで完全に回復しないまま彼の一生が終わったのかもしれないのである。

(b)ベロッソスのこの記述は、「時」に関して、ダニエルの記述と著しく一致している。両方の記述が一致しているのは、この病気が、彼がバビロンを建設した後、彼の治世の終わりに近い時期に起こったということである。

もう一人の言及される著者はアビュデノスである。彼の記した記録は、エウセビオス『福音の準備』ix. 41、および『アルメニア語年代記』I. 59頁に保存されており、次の言葉である。

μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ, λέγεται πρὸς Χαλδαίων, ὡς ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰ βασιλήΐα, κατασχεθείη θεῷ ὅτεῳ δὴ, φθεγξάμενος δὲ εἶπεν; οὖτος ἐγὼ Ναβουκοδρόσορος, ὦ Βαβυλώνιοι, τὴν μέλλουσαν ὑμῖν προαγγέλλω συμφορὴν, τὴν ὅτε Βῆλος ἐμός πρόγονος, ἥ τε βασίλεια Βῆλτις ἀποτρέψαι Μοίρας πεῖσαι ἀσθενοῦσιν; ἥξες Πέρσης ἡμίονος, τοῖσιν ὑμετέροισι δαίμοσι χρεώμενος αυμμάχοισιν; ἐπάξει δὲ δουλοσύνην; ου δὴ συναίτιος ἔσται Μήδης, τὸ Ἀσσύριον αὔχημα; ὡς εἴθε μιν πρόσθεν ἤ δοῦναι τοὺς πολιήτας, Χάρυβδίν τινα, ἤ θάλασσαν εἰσδεξαμένην, ἀΐστῶσαι πρόῤῥιζον; ἤ μιν ἄλλας ὁδοὺς στραφέντα φέρεσθαι διὰ τῆς ἐρήμου, ἵνα οὔτε ἄστεα, οὔτε πάτος ἀνθρώπων, θῆρες δὲ νόμον ἔχουσι, καὶ ὄρνιθες πλάζονται, ἔν τε πέτρῃσι καὶ χαράδρῃσι μοῦνον ἁλώμενον; ἐμέ τε, πρὶν εἰς νόον βαλέσθαι ταῦτα, τέλεος ἀμείνονος κυρῆσαι. Ὁ μὲν θεσπίσας παραχρῆμα ἠφάνιστο.

Meta tauta de, legetai pros Chaldaiōn, hōs anabas epi ta basilēia, kataschetheiē theō hoseō dē, phthengxamenos de eipen; ousos egō Naboukodrosoros, ō Babulōnioi, tēn mellousan humin proangellō sumphorēn, tēn hote Bēlos emos progonos, hē te basileia Bēltis apotrepsai Moiras peisai asthenousin; hēxei Persēs hēmionos, toisin humeteroisi daimosi chreōmenos summachoisin; epaxei de doulosunēn; hou dē sunaitios estai Mēdēs, to Assurion auchēma; hōs eithe min prosthen ē dounai tous poliētas, Charubdin tina, ē thalassan eisdexamenēn, aistōsai prorrizon; ē min allas hodous straphenta pheresthai dia tēs erēmou, hina oute astea, oute patos; anthrōpōn, thēres de nomon echousi, kai ornithes plazontai, en te petrēsi kai charadrēsi mounon halōmenon; eme te, prin eis nōn balesthai tauta, teleos ameinonos kurēsai. Ho men thespissas parachrēma ēphanisto.

この箇所はあまりに注目すべきなので、スチュアート教授のダニエルに関する著作(122頁)に見られるままの翻訳をここに付す。「これらの事の後」(すなわち著者が前に言及した彼の征服の後)、カルデヤ人たちによって伝えられるところによれば、彼は自分の宮殿に上ったとき、ある神につかまえられ、声を張り上げてこう言った。「私ネブカデネザルは、バビロン人よ、あなたがたに迫り来る災いを予告する。それは、私の先祖ベルスも、女王ベルティスも、運命の女神たちを説得して回避させることのできないものである。一頭の「ペルシャのラバ」がやって来て、あなたがた自身の神々を援軍として用い、あなたがたに奴隷の身分を課すであろう。その協力者となるのは「メデヤ人」、アッシリヤ人の誇りである。彼が私の市民たちをそのような状態に置く前に、何らかのカリュブディス、あるいは海の淵が、彼を根こそぎにして呑み尽くしてくれたらと願う。あるいは、向きを変えて荒野を通って運ばれ——そこには都も人の踏む道もなく、ただ獣たちが草を食み、鳥たちが岩や渓谷のただ中をさまよう——そこで岩と渓谷に囲まれて捕えられるように。これらのことが彼の心に浮かぶ前に、私がより良い終わりに至ることが私の分として与えられんことを!」この予言を口にした後、彼はただちに姿を消した」。この箇所はダニエル4章の記述とあまりに強く類似しているので、ベルトルトでさえ(296頁)、それがダニエルの記述と同一(identisch)であることを認めている。ただし彼は、それが精神の錯乱に関わるものではあっても、彼が野の獣たちと共に住まわされ、草を食み、再び王座に復帰したという記述を確認するものにはならない、と依然として主張する。アビュデノスの記述とダニエルの記述との「一致点」は次のとおりである。

(1)ベルトルトが認めるように、アビュデノスの記述は精神の錯乱に関わる。このような精神の錯乱と預言の力とは、古代人の見方では密接に結びついているか、あるいは同一視されており、神々が魂に及ぼす圧倒的な影響によって生じると信じられていた。魂の理性的な力は停止させられ、神が身体全体を占有し、それを通して将来の出来事の知識を伝えると考えられたのである。デイル『異教徒の神託について』172頁、エウセビオス『アルメニア語年代記』61頁と比較せよ。さらに、それ自体として考えれば、ネブカデネザルが、彼に臨んだ病気の中で、あるいはそれが臨みつつあったときに、ペルシャ人の到来と自分の王国に起こるであろう変化について、アビュデノスが伝えるような仕方で自分を語ることほど自然なことはないだろう。もしダニエル書の記述が、彼が来たるべき事柄について語ったとされる予言に関して真実であるなら(Daniel 2)、君主の心がこれらの出来事の予期に満ち、精神の興奮の時にその予感を口にすることほど自然なことは何もないであろう。

(2)王について語られていることが起こった「時」と「場所」に関して、アビュデノスとダニエルの間には著しい一致がある。アビュデノスによれば、彼が陥った預言的な恍惚状態は、彼のすべての軍事遠征の終わりに起こり、ダニエル書に記されているのと同じ場所、同じ状況において——すなわち彼の宮殿の上で——起こった。それは明らかに、屋上を歩いていたとき、あるいは、自分の建てた周囲の都をはっきりと見渡せる何らかの場所にいたときである――ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰ βασιλήΐα anabas epi ta basileia。

(3)アビュデノスの記述とダニエルの記述は、起こったことを生じさせた神に関わるかぎりで調和している。ダニエル書では、それはまことの神に帰せられ、カルデヤ人の礼拝の対象のどれにも帰せられない。注目すべきことに、アビュデノスでは、それが偶像にも、カルデヤ人が礼拝するいかなる神にも帰されず、単に神に——彼らの知らないある神に――κατασχεθείη θεῷ ὅτεῳ δὴ kataschetheiē Theō hoseō dē――帰されている。ここから見ると、カルデヤ人の伝承でさえ、ネブカデネザルの語ったこと、あるいは彼に起こったことを、バビロンで礼拝される神々のどれにも帰せず、外国の神に、あるいは彼らが礼拝に慣れ親しんでいない何らかの方に帰せたかのようである。

(4)ペルシャの王の帰還についてアビュデノスが伝える、ネブカデネザルの用いた言葉には、ダニエル書に記されている事柄との著しい類似があり、その言葉がダニエル書とアビュデノスとで異なる事柄に適用されているとはいえ、共通の起源を持っていたことを示している。すなわち、アビュデノスが伝えるネブカデネザルの予言の中では、こう言われている。「彼が別の道を通って帰り、都もなく、人の道もなく、獣たちが草を食み、鳥たちが岩や洞穴のただ中をさまよう荒野を通って運ばれますように」。これらの考察から、カルデヤ人の伝承がこの章の記述を強く裏付けること、あるいは、これらの伝承の中には、ダニエル書にここに述べられているような何らかの出来事の真実性を前提とするのでなければ説明できない事柄が含まれていることが分かる。歴史からの証拠の総計は、次のとおりである。

(a)世俗の歴史からは、この君主について非常にわずかなことしか知られていないこと。

(b)知られている事柄の中には、ここに述べられていることをありそうもないものとするものが何もないこと。

(c)彼について語られている事柄の中には、ここに断言される事柄と調和するものがあること。

(d)この章の記録が真実であるという想定によって最もよく説明できる伝承があること。

勅令が発布されたなら、それは失われることがありそうもないはずであり、その記憶も消え去らないはずだ、という反対論に関しては、次のように述べることで十分である。すなわち、アッシリヤとカルデヤの君主たちの勅令、法律、法令のほとんど「すべて」が、彼らの歴史の他のすべての記録と共に失われ、これらの君主たちの個人的および公的な歴史に関する事実のほとんどすべてが、今では知られていない。現在我々が持っている彼らの著作のわずかな断片が、かつて書かれたすべてであると信じることはできない。また、事態それ自体として、「この」勅令が他のどの勅令よりも失われやすいということはなく、彼らの間に住むヘブル人によって保持されていたとしても、カルデヤ人自身の手に留まらなかったということも、何のありえなさもないのである。もしそれが失われたのなら、どのようにして再び回収されたのかという問いに関しては、次のように述べることで十分である。見えるところでは、それは、誰一人手元に持っていないという意味で「失われた」ことは決してなかった。ダニエルが、自分の書の記述どおりであれば当時バビロンにいたのであれば、それは疑いなくダニエルの手に入ったであろう。そして、これほど著しい文書が「彼」によって失われるに任せられたであろうとは考えがたい。それが彼によって保存されたという事実こそ、この点に関する問いに答えるために必要なすべてである。それは、カルデヤ人の記録がその国で被った破滅の中で、他の事物と共に一掃された「かもしれない」。しかしそれは、保存されることが最も重要であった場所に——すなわち、あらゆる時代、あらゆる国において、神が王たちの上に君臨し、高ぶる者をへりくだらせ、卑しめる力を持つことの顕著な証拠となる書物の中に——保存されたのである。

II. この章の記述の信用性に対しては、先に述べたものとはまったく異なる第二の反対論の集団がある。それは、ネブカデネザルに起こったとされる事柄が起こったということが、内的に「ありえない」とされることに基づいている。確かに、君主が狂人になることはありえないと主張することはできない——この世の王たちは、この恐るべき病気において、その臣民と何ら異なる免除を受けているのではないからである。むしろ、ここで問題となる反対論は、この君主がどのように扱われたとされ、またこの長い期間をどのように生きたとされるかに関する記述に関わる。これらの反対論は、簡潔に検討しておくことができよう。

(1)第一に、次のような反対論がなされてきた。このような帝国の頂点に立つ君主が、もし統治の事務を執れなくなったなら、ここでの表現が示唆するほどに完全に無視されることは、まったくありそうもない、というのである。すなわち、彼が宮殿からさまよい出て野の獣たちと共に生き、獣たちと同じ食物を与えられ、全身の見かけがそれほどまでに「獣に似た」ものとなるに任せられるだろうか、と。この反対論を立てる者たちも、王が他の人々と同様にこの災いに見舞われる可能性には何の問題もないことを認めている。ミカエリスは、むしろ他の人々よりも君主の方がこのように苦しむ可能性が高いことさえ指摘している(『ダニエル注解』41頁。ベルトルト304頁と比較せよ)。しかし、これほど高い職位と権力にある者が、ここに述べられているような完全な無視をもって扱われることは、まったくありそうもないとされる。「このように完全に無力な状態に陥った君主に対して、王室の人々や王の顧問たちが、これほど少しの配慮や関心も示さなかったことが信じられようか」とベルトルトは言う(300~303頁)。「もしこれほど遠くまでさまよったのなら、誰かが彼を探し出し、連れ戻さなかったであろうか。森林を持たないバビロン周辺の開けた平野のどこで、彼は身を隠して、誰も彼を見つけられないようにできたであろうか。彼に降りかかるに違いない数々の危険の中を、野の獣に滅ぼされることも、何らかの回復不能な破滅に陥ることもなく、これほど長いあいださまよい歩くことができたのは、奇跡によってのみであっただろう。新しく征服された民にこれほど不名誉な光景を示すとは、なんと賢明でない政策であろうか」と。

この反対論に対しては、次のように回答することができよう。

(a)かつて主張されたこの反対論の力は、この章の正しい解釈と、王に臨んだ病気の性質、また彼が実際にどのように扱われたかについてのより正確な知識によって、いくらか除かれ得る。この病気の性質についてかつて抱かれていたいくつかの見解によれば、私も、この物語を擁護することは不可能であったであろうと認める。これらの見解については、Daniel 4:25 の注解を見よ。この物語全体の公正な解釈からは、ここで起こったのは、その状況において自然なこと以上の何ものでもなかったと現れる「かもしれない」のである。

(b)彼が、いかなる種類の監督も保護もなしにさまよい歩くに任されたという想定は、まったくの憶測であり、ネブカデネザル自身が起こった事について与える記述によって正当化されるものではない。この見解は、部分的には、Daniel 4:36 の「私の顧問たちと私の大臣たちは私を求めた」という語句の誤った解釈から生じたものである。すなわち、まるで彼らが、彼がさまよっていたときに、彼がどこにいるかを見つけ出そうとして彼を探したかのように解釈されたのである。ところがこの箇所の真の意味は、彼の回復「の後」、彼らが以前と同様に、帝国の長である彼を求め、彼に申し出たということである。

(c)Daniel 4:15 の「その根の切り株を地に残し、鉄と青銅の帯をもってそれを結べ」という箇所から、ある程度の可能性として、ネブカデネザルは、狂人たちがしばしばそうであったような仕方で拘束され、その激怒の中で自分自身を傷つけるあらゆる危険から注意深く守られていた、ということが言える。Daniel 4:15 の注解を見よ。

(d)そうでなかったとしても、彼を守るためのあらゆる適切な「配慮」がなされていた可能性はある。「彼は人間から追い出され、雄牛のように草を食んだ」などと言われるときに含意され得ることは、せいぜい、これがその状態における彼の「性向」であったということ、彼にはこのさまよい歩く性向があり、人の住まいに住むよりも野や林をさまよう方を好んだということ、そして、彼は「人々によって」ではなく「この性向によって」宮殿を離れ、園や林に——人の住居ならぬどこにでも——住まいを移すよう促された、ということである。これは狂人たちにとって珍しくない性向であり、これが、彼の安全と、君主として彼に払われるべきものと両立するかぎりにおいて、彼の世話をしていた者たちによって許されたと想定することに、何の不可能性もない。宮殿に付属する園において、また、一種の王室の動物園としてさまざまな種類の動物を飼っていたと思われる広大な遊園地において、彼が適切な時に、適切な警備と共に歩き回ることを許されていた可能性についても、さらには、没落し卑しめられた君主が、比較的明晰な間隔において、そのような園の中にある程度の楽しい気晴らしを見出していた可能性についても、さらには、これが彼の健康の回復に寄与するであろうと考えられていた可能性についても、何の不可能性もない。

また、これらの記述に関する「いかなる」想定の下でも、たとえ彼の友人たちの側に大きな度合いの犯罪的な不注意があったと認めるとしても、彼が受けた扱いは、狂人たちに関して通常起こってきたことよりも悪いものであったとは言えないのである。ごく最近の時代に至るまで、そして今でも多くの文明国において、狂人たちは、友人たち自身によってさえ、最も粗雑な無視と、最も過酷な残虐さをもって扱われてきた。保護者もなく好きな所をさまように任され、髪は剃られず体も洗われず、怠け者や邪悪な者たちの遊び相手とされ、重罪人たちと共に普通の監獄に投げ込まれ、重い鎖で地下牢の冷たい壁につながれ、最も寒い季節にも火のない地下室や屋根裏に閉じ込められ、不十分な衣服で、おそらくは全裸で、最も不快な汚物のただ中に置かれる——たとえキリスト教の地において、キリスト教徒の手によってであっても、このような扱いが存在してきたという事実は、異教の地において、キリスト教の光が世界に曙き始める五百年前に、狂気の君主がこの章に記述された仕方で扱われた「かもしれない」ということが、全く信じられないことではないことを示している。

現代において最良の友人たちでさえ、狂気に陥った息子や娘をこのように無視し、あるいはこのような過酷さをもって扱うことがあり得るのなら、比較的野蛮な時代に、この章に含意されている程度ほどに「少ししか」人間性がなかった可能性があると想定することに、何の不可能性もない。刑務規律協会(ボストン)の第二年次報告からの以下の抜粋は、十九世紀に、このキリスト教の地において、また道徳と人間的な感情において名高い古い連邦州マサチューセッツにおいて何が起こったかを示し、同時に、異教のバビロンの君主についてここに述べられていることが信じるに値しないものでないことを実証するであろう。これらは、ウースターに狂人病院が設立される以前の同州における狂人たちの扱いに関して述べたものである。「マサチューセッツ州では、注意深くなされた調査によって、およそ三十人の狂人が監獄の中に見出された。ある監獄では三人、別の監獄では五人、また別の監獄では六人、さらに別の監獄では十人が見出された。保安官たちと刑務官たちは、このような人々を受け入れなければならないことを大いに不満に思っている。彼らには、このような人々のための適切な施設がないからである。後に言及する者たちのうち、一人は、九年間そこにいた部屋の中で見出された。彼は、身体にぼろの輪を巻き、首にもう一つの輪を巻いていた。これが彼の衣服のすべてであった。彼には寝台も椅子も腰掛けもなかった。二、三枚の粗末な板が部屋に散らばっており、豚の巣のような汚らしい藁の山が隅にあった。彼は、自分の獄屋の鉄格子に、泥で作った鳥の巣を作っていた。この惨めな部屋には、光、熱、あるいは空気の入る開口部が、監獄の側から開く鉄の扉——約二フィート半四方——のほかにはなく、この部屋につながる真っ暗な地下牢があった。

同じ監獄の他の狂人たちは、泥棒や殺人者たち、また有罪とはまだ認定されていない逮捕中の人々と共に、別々の部屋に散らばっていた。五人の狂人のいた監獄では、彼らは別々の独房に閉じ込められており、それらはほとんど暗い地下牢であった。扉を開けた後でも、彼らをはっきりと見ることは困難であった。換気がこれほど不完全だったので、そこに入った一人以上の者が、空気の悪臭のために吐き気を催し、ほとんど嘔吐したことがあった。彼らが横たわっていさせられた古い藁と、彼らの汚れた衣服は、彼らの狂気をいっそう絶望的なものにするものであった。そして一時期は、狂人たちの状態を特に詳しく検査することは、医師の職分の内ではないとみなされていた。これらの状況の下では、彼らの精神のいかなる改善もほとんど期待できなかった。恵まれた狂人療養所のいくつかで事実であるように、四人に三人が理性に回復するどころか、これらの状況の下では、他であれば回復し得たであろういくらかの者が不治となり、他の者たちが命を落とすことさえ恐れられるのであり、現在の苦しみについて言うまでもない。

六人の狂人のいた監獄では、彼らの状態はそれほど惨めではなかった。しかし彼らは、時には囚人たちの迷惑となり、時には囚人たちの遊び相手とされていた。女性たちが閉じ込められていた部屋が男性たちの中庭に開いており、そこでは、下品で冒涜的な言葉の有害なやり取りが、看守がその場に居合わせるにもかかわらず抑えられていなかった。十人の狂人のいた監獄、いわゆる懲治場では、七十歳ほどの男女二人が、上階の同じ部屋の中で見出された。女性は、壊れた窓の下の藁の山の上に横たわっていた。激しい嵐の雪が窓から吹き込み、枯れた身体の周りの藁の上に積もっていた。その身体は、数枚の汚くぼろぼろの衣服によって部分的に覆われていた。男性は、嵐にさらされる度合いが少なかったことを除けば、同様の状態で部屋の隅に横たわっていた。

前者はこの部屋に六年間、後者は二十一年間いた。同じ監獄の別の狂人は、一階の板作りの部屋の中で見出されたが、そこには八年間いた。この間、彼が部屋を離れたのは二回きりであった。この部屋の扉は、十八か月間開けられたことがなかった。食物は、扉の小さな開口部を通して供給された。部屋は、火によって暖められることはなく、それでも家の女は『彼が凍えたことは一度もなかった』と言った。扉の開口部を通して彼が見られたとき、最初の問いは『あれは人間なのか』であった。髪は頭の片側から失われており、目は火の球のようであった。同じ監獄の地下室には、五人の狂人がいた。この地下室の窓は嵐に対する防備とはならず、想像され得るように、家の女は『凍えないようにしておくだけでも大変だ』と言った。この地下室には、五人の狂人のうち四人が感じることのできる火はなかった。

五人のうち一人は、地下室の一区画で独り、泥炭の小さな火を持っていた。しかし彼女は、誰かが近づくと激怒した。この女性は、十七年前にこの地下室へ送致された。部屋はおよそ六フィート×八フィートである。それらは粗末な板で作られており、光と空気を入れるための、およそ六インチ×四インチの開口部が扉に設けられていた。これらの部屋のうち二つは、扉の開口部を通して覗いても何も見えないほど暗かった。そして同時に、それぞれに一人の哀れな狂人がいた。年老いた一人の男は、1810年にその一つへ送致され、十七年間そこに生きていた。やせ細った一人の女性が、同様の部屋の中で、暗闇の中で、火もなく、ほとんど身を覆うものもなく見出された。彼女はそこにほぼ二年間いた。別の部屋には有色の女性がおり、そこに六年間いた。さらに別の部屋には惨めな男がおり、そこに四年間いた」と。

(2)ベルトルトによって、反対論として次のことが問われている(301頁)。すなわち、「これほど長いあいだ狂人であった者が、再び王座に復帰させられることが信じられようか。また、彼が同じ状態に再び陥るのではないかという憂慮なしに、政府が再び彼の手に委ねられることが信じられようか。それとも、これほど多数の百万の人々の生命と財産が、再び彼の意志と権力に委ねられたと信じられようか」と。これらの問いに対しては、次のように回答することができよう。

(a)もし彼が理性に回復したのなら、彼は王座に対する権利を持っており、彼がそれに復帰すべきかどうかは、疑わしい問題ではなかったであろう。

(b)その期間中に摂政が任命され、彼が回復するであろうという望みが抱かれていたことは、ありそうなことである。間違いなく、この病気の継続中、政府は——英国のジョージ三世のいくぶん類似した病気の際にそうであったように——他の者たちの手に委ねられたであろうし、革命あるいは簒奪がなければ、彼は当然、理性の回復に際して王座に復帰したであろう。

(c)これに付け加えるなら、彼は、征服において際立って成功した君主であり、帝国の境界を広げ、都を飾るために多くを行った者であり、また、彼の法定の後継者であるエビル・メロダクの性格から多くを憂慮しなければならなかった者であり(ヘンゲステンベルク113頁)、さらに、もし彼が交代させられるなら、そのとき国の高官たちであった者たちは、新しい君主の即位に際しての東洋の慣例に従って、地位を失うであろうと考える理由を持っていた、ということである。

(3)また、反対論として次のように問われてきた。「恐ろしい病気から回復したと想定されるネブカデネザルが、それについての知識を抑え込むために、自分の力の限りを尽くさなかったと推定されるべきではないだろうか。あるいは、それについて何らかの伝達がなされたとしても、真実を隠し、その苦悩を別の原因に帰することによって、この記述に色をつけることが図られなかっただろうか」——ベルトルト301頁。これに対しては、次のように回答することができよう。

(a)もしここで、彼の病気の原因についてなされている表現——すなわち、それが彼の高ぶりに対する神的なさばきであったこと、また、それを彼の上にもたらした神のご目的が、ご自身が知られることとなるためであったこと——が正しいなら、彼の回復に際して、この布告、すなわちいと高き方についてのこの公の承認を行うようにと君主の心を導く神的な影響力があったと推定するのが妥当である。

(b)この勅令は、政策の問題としてではなく、これほど恐ろしい災いからの回復の新鮮な記憶の下でなされたように見える。

(c)ネブカデネザルは、神的な介入の断固とした承認へと促す良心を持っていた者であったように見える。

(d)彼は強い宗教的性向を持っており(ダニエル3章と比較せよ)、神的とみなした事柄について公の承認を行うことを常にいとわなかった。

(e)またおそらく彼は、実際に起こった通りに真実を述べることによって、この病気の性質についてすでに存在していたものよりも良い印象を与えることができると考えたのかもしれない。また、彼が理性を奪われていたとはいえ、今や実際に正気を取り戻していることを、臣民たちに確信させることが彼の目的の一つであったのかもしれない。

(4)アイヒホルン、ベルトルトなどによって、勅令の性格に由来するもう一つの反対の根拠が提起されてきた。すなわち、この記述は、「一時はネブカデネザルを正統なユダヤ人であるかのように描き、ユダヤ人の書物において用いられた、ユダヤ人しか用いないであろうほとんどそのままの言葉で彼の見解を述べさせており(Daniel 4:2-3、Daniel 4:34-37 を見よ)、また次の瞬間には、単なる偶像礼拝者として、偶像礼拝者が用いるであろう言葉を用い、なお偶像の神々の実在性を認めている」(Daniel 4:8-9、Daniel 4:18)、というのである。これに対しては、次のように回答することができよう。この事情こそ、むしろこの記述の真実性の確認となるのである。それはまさに、偶像礼拝の中で育てられ、生涯それを実践してきたにもかかわらず、突然、この印象的な仕方でまことの神を知らされるようになった君主が、このような状況の下で与えそうな記述なのである。このような君主がこのような状況の下で発布した勅令において、彼が異教の神々の礼拝者であったという事実の漏出が少しもないとしたら、それこそ不思議であろう。また、彼がダニエルに夢を明かし、その解き明かしを求め、自分が上からの霊感の影響下にあると告白したとき、それを神々一般に帰したとしても(Daniel 4:8-9、Daniel 4:18)、不思議ではない。

同様に、もし語られている通りに事が実際に起こったのなら、彼が「正統なユダヤ人」が用いるであろうような言葉でそれを記述したであろうことは確実である。彼は、この幻が何を意味するかについての自分の見解をダニエルから得たとされていることを、覚えておかなければならない。そして、ダニエルが示唆したであろうような言葉を彼が用いることほど、ありそうなことはない。生涯を偶像礼拝者として過ごした者の心から、偶像礼拝の習慣によって作り出された印象のすべてが速やかに消え去り、このような機会の勅令にその痕跡が少しも現れないと想定することはできないし、また、まことの神なる神の承認が少しもないと想定することもできない。誤った観念と真実とのこのような混交ほど自然なことは、おそらく他にないだろう。実際、この章に関する事情の中で、これほど真実性の様相を帯びているものはほとんどなく、ここに述べられていることよりもそれ自体としてありそうなことは、うまくは存在し得ないであろう。

それは、異教の中で育てられた心に期待される、真実と虚偽のまさにそのような混交である。ところがこのことは、偽造を試みる者、あるいは信頼できる資料なしにこのような状況にある異教の君主の性格を描こうと努める者には、そう簡単に思い浮かばない事情なのである。もし勅令がユダヤ人の作品であるなら、その著者は、心に異教の残滓を一切持たない者として描いたであろう。もし異教人の作品であるなら、まことの神へのこのような承認は存在しなかったであろう。もし単なる虚構であるなら、その技巧は、真実と虚偽の混交した状態——彼の古い考え方のあらゆる習慣の残滓と、彼の心に曙き始めたばかりの新しい重要な真実との混交——において彼を描こうと試みるには、精巧にすぎて、まず思い浮かぶものではない。あらゆる状況に最もよく適合し、最も少ない反論しか受けることのない想定は、この記述が、実際に起こった事柄の飾り気のない叙述である、ということである。この章への反対論という主題全体については、読者はヘンゲステンベルク『ダニエル書の真正性』100~119頁を参照されたい。ここでなされた多くの記述について、私は同書に負っている。さらに Daniel 4:25 以下の注解と比較されたい。

II. この章の分析

この章は、高ぶりのゆえに彼の上にもたらされた長い狂気の期間からの回復の後に、ネブカデネザルが発布した勅令を内容とする。この勅令は、人々を導いてまことの神を認めさせるために発布された。それは概して次のことを述べている。すなわち、彼の災いの接近は夢によって彼に知らされ、その夢はダニエルによって解き明かされたこと。彼自身の心は、自分の建てた壮麗な都を見て高ぶったこと。予告されていた病気が、彼がこれらの高ぶった思いにふけっているまさにその時に、突然彼の上に臨んだこと。彼は人の住まいから追い出され、哀れで、顧みられない狂人となったこと。彼が再び理性を取り戻し、次いで自分の王座を取り戻したこと。また、このように彼をへりくだらせ、再び回復させた神はまことの神であり、普遍的な礼拝と賛美に値する方であること。それゆえこの勅令は、次の諸部分を含んでいる。

I. それが発布された理由——全地のあらゆる所に住むすべての民に、いと高き神が自分に対して行われた大いなるみわざを示すこと (Daniel 4:1-3)。

II. 彼が、大きな恐慌を覚えた夢を見た事実、および、その夢をどのカルデヤの占い師たちも解き明かすことができなかった事実の述べ (Daniel 4:4-7)。

III. その夢の、ダニエルに対する完全な陳述 (Daniel 4:8-18)。

IV. ダニエルによる夢の解き明かし——彼が狂人となり、王座と王国から追われ、野の獣たちと共に住まいを持つことを強いられること、すなわち哀れで顧みられない追放者となることの予告 (Daniel 4:19-26)。

V. ダニエルによる、彼への厳粛で誠実な勧め——恐らくこの恐ろしい災いが回避されるように、罪を断ち切り、義人となるために (Daniel 4:27)。

VI. ダニエルの予告の成就。ネブカデネザルは自分の宮殿の上を歩いており、心の高ぶりの中で、自分の建てた大いなる都を見渡していた。そのとき突然、天からの声が彼に語りかけ、自分の王国が自分から離れたこと、自分の理性が自分を離れたことを告げた (Daniel 4:28-33)。

VII. 定められた時の終わりに、彼の理性は回復し、彼は感謝をもって神的支配を認め、再び王座に復帰した (Daniel 4:34-36)。

VIII. これらすべてのことのために、彼は天の神をほめたたえたと語る。神のみわざはすべて真実であり、神の道はさばきであり、高ぶって歩む者を神はへりくだらせることがおできになることを、彼は学んだからである (Daniel 4:37)。

英語原文

Section I-- Authenticity of the Chapter

To the authenticity of this chapter, as to the preceding, objections and difficulties have been urged, sufficient, in the view of the objectors, to destroy its credibility as a historical narrative. Those objections, which may be seen at length in Bertholdt (pp. 70-72, 285-309), Bleek ("Theol. Zeitscrift, Drittes Heft," 268, following.), and Eichhorn ("Einlei." iv. 471, following.), relate mainly to two points - those derived from the want of historical proofs to confirm the narrative, and those derived from its alleged intrinsic improbability.

I. The former of these, derived from the want of historic confirmation of the truth of the narrative, are summarily the following:

(1) That the historical books of the Old Testament give no intimation that these remarkable things happened to Nebuchadnezzar, that he was deranged and driven from his throne, and made to dwell under the open heaven with the beasts of the field - an omission which, it is said, we cannot suppose would have occurred if these things had happened, since the Hebrew writers, on account of the wrongs which Nebuchadnezzar had done to their nation, would have certainly seized on such facts as a demonstration of the Divine displeasure against him.

(2) There is no record of these events among the pagan writers of antiquity; no writer among the Greeks, or other nations, ever having mentioned them.

(3) It is equally remarkable that Josephus, in his narrative of the sickness of Nebuchadnezzar, makes no allusion to any knowledge of this among other nations, and shows that he derived his information only from the sacred books of his own people.

(4) It is acknowledged by Origen and Jerome that they could find no historical grounds for the truth of this account.

(5) If these things had occurred, as here related, they would not have been thus concealed, for the king himself took all possible measures, by the edict referred to in this chapter, to make them known, and to make a permanent record of them. How could it have happened that all knowledge would have been lost if they had thus occurred?

(6) if the edict was lost, how was it ever recovered again? When, and where, and by whom, was it found? If actually issued, it was designed to make the case known throughout the empire. Why did it fail of producing that effect so as not to have been forgotten? If it was lost, how was the event known? And if it was lost, how could it have been recovered and recorded by the author of this book? Compare Bertholdt, p. 298.

To these objections, it maybe replied,

(1) That the silence of the historical books of the Old Testament furnishes no well-founded objection to what is said in this chapter, for none of them pretend to bring down the history of Nebuchadnezzar to the close of his life, or to this period of his life. The books of Kings and of Chronicles mention his invasion of the land of Palestine and of Egypt; they record the fact of his carrying away the children of Israel to Babylon, but they do not profess to make any record of what occurred to him after that, nor of the close of his life. The second book of Chronicles closes with an account of the removal of the Jews to Babylon, and the carrying away of the sacred vessels of the temple, and the burning of the temple, and the destruction of the city, but does not relate the history of Nebuchadnezzar any farther, 2 Chronicles 36. The silence of the book cannot, therefore, be alleged as an argument against anything that may be said to have occurred after that. As the history closes there; as the design was to give a record of Jewish affairs to the carrying away to Babylon, and not a history of Nebuchadnezzar as such, there is no ground of objection furnished by this silence in regard to anything that might be said to have occurred to Nebuchadnezzar subsequently to this in his own kingdom.

(2) In regard to profane writers, also, nothing can be argued as to the improbability of the account mentioned here from their silence on the subject. It is not remarkable that in the few fragments which are found in their writings respecting the kings and empires of the East, an occurrence of this kind should have been omitted. The general worthlessness or want of value of the historical writings of the Greeks in respect to foreign nations, from which we derive most of our knowledge of those nations, is now generally admitted, and is expressly maintained by Niebuhr, and by Schlosser (see Hengstenberg, "Die Authentic des Daniel," p. 101), and most of these writers make no allusion at all to Nebuchadnezzar. Even Herodotus, who traveled into the East, and who collected all he could of the history of the world, makes no mention whatever of a conqueror so illustrious as Nebuchadnezzar. How could it be expected that when they have omitted all notice of his conquests, of the great events under him, which exerted so important an effect on the world, there should have been a record of an occurrence like that referred to in this chapter - an occurrence that seems to have exerted no influence whatever on the foreign relations of the empire?

It is remarkable that Josephus, who searched for all that he could find to illustrate the literature and history of the Chaldees, says ("Ant." b. x. ch. xi. Section 1) that he could find only the following "histories as all that he had met with concerning this king: Berosus, in the third book of his Chaldaic history; Philostratus, in the history of Judea and of the Phoenicians, who only mentions him in respect to his siege of Tyre; the Indian history of Megasthenes - Ἰνδικά Indika - in which the only fact which is mentioned of him is that he plundered Libya and Iberia; and the Persian history of Diocles, in which there occurs but one solitary reference to Nebuchadnezzar." To these he adds, in his work "against Apion" (b. i. 20), a reference to the "Archives of the Phoenicians," in which it is said that "he conquered Syria and Phoenicia." Berosus is the only one who pretends to give any extended account of him.

See "Ant." b. x. ch. 11: Section 1. All those authorities mentioned by Josephus, therefore, except Berosus, may be set aside, since they have made no allusion to many undeniable facts in the life of Nebuchadnezzar, and, therefore, the events referred to in this chapter may have occurred, though they have not related them. There remain two authors who have noticed Nebuchadnezzar at greater length, Abydenus and Berosus. Abydenus was a Greek who lived 268 b.c. He wrote, in Greek, a historical account of the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Assyrians, only a few fragments of which have been preserved by Eusebins, Cyrill, and Syncellus. Berosus was a Chaldean, and was a priest in the temple of Belus, in the time of Alexander, and having learned of the Macedonians the Greek language, he went to Greece, and opened a school of astronomy and astrology in the island of Cos, where his productions acquired for him great fame with the Athenians. Abydenus was his pupil. Berosus wrote three books relative to the history of the Chaldeans, of which only some fragments are preserved in Josephus and Eusebius. As a priest of Belus he possessed every advantage which could be desired for obtaining a knowledge of the Chaldeans, and if his work had been preserved it would doubtless be of great value. Both these writers professedly derived their knowledge from the traditions of the Chaldeans, and both should be regarded as good authority.

Berosus is adduced by Josephus to confirm the truth of the historical records in the Old Testament. He mentions, according to Josephus, the deluge in the time of Noah, and the account of the resting of the ark on one of the mountains of Armenia. He gives a catalogue of the descendants of Noah, and "at length comes down to Nabolassar, who was king of Babylon and of the Chaldeans." He then mentions the expedition of his son, Nabuchodonosor (Nebuchadnezzar), against the Egyptians; the capture of Jerusalem; the burning of the temple; and the removal of the Jews to Babylon. He then mentions the manner in which Nebuchadnezzar succeeded to the throne; the way in which he distributed his captives in various parts of Babylonia; his adorning of the temple of Belus; his re-building the old city of Babylon, and the building of another city on the other side of the river; his adding a new palace to what his father had built; and the fact that this palace was finished in fifteen days. After these statements respecting his conquests and the magnificence of his capital, Berosus gives the following narrative: "Nabuchodonosor, after he had begun to build the aforementioned wall, fell sick - ἐμπεσὼν είς ἀῤῥωστίαν empesōn eis arrōstian - and departed this life - μετηλλάξατο τὸν βίον metēllaxato ton bion - (a phrase meaning to die, see Passow on the word μεταλλάσσω metallassō) "when he had reigned forty-three years, whereupon his son Evil-Merodach, obtained the kingdom." Josephus against Apion, b. 1, section 20. Now this narrative is remarkable, and goes in fact to confirm the statement in Daniel in two respects:

(a) It is manifest that Berosus here refers to some sickness in the case of Nebuchadnezzar that was unusual, and that probably preceded, for a considerable time, his death. This appears from the fact, that in the case of the other monarchs whom he mentions in immediate connection with this narrative, no sickness is alluded to as preceding their death. This is the case with respect to Neriglissar and Nabonnedus - successors of Nebuchadnezzar. See Jos. "against Ap." i. 20. There is no improbability in supposing, that what Berosus here calls "sickness" is the same which is referred to in the chapter before us. Berosus, himself a Chaldean, might not be desirous of stating all the facts about a monarch of his own country so distinguished, and might not be willing to state all that he knew about his being deprived of reason, and about the manner in which he was treated, and yet what occurred to him was so remarkable, and was so well known, that there seemed to be a necessity of alluding to it in some way; and this he did in the most general manner possible. If this were his object, also, he would not be likely to mention the fact that he was restored again to the throne. He would endeavor to make it appear as an ordinary event - a sickness which preceded death - as it "may" have been the fact that he never was wholly restored so far as to be in perfect health.

(b) This statement of Berosus accords, in respect to "time," remarkably with that in Daniel. Both accounts agree that the sickness occurred after he had built Babylon, and toward the close of his reign.

The other author which is referred to is Abydenus. The record which he makes is preserved by Eusebius, praep. Evang. ix. 41, and Chronicon Armenolatinum, I. p. 59, and is in the following words:

μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ, λέγεται πρὸς Χαλδαίων, ὡς ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰ βασιλήΐα, κατασχεθείη θεῷ ὅτεῳ δὴ, φθεγξάμενος δὲ εἶπεν; οὖτος ἐγὼ Ναβουκοδρόσορος, ὦ Βαβυλώνιοι, τὴν μέλλουσαν ὑμῖν προαγγέλλω συμφορὴν, τὴν ὅτε Βῆλος ἐμός πρόγονος, ἥ τε βασίλεια Βῆλτις ἀποτρέψαι Μοίρας πεῖσαι ἀσθενοῦσιν; ἥξες Πέρσης ἡμίονος, τοῖσιν ὑμετέροισι δαίμοσι χρεώμενος αυμμάχοισιν; ἐπάξει δὲ δουλοσύνην; ου δὴ συναίτιος ἔσται Μήδης, τὸ Ἀσσύριον αὔχημα; ὡς εἴθε μιν πρόσθεν ἤ δοῦναι τοὺς πολιήτας, Χάρυβδίν τινα, ἤ θάλασσαν εἰσδεξαμένην, ἀΐστῶσαι πρόῤῥιζον; ἤ μιν ἄλλας ὁδοὺς στραφέντα φέρεσθαι διὰ τῆς ἐρήμου, ἵνα οὔτε ἄστεα, οὔτε πάτος ἀνθρώπων, θῆρες δὲ νόμον ἔχουσι, καὶ ὄρνιθες πλάζονται, ἔν τε πέτρῃσι καὶ χαράδρῃσι μοῦνον ἁλώμενον; ἐμέ τε, πρὶν εἰς νόον βαλέσθαι ταῦτα, τέλεος ἀμείνονος κυρῆσαι. Ὁ μὲν θεσπίσας παραχρῆμα ἠφάνιστο.

Meta tauta de, legetai pros Chaldaiōn, hōs anabas epi ta basilēia, kataschetheiē theō hoseō dē, phthengxamenos de eipen; ousos egō Naboukodrosoros, ō Babulōnioi, tēn mellousan humin proangellō sumphorēn, tēn hote Bēlos emos progonos, hē te basileia Bēltis apotrepsai Moiras peisai asthenousin; hēxei Persēs hēmionos, toisin humeteroisi daimosi chreōmenos summachoisin; epaxei de doulosunēn; hou dē sunaitios estai Mēdēs, to Assurion auchēma; hōs eithe min prosthen ē dounai tous poliētas, Charubdin tina, ē thalassan eisdexamenēn, aistōsai prorrizon; ē min allas hodous straphenta pheresthai dia tēs erēmou, hina oute astea, oute patos; anthrōpōn, thēres de nomon echousi, kai ornithes plazontai, en te petrēsi kai charadrēsi mounon halōmenon; eme te, prin eis nōn balesthai tauta, teleos ameinonos kurēsai. Ho men thespissas parachrēma ēphanisto.

This passage is so remarkable that I annex a translation of it, as I find it in Prof. Stuart's work on Daniel, p. 122: "After these things" (his conquests which the writer had before referred to), "as it is said by the Chaldeans, having ascended his palace, he was seized by some god, and speaking aloud, he said: 'I, Nebuchadnezzar, O Babylonians, foretell your future calamity, which neither Belus, my ancestor, nor queen Beltis, can persuade the destinies to avert. A "Persian mule" will come, employing your own divinities as his auxiliaries; and he will impose servitude (upon you). His coadjutor will be the "Mede," who is the boast of the Assyrians. Would that, before he places my citizens in such a condition, some Charybdis or gulf might swallow him up with utter destruction! Or that, turned in a different direction, he might roam in the desert (where are neither cities, nor footsteps of man, but wild beasts find pasturage, and the birds wander), being there hemmed in by rocks and ravines! May it be my lot to attain to a better end, before such things come into his mind!' Having uttered this prediction, he immediately disappeared." This passage so strongly resembles the account in Daniel 4, that even Bertholdt (p. 296) admits that it is identical (identisch) with it, though he still maintains, that although it refers to mental derangement, it does nothing to confirm the account of his being made to live with wild beasts, eating grass, and being restored again to his throne. The points of "agreement" in the account of Abydenus and that of Daniel are the following:

(1) The account of Abydenus, as Bertholdt admits, refers to mental derangement. Such a mental derangement, and the power of prophecy, were in the view of the ancients closely connected, or were identical, and were believed to be produced by the overpowering influence of the gods on the soul. The rational powers of the soul were supposed to be suspended, and the god took entire possession of the body, and through that communicated the knowledge of future events. Compare Dale, "de Oraculis Ethnicorum," p. 172. Eusebius, "Chr. Arm.- lat.," p. 61. In itself considered, moreover, nothing would be more natural than that Nebuchadnezzar, in the malady that came upon him, or when it was coming upon him, would express himself in the manner affirmed by Abydenus respecting the coming of the Persian, and the change that would occur to his own kingdom. If the account in Daniel is true respecting the predictions which he is said to have uttered concerning coming events Daniel 2, nothing would be more natural than that the mind of the monarch would be filled with the anticipation of these events, and that he would give utterance to his anticipations in a time of mental excitement.

(2) there is a remarkable agreement between Abydenus and Daniel in regard to the "time" and the "place" in which what is said of the king occurred. According to Abydenus, the prophetic ecstasy into which he fell was at the close of all his military expeditions, and occurred in the same place, and in the same circumstances, which are mentioned in the book of Daniel - upon his palace - apparently as he walked upon the roof, or upon some place where he had a clear view of the surrounding city which he had built - ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰ βασιλήΐα anabas epi ta basileia.

(3) The accounts in Abydenus and in Daniel harmonize so far as they relate to the God by whom what occurred was produced. In Daniel it is attributed to the true God, and not to any of the objects of Chaldean worship. It is remarkable that in Abydenus it is not ascribed to an idol, or to any god worshipped by the Chaldees, but to God simply, as to a God that was not known - κατασχεθείη θεῷ ὅτεῳ δὴ kataschetheiē Theō hoseō dē. It would seem from this that even the Chaldee tradition did not attribute what was said by Nebuchadnezzar, or what occurred to him, to any of the gods worshipped in Babylon, but to a foreign god, or to one whom they were not accustomed to worship.

(4) In the language which Nebuchadnezzar is reported by Abydenus to have used respecting the return of the Persian king after his conquest, there is a remarkable resemblance to what is said in Daniel, showing that, though the language is applied to different things in Daniel and in Abydenus, it had a common origin. Thus, in the prophecy of Nebuchadnezzar, as reported by Abydenus, it is said, "may he, returning through other ways, be borne through the desert where there are no cities, where there is no path for men, where wild beasts graze, and the fowls live, wandering about in the midst of rocks and caves." These considerations show that the Chaldean traditions strongly corroborate the account here; or, that there are things in these traditions which cannot be accounted for except on the supposition of the truth of some such occurrence as what is here stated in Daniel. The sum of the evidence from history is

(a) that very few things are known of this monarch from profane history;

(b) that there is nothing in what is known of him which makes what is here stated improbable;

(c) that there are things related of him which harmonize with what is here affirmed; and

(d) that there are traditions which can be best explained by some such supposition as that the record in this chapter is true.

As to the objection that if the edict was promulgated it would not be likely to be lost, or the memory of it fade away, it is sufficient to observe that almost "all" of the edicts, the laws, and the statutes of the Assyrian and Chaldean princes have perished with all the other records of their history, and almost all the facts pertaining to the personal or the public history of these monarchs are now unknown. It cannot be believed that the few fragments which we now have of their writings are all that were ever composed, and in the thing itself there is no more improbability that "this" edict should be lost than any other, or that though it may have been kept by a Hebrew residing among them, it should not have been retained by the Chaldeans themselves. As to the question which has been asked, if this were lost how it could have been recovered again, it is sufficient to remark that, for anything that appears, it never "was" lost in the sense that no one had it in his possession. It would undoubtedly come into the hands of Daniel if he were, according to the account in his book, then in Babylon; and it is not probable that so remarkable a document would be suffered by "him" to be lost. The fact that it was preserved by him is all that is needful to answer the questions on that point. It "may" have been swept away with other matters in the ruin that came upon the Chaldean records in their own country; it has been preserved where it was most important that it should be preserved - in a book where it would be to all ages, and in all lands, a signal proof that God reigns over kings, and that he has power to humble and abase the proud.

II. There is a second class of objections to the credibility of the account in this chapter quite distinct from that just noticed. They are based on what is alleged to be the intrinsic "improbability" that the things which are said to have occurred to Nebuchadnezzar should have happened. It cannot be alleged, indeed, that it is incredible that a monarch should become a maniac - for the kings of the earth are no more exempt from this terrible malady than their subjects; but the objections here referred to relate to the statements respecting the manner in which it is said that this monarch was treated, and that he lived during this long period. These objections may be briefly noticed.

(1) It has been objected, that it is wholly improbable that a monarch at the head of such an empire would, if he became incapable of administering the affairs of government, be so utterly neglected as the representation here would imply: that he would be suffered to wander from his palace to live with beasts; to fare as they fared, and to become in his whole appearance so "like" a beast. It is indeed admitted by those who make this objection, that there is no improbability that the calamity would befall a king as well as other men; and Michaelis has remarked that it is even more probable that a monarch would he thus afflicted than others ("Anm. Z. Dan." p. 41; compare Bertholdt, p. 304), but it is alleged that it is wholly improbable that one so high in office and in power would be treated with the utter neglect which is stated here. "Is it credible," says Bertholdt (p. 300-303), "that the royal family, and the royal counselors, should have shown so little care or concern for a monarch who had come into a state so perfectly helpless? Would no one have sought him out, and brought him back, if he had wandered so far away? Could he anywhere in the open plains, and the regions about Babylon, destitute of forests, have concealed himself so that no one could have found him? It could only have been by a miracle, that one could have wandered about for so long a time, amidst the dangers which must have befallen him, without having been destroyed by wild beasts, or falling into some form of irrecoverable ruin. What an unwise policy in a government to exhibit to a newly-conquered people so dishonorable a spectacle!"

To this objection it may be replied,

(a) That its force, as it was formerly urged, may be somewhat removed by a correct interpretation of the chapter, and a more accurate knowledge of the disease which came upon the king, and of the manner in which he was actually treated. According to some views formerly entertained respecting the nature of the malady, it would have been impossible, I admit, to have defended the narrative. In respect to these views, see the notes at Daniel 4:25. It "may" appear, from the fair interpretation of the whole narrative, that nothing more occurred than was natural in the circumstances.

(b) The supposition that he was left to wander without any kind of oversight or guardianship is entirely gratuitous, and is unauthorized by the account which Nebuchadnezzar gives of what occurred. This opinion has been partly formed from a false interpretation of the phrase in Daniel 4:36 - "and my counselers and my lords sought unto me" - as if they had sought him when he was wandering, with a view to find out where he was; whereas the true meaning of that passage is, that "after" his restoration they sought unto him, or applied to him as the head of the empire, as they had formerly done.

(c) There is some probability from the passage in Daniel 4:15 - "leave the stump of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass" - that Nebuchadnezzar was secured in the manner in which maniacs often have been, and that in his rage he was carefully guarded from all danger of injuring himself. See the notes at Daniel 4:15.

(d) On the supposition that he was not, still there might have been all proper "care" taken to guard him. All that may be implied when it is said that he "was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen," etc., may have been that this was his "propensity" in that state; that he had this roving disposition, and was disposed rather to wander in fields and groves than to dwell in the abodes of men; and that he was driven "by this propensity," not "by men," to leave his palace, and to take up his residence in parks or groves - anywhere rather than in human habitations. This has been not an uncommon propensity with maniacs, and there is no improbability in supposing that this was permitted by those who had the care of him, as far as was consistent with his safety, and with what was due to him as a monarch, though his reason was driven from its throne. In the parks attached to the palace; in the large pleasure-grounds, that were not improbably stocked with various kinds of animals, as a sort of royal menagerie, there is no improbability in supposing that he may have been allowed at proper times, and with suitable guards, to roam, nor that the fallen and humbled monarch may have found, in comparatively lucid intervals, a degree of pleasant amusement in such grounds, nor even that it might be supposed that this would contribute to his restoration to health.

Nor, on "any" supposition in regard to these statements, even admitting that there was a great degree of criminal inattention on the part of his friends, would his treatment have been worse than what has usually occurred in respect to the insane. Up to quite a recent period, and even now in many civilized lands, the insane have been treated with the most gross neglect, and with the severest cruelty, even by their friends. Left to wander where they chose without a protector; unshaven and unwashed; the sport of the idle and the vicious; thrown into common jails among felons; bound with heavy chains to the cold walls of dungeons; confined in cellars or garrets with no fire in the coldest weather; with insufficient clothing, perhaps entirely naked, and in the midst of the most disgusting filth - such treatment, even in Christian lands, and by Christian people, may show that in a pagan land, five hundred years before the light of Christianity dawned upon the world, it is not "wholly" incredible that an insane monarch "might" have been treated in the manner described in this chapter.

If the best friends now may so neglect, or treat with such severity, an insane son or daughter, there is no improbability in supposing that in an age of comparative barbarism there may have been as "little" humanity as is implied in this chapter. The following extracts from the Second Annual Report of the Prison Discipline Society ("Boston") will show what has occurred in the nineteenth century, in this Christian land, and in the old commonwealth of Massachusetts - a commonwealth distinguished for morals, and for humane feeling - and will demonstrate at the same time that what is here stated about the monarch of pagan Babylon is not unworthy of belief. They refer to the treatment of lunatics in that commonwealth before the establishment of the hospital for the insane at Worcester. "In Massachusetts, by an examination made with care, about thirty lunatics have been found in prison. In one prison were found three; in another five; in another six; and in another ten. It is a source of great complaint with the sheriffs and jailers that they must receive such persons, because they have no suitable accommodations for them. Of those last mentioned, one was found in an apartment in which he had been nine years. He had a wreath of rags around his body, and another around his neck. This was all his clothing. He had no bed, chair, or bench. Two or three: rough planks were strewed around the room; a heap of filthy straw, like the nest of swine, was in the corner. He had built a bird's nest of mud in the iron grate of his den. Connected with his wretched apartment was a dark dungeon, having no orifice for the admission of light, heat, or air, except the iron door, about two and a half feet square, opening into it from the prison.

The other lunatics in the same prison were scattered about in different apartments, with thieves and murderers, and persons under arrest, but not yet convicted of guilt. In the prison of five lunatics, they were confined in separate cells, which were almost dark dungeons. It was difficult after the door was open to see them distinctly. The ventilation was so incomplete that more than one person on entering them has found the air so fetid as to produce nausea, and almost vomiting. The old straw on which they were laid, and their filthy garments, were such as to make their insanity more hopeless; and at one time it was not considered within the province of the physician to examine particularly the condition of the lunatics. In these circumstances any improvement of their minds could hardly be expected. Instead of having three out of four restored to reason, as is the fact in some of the favored lunatic asylums, it is to be feared that in these circumstances some who might otherwise be restored would become incurable, and that others might lose their lives, to say nothing of present suffering.

In the prison in which were six lunatics their condition was less wretched. But they were sometimes an annoyance, and sometimes a sport to the convicts; and even the apartment in which the females were confined opened into the yard of the men; there was an injurious interchange of obscenity and profanity between them, which was not restrained by the presence of the keeper. In the prison, or house of correction, so called, in which were ten lunatics, two were found about seventy years of age, a male and female, in the same apartment of an upper story. The female was lying upon a heap of straw under a broken window. The snow in a severe storm was beating through the window, and lay upon the straw around her withered body, which was partially covered with a few filthy and tattered garments. The man was lying in the corner of the room in a similar situation, except that he was less exposed to the storm.

The former had been in this apartment six, and the latter twenty-one years. Another lunatic in the same prison was found in a plank apartment of the first story, where he had been eight years. During this time he had never left the room but twice. The door of this apartment had not been opened in eighteen months. The food was furnished through a small orifice in the door. The room was warmed by no fire; and still the woman of the house said 'he had never froze.' As he was seen through the orifice of the door, the first question was, 'Is that a human being?' The hair was gone from one side of his head, and his eyes were like balls of fire. In the cellar of the same prison were five lunatics. The windows of this cellar were no defense against the storm, and, as might be supposed, the woman of the house said, 'We have a sight to do to keep them from freezing.' There was no fire in this cellar which could be felt by four of these lunatics.

One of the five had a little fire of turf in an apartment of the cellar by herself. She was, however, infuriate, if any one came near her. The woman was committed to this cellar seventeen years ago. The apartments are about six feet by eight. They are made of coarse plank, and have an orifice in the door for the admission of light and air, about six inches by four. The darkness was such in two of these apartments that nothing could be seen by looking through the orifice in the door. At the same time there was a poor lunatic in each. A man who has grown old was committed to one of them in 1810, and had lived in it seventeen years. An emaciated female was found in a similar apartment, in the dark, without fire, almost without covering, where she had been nearly two years. A colored woman in another, in which she had been six years; and a miserable man in another, in which he had been four years."

(2) It is asked by Bertholdt, as an objection (p. 301), whether "it is credible that one who had been for so long a time a maniac would be restored again to the throne; and whether the government would be again placed in his hands, without any apprehension that he would relapse into the same state? Or whether it can be believed that the lives and fortunes of so many million would be again entrusted to his will and power?" To these questions it may be replied:

(a) That if he was restored to his reason he had a right to the throne, and it might not have been a doubtful point whether he should be restored to it or not.

(b) It is probable that during that time a regency was appointed, and that there would be a hope entertained that he would be restored. Undoubtedly, during the continuation of this malady, the government would be, as was the case during the somewhat similar malady of George III of Great Britain, placed in the hands of others, and unless there was a revolution, or an usurpation, he would be, of course, restored to his throne on the recovery of his reason.

(c) To this it may be added, that he was a monarch who had been eminently successful in his conquests; who had done much to enlarge the limits of the empire, and to adorn the capital; and that much was to be apprehended from the character of his legal successor, Evil-Merodach (Hengstenberg, p. 113); and that if he were displaced, they who were then the chief officers of the nation had reason to suppose that, in accordance with Oriental usage on the accession of a new sovereign, they would lose their places.

(3) It has been asked also, as an objection, whether "it is not to be presumed that Nebuchadnezzar, on the supposition that he was restored from so fearful a malady, would have employed all the means in his power to suppress the knowledge of it; or whether, if any communication was made in regard to it, pains would not have been taken to give a coloring to the account by suppressing the real truth, and by attributing the affliction to some other cause?" - Bertholdt, p. 301. To this it may be replied:

(a) That if the representation here made of the cause of his malady is correct, that it was a Divine judgment on him for his pride, and that God's design in bringing it on him was that he himself might be made known, it is reasonable to presume that, on his restoration, there would be such a Divine influence on the mind of the monarch, as to lead him to make this proclamation, or this public recognition of the Most High;

(b) that the edict seems to have been made, not as a matter of policy, but under the fresh recollection of a restoration from so terrible a calamity;

(c) that Nebuchadnezzar seems to have been a man who had a conscience that prompted him to a decided acknowledgment of Divine interposition;

(d) that he had a strong religious propensity (compare Daniel 3), and was ready to make any public acknowledgment of what he regarded as Divine; and

(e) that perhaps he supposed that, by stating the truth as it actually occurred, a better impression might be made than already existed in regard to the nature of the malady. It may have been an object, also, with him to convince his subjects that, although he had been deprived of his reason, he was now, in fact, restored to a sound mind.

(4) another ground of objection has been urged by Eichhorn, Bertholdt, and others, derived from the character of the edict. It is said that "the narrative represents Nebuchadnezzar at one time as an orthodox Jew, setting forth his views almost in the very words used in the writings of the Jews, and which only a Jew would employ (see Daniel 4:2-3, Daniel 4:34-37), and then again as a mere idolater, using the language which an idolater would employ, and still acknowledging the reality of idol gods, Daniel 4:8-9, Daniel 4:18." To this it may be replied, that this very circumstance is rather a confirmation of the truth of the account than otherwise. It is just such an account as we should suppose that a monarch, trained up in idolatry, and practicing it all his life, and yet suddenly, and in this impressive manner, made acquainted with the true God, would be likely to give. In an edict published by such a monarch, under such circumstances, it would be strange if there should be no betrayal of the fact that he had been a worshipper of pagan gods, nor would it be strange that when he disclosed his dream to Daniel, asking him to interpret it, and professing to believe that he was under the influence of inspiration from above, he should trace it to the gods in general, Daniel 4:8-9, Daniel 4:18.

And, in like manner, if the thing actually occurred, as is related, it would be certain that he would use such language in describing it as an "orthodox Jew" might use. It is to be remembered that he is represented as obtaining his view of what was meant by the vision from Daniel, and nothing is more probable than that he would use such language as Daniel would have suggested. It could not be supposed that one who had been an idolater all his life would soon efface from his mind all the impressions made by the habit of idolatry, so that no traces of it would appear in a proclamation on an occasion like this; nor could it be supposed that there would be no recognition of God as the true God. Nothing would be more natural than such an intermingling of false notions with the true. Indeed, there is in fact scarcely any circumstance in regard to this chapter that has more the air of authenticity, nor could there well be anything more probable in itself, than what is here stated.

It is just such an intermingling of truth with falsehood as we should expect in a mind trained in paganism; and yet this is a circumstance which would not be very likely to occur to one who attempted a forgery, or who endeavored to draw the character of a pagan monarch in such circumstances without authentic materials. If the edict was the work of a Jew, he would have been likely to represent its author without any remains of paganism in his mind: if it were the work of a pagan, there would have been no such recognition of the true God. If it is a mere fiction, the artifice is too refined to have been likely to occur, to attempt to draw him in this state of mind, where there was an intermingling of falsehood with truth; of the remains of all his old habits of thinking, with new and momentous truths that had just begun to dawn on his mind. The supposition that will best suit all the circumstances of the case, and be liable to the fewest objections, is, that the account is an unvarnished statement of what actually occurred. On the whole subject of the objections to this chapter, the reader may consult Hengstenberg, Die Authentie des Daniel, pp. 100-119. For many of the remarks here made, I am indebted to that work. Compare further see the notes at Daniel 4:25, following.

Section II.-- Analysis of the Chapter

The chapter professes to be an edict published by Nebuchadnezzar after his recovery from a long period of insanity, which was brought upon him for his pride. The edict was promulgated with a view to lead men to acknowledge the true God. It states, in general, that the approach of his calamity was made known to him in a dream, which was interpreted by Daniel; that his own heart had been lifted up with pride in view of the splendid city which he had built; that the predicted malady came suddenly upon him, even while he was indulging in these proud reflections; that he was driven away from the abodes of men, a poor neglected maniac; that he again recovered his reason, and then his throne; and that the God who had thus humbled him, and again restored him, was the true God, and was worthy of universal adoration and praise. The edict, therefore, embraces the following parts:

I. The reason why it was promulgated - to show to all people, dwelling in all parts of the earth, the great things which the high God had done toward him, Daniel 4:1-3.

II. The statement of the fact that he had had a dream which greatly alarmed him, and which none of the Chaldean soothsayers had been able to interpret, Daniel 4:4-7.

III. The statement of the dream in full to Daniel, Daniel 4:8-18.

IV. The interpretation of the dream by Daniel - predicting the fact that he would become a maniac, and would be driven from his throne and kingdom, and compelled to take up his abode with the beasts of the field - a poor neglected outcast, Daniel 4:19-26.

V. The solemn and faithful counsel of Daniel to him to break off his sins, and to become a righteous man, if possibly the terrible calamity might be averted, Daniel 4:27.

VI. The fulfillment of the prediction of Daniel. Nebuchadnezzar was walking on his palace, and, in the pride of his heart, surveying the great city which he had built, and suddenly a voice from heaven addressed him, announcing that his kingdom had departed, and his reason left him, Daniel 4:28-33.

VII. At the end of the appointed time, his reason was restored, and he gratefully acknowledged the Divine sovereignty, and was again reinstated on his throne, Daniel 4:34-36.

VIII. For all this, he says that he praised the God of heaven, for he had learned that all his works are truth, and his ways judgment, and that those who walk in pride he is able to abase, Daniel 4:37.

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Daniel 4:1

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ネブカデネザル王から、すべての民に……——シリア語訳ではここが、「ネブカデネザル王はすべての民に書き送った」等となっている。カルデヤ語の多くの写本には שׁלח(shâlach)すなわち「送った」があり、いくつかには כתב(kethab)すなわち「書いた」がある。しかしこれらの異読のいずれもが真正である可能性は低く、必要でもない。この箇所は、この書の著者による叙述というより、王の布告の一部であり、そのような布告においては、現在の読みの比較的唐突な文体こそが採られるものであろう。七十人訳はここに、ネブカデネザルが実際にそのような布告を発布したという事実の歴史的な言明を挿入している。「ネブカデネザル王は、あらゆる場所にあるあらゆる国々と地方に、またあらゆる国々に住むあらゆる言語の民に、世々に至るまで回状——ἐπιστολὴν ἐγκύκλιον(epistolēn egkuklion)——を書き送った。『ネブカデネザル王は…』」等である。しかしこれらのことは原典には何もない。

全地に住むすべての民、国々、言語の民へ——すなわち、地のあらゆる言語を話す人々のことである。多くの国々がバビロンの王の笏の下にあったが、彼はこれを、自分の帝国に含まれる者たちに対してだけでなく、世界のすべての民に対する一般的な布告として意図したように思われる。そのような布告は、東洋の文体によく合致するであろう。(Daniel 3:4) の注解と比較されたい。

あなたがたに平安が増し加わりますように——これは東洋で通常用いられる挨拶に一致する。(Genesis 43:23; Judges 6:23; 1 Samuel 25:6; Psalm 122:7; Luke 10:5; Ephesians 6:23; 1 Peter 1:2) と比較されたい。これは今日、東洋の世界で人々が互いに出会うときに交わす挨拶であり、同じ語「シャローム」(Shalom)あるいは「サラーム」(Salam)が今なお保たれている。すべての祝福は平和のうちに見出され、すべての悪は紛争と戦争のうちにある、というのがその考えであったように思われる。この表現には、彼らが、自分たちを乱すすべてのものから守られ、満ち足りて、静穏で、繁栄し、幸せであるようにという願いが含まれていた。「平安が増し加わりますように」と言われるとき、その願いは、平安が豊かにあふれ、平安が生む数知れぬあわれみによって彼らが祝福されるように、ということであった。

英語原文

Nebuchadnezzar the king, unto all people ... - The Syriac here has, "Nebuchadnezzar the king wrote to all people, etc." Many manuscripts in the Chaldee have שׁלח shâlach, "sent," and some have כתב kethab, "wrote;" but neither of these readings are probably genuine, nor are they necessary. The passage is rather a part of the edict of the king than a narrative of the author of the book, and in such an edict the comparatively abrupt style of the present reading would be what would be adopted. The Septuagint has inserted here a historical statement of the fact that Nebuchadnezzar did actually issue such an edict: "And Nebuchadnezzar the king wrote an encyclical epistle - ἐπιστολὴν ἐγκύκλιον epistolēn egkuklion - to all those nations in every place, and to the regions, and to all the tongues that dwell in all countries, generations and generations: 'Nebuchadnezzar the king,'" etc. But nothing of this is in the original.

Unto all people, nations, and languages that dwell in all the earth - That is, people speaking all the languages of the earth. Many nations were under the scepter of the king of Babylon; but it would seem that he designed this as a general proclamation, not only to those who were embraced in his empire, but to all the people of the world. Such a proclamation would be much in accordance with the Oriental style. Compare the note at Daniel 3:4.

Peace be multiplied unto you - This is in accordance with the usual Oriental salutation. Compare Genesis 43:23; Judges 6:23; 1 Samuel 25:6; Psalm 122:7; Luke 10:5; Ephesians 6:23; 1 Peter 1:2. This is the salutation with which one meets another now in the Oriental world - the same word still being retained, "Shalom," or "Salam." The idea seemed to be, that every blessing was found in peace, and every evil in conflict and war. The expression included the wish that they might be preserved from all that would disturb them; that they might be contented, quiet, prosperous, and happy. When it is said "peace be multiplied," the wish is that it might abound, or that they might be blessed with the numberless mercies which peace produces.

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Daniel 4:2

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私はよしと思った——欄外注は「私の前に良いと思われた」。欄外の読みの方が原語(קדמי שׁפר shephar qâdâmay)により沿うものである。カルデヤ語(שׁפר shephar)の本来の意味は、美しい、好ましいである。ここでの意味は、この公の布告を発することが彼にとってふさわしく、また当然のことに思われた、ということである。神が彼に行われたことをすべての国々に告げ知らせることは、当然であり正しいことであった。

しるしと不思議を示すために——力ある奇跡を示すものとして、しるしと不思議は聖書においてしばしば結び付けて用いられる。(Exodus 7:3; Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 13:1; Deuteronomy 34:11; Isaiah 8:18; Jeremiah 32:20) を見よ。「しるし」と訳されている語(ヘブル語: אות 'ôth、カルデヤ語: את 'âth)は、本来、何か意味を持つもの、何かを指し示し、または表すものとしての「しるし」を意味する。(Genesis 1:14) の「しるしとなり、また季節となり」、すなわち季節のしるしがそれである。次にこの語は、軍旗——軍隊の旗——を意味し (Numbers 2:2)、次に過去の事柄のしるし、証しあるいは記念の物を意味し (Exodus 13:9, Exodus 13:16; Deuteronomy 6:8)、次に将来の事柄のしるし、前兆、凶兆を意味し (Isaiah 8:18)、次に目に見えるもののしるしあるいは証し、たとえば割礼 (Genesis 17:11)、または神が人と結ばれた契約の証しとしての雲の中の虹を意味し (Genesis 9:12)、次に預言の成就のしるしあるいは証拠として役立つすべてのものを意味し (Exodus 3:12; 1 Samuel 2:34)、最後に神の力のしるしあるいは証拠となるすべてのものを指す (Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 6:22; Deuteronomy 7:19, et al.)。

このヘブル語は普通「しるし」と訳されているが、「証し」「軍旗」「奇跡」とも訳されている。神の行われる事柄に適用されるとき、この語は、ご自身の臨在と力を意味するあらゆるもの、起こる事柄が神によってなされたことを明白に示すあらゆるもの、人間の能力を超え、直接かつ例外的な現れによって神の存在と完全性を知らせるあらゆるもの、という意味で用いられるように思われる。ここでの意味は、これほど驚くべき仕方でなされた事柄が神のみわざを意味するものであった、ということである。それは、神が存在することを立証し、その偉大さを示すものであった。「不思議」と訳されている語(תמה temahh)は、本来、驚きを生じさせ、人を感嘆させるのにふさわしいものを意味し、そのような効果を生むのに適した奇跡に適用される。これは、自然の通常の過程を外れた事柄、あるいは超自然的な力を示す事柄が起こるときに生じる心の状態を指す。「不思議」と訳されているヘブル語は、奇跡を表すのにしばしば用いられる (Exodus 3:20; Exodus 7:3; Exodus 11:9; Deuteronomy 6:22, et al.)。ここでの意味は、起こった事柄が驚嘆を引き起こし、人々に神の力強いみわざを感嘆させるのにふさわしかった、ということである。

いと高き神が——高められた、または高く上げられた神、すなわちすべてのものの上におられる神である。(Daniel 3:26) を見よ。これは、至高の存在である神に与えられる呼称である。この節のギリシア語訳は次のとおりである。「いま私は、大いなる神が私に行われた業——πράξεις praxeis——をあなたがたに示す。それをあなたがたとあなたがたの賢者たち——τοῖς σοφισταῖς ὑμῶν tois sophistais humōn——に示すことが、私によいと思われたからである」。

英語原文

I thought it good - Margin, "it was seemly before me." The marginal reading is more in accordance with the original (קדמי שׁפר shephar qâdâmay). The proper meaning of the Chaldee word (שׁפר shephar) is, to be fair or beautiful; and the sense here is, that it seemed to him to be appropriate or becoming to make this public proclamation. It was fit and right that what God had done to him should be proclaimed to all nations.

To show the signs and wonders - Signs and wonders, as denoting mighty miracles, are not unfrequently connected in the Scriptures. See Exodus 7:3; Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 13:1; Deuteronomy 34:11; Isaiah 8:18; Jeremiah 32:20. The word rendered "signs" (Hebrew: אות 'ôth - Chaldee: את 'âth) means, properly, "a sign," as something significant, or something that points out or designates anything; as Genesis 1:14, "shall be for "signs" and for seasons;" that is, signs of seasons. Then the word denotes an ensign, a military flag, Numbers 2:2; then a sign of something past, a token or remembrancer, Exodus 13:9, Exodus 13:16; Deuteronomy 6:8; then a sign of something future, a portent, an omen, Isaiah 8:18; then a sign or token of what is visible, as circumcision, Genesis 17:11, or the rainbow in the cloud, as a token of the covenant which God made with man, Genesis 9:12; then anything which serves as a sign or proof of the fulfillment of prophecy, Exodus 3:12; 1 Samuel 2:34; and then it refers to anything which is a sign or proof of Divine power, Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 6:22; Deuteronomy 7:19, "et al."

The Hebrew word is commonly rendered "signs," but it is also rendered "token, ensign, miracles." As applied to what God does, it seems to be used in the sense of anything that is significant of his presence and power; anything that shall manifestly show that, what occurs is done by him; anything that is beyond human ability, and that makes known the being and the perfections of God by a direct and extraordinary manifestation. Here the meaning is, that what was done in so remarkable a manner was significant of the agency of God; it was what demonstrated that he exists, and that showed his greatness. The word rendered "wonders" (תמה temahh) means, properly, what is fitted to produce astonishment, or to lead one to wonder, and is applied to miracles as adapted to produce that effect. It refers to that state of mind which exists where anything occurs out of the ordinary course of nature, or which indicates supernatural power. The Hebrew word rendered "wonders" is often used to denote miracles, Exodus 3:20; Exodus 7:3; Exodus 11:9; Deuteronomy 6:22, "et al." The meaning here is, that what had occurred was fitted to excite amazement, and to lead men to wonder at the mighty works of God.

That the high God - The God who is exalted, or lifted up; that is, the God who is above all. See Daniel 3:26. It is an appellation which would be given to God as the Supreme Being. The Greek translation of this verse is, "And now I show unto you the deeds - πράξεις praxeis - which the great God has done unto me, for it seemed good to me to show to you and your wise men" - τοῖς σοφισταῖς ὑμῶν tois sophistais humōn.

3

Daniel 4:3

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そのしるしは何と大きいことか——神がこのような仕方でご自身を知らせられる事柄は、何と大きく、何と驚くべきことであろうか。これは疑いなく、彼自身に起こった出来事、すなわちこれほどの地位と権力を備えた君主がこれほど卑しい状態にまで引き下ろされた出来事を指している。彼がこれを、神の介入を示す顕著な実例として、またまことの神の至高性を高く認識させるのにふさわしい事柄として受け止めたのは当然であった。

その奇しいみわざは何と力強いことか——神が行われる不思議な出来事、すなわち讃嘆と驚異とを引き起こすのにふさわしい事柄である。(Psalm 72:18; Psalm 86:10; Isaiah 25:1) を比較せよ。

その王国は永遠の王国である——ネブカデネザルがこの反省に至ったのは、疑いなく彼自身に起こったことによるものであった。当時の地上で最も強力な君主であった彼は、自分の王座には安定がないことを見た。神がみこころのままに、彼をその高い座から引き下ろし、その権威を他の手に移す力を持っておられることを見たのである。そして彼は、神の御座だけが安定し永続する唯一のものだという反省へと自然に導かれた。神がすべてを支配しておられ、その御国はこの世の国々に生じる変転に左右されないことを、彼は疑わずにはいられなかった。この教訓を教えるのにこれほど適した出来事は、地上ではほとんど起こらなかった。

その統治は代々に至るまで——すなわち、それは永続するという意味である。人間の統治のように死によって中断されることがなく、地の王権がしばしばそうであるように、ある家系から別の家系へと移ることもない。神の統治の下では、同一の王権、同一の法体系、同一の摂理の配慮、同一の賞罰の方法が常に存在してきたし、世の終わりまで存在し続けるであろう。おそらく、神の統治についてこれ以上荘厳な見方はあり得ない。地の君主はみな死に、地の君主の手に委ねられた権威はまもなく取り上げられる。自分の治世を延長できるほど強力な者はなく、自分の権威を次の世代にまで及ぼすことができる者もいない。それゆえ、地の政府はどれほど強力であっても短命であり、歴史は極めて数多くのそのような統治の記録から成り、その多くは極めて短く、性格も実に多様である。王権は君主の手から落ち、彼が再びそれを取り戻すことは決してない。別の者がそれをつかむが、その者もしばらく保つだけでやがて過ぎ去る。しかし神の統治は、すべての世代において同一である。今の世代は、セミラミスやヌマが生きていたときに統治しておられたのと同一の主権者の支配の下にある。王権は久しく前にアレクサンドロスやカエサルたちの手から落ちたが、彼らの時代に統治しておられた同じ神は、今もなお御座に就いておられるのである。

英語原文

How great are his signs! - How great and wonderful are the things by which he makes himself known in this manner! The allusion is doubtless to what had occurred to himself - the event by which a monarch of such state and power had been reduced to a condition so humble. With propriety he would regard this as a signal instance of the Divine interposition, and as adapted to give him an exalted view of the supremacy of the true God.

And how mighty are his wonders! - The wonderful events which he does; the things fitted to produce admiration and astonishment. Compare Psalm 72:18; Psalm 86:10; Isaiah 25:1.

His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom - Nebuchadnezzar was doubtless led to this reflection by what had occurred to him. He, the most mighty monarch then on earth, had seen that his throne had no stability; he had seen that God had power at his will to bring him down from his lofty seat, and to transfer his authority to other hands; and he was naturally led to reflect that the throne of God was the only one that was stable and permanent. He could not but be convinced that God reigned over all, and that his kingdom was not subject to the vicissitudes which occur in the kingdoms of this world. There have been few occurrences on the earth better adapted to teach this lesson than this.

And his dominion is from generation to generation - That is, it is perpetual. It is not liable to be arrested as that of man is, by death; it does not pass over from one family to another as an earthly scepter often does. The same scepter; the same system of laws; the same providential arrangements; the same methods of reward and punishment, have always existed under his government, and will continue to do so to the end of time. There is, perhaps, no more sublime view that can be taken of the government of God than this. All earthly princes die; all authority lodged in the hands of an earthly monarch is soon withdrawn. No one is so mighty that he can prolong his own reign; and no one can make his own authority extend to the next generation. Earthly governments, therefore, however mighty, are of short duration; and history is made up of the records of a great number of such administrations, many of them exceedingly brief, and of very various character. The scepter falls from the hand of the monarch, never to be resumed by him again; another grasps it to retain it also but a little time, and then he passes away. But the dominion of God is in all generations the same. This generation is under the government of the same Sovereign who reigned when Semiramis or Numa lived; and though the scepter has long since fallen from the hands of Alexander and the Caesars, yet the same God who ruled in their age is still on the throne.

4

Daniel 4:4

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私ネブカデネザルは安らいでいた——一部のギリシャ語写本はここに「彼の治世の第十八年にネブカデネザルは言った」を付け加えている。しかしこれらの言葉はヘブル語本文にはなく、何の権威もない。「安らいで」と訳された語(שׁלה shelēh)は、安全である、不安や恐れから自由である、ということを意味する。彼は平静と安全の状態を描写しようとしているのである。ギリシャ語では「平和のうちに」——εἰρηνέυων eirēneuōn——であり、平和を享受している、あるいは平和を享受できる状態にある、ということである。彼の戦争は終わり、王国は平静であり、彼は壮麗な首都を建設し、世界の富と贅沢を自分の周りに集めていた。そして今や、残りの生涯を安楽と幸福のうちに過ごせる状態にあった。

私の家で——彼の王としての住居において、ということである。ここにある二つの語——家と宮殿——は、いくぶん異なるものを指している可能性がある。すなわち前者の「家」は特に彼自身の私的な家庭、一人の人間としての家庭関係を指し、後者の「宮殿」は彼の宮殿に住まい、政府に関係していた人々を指すことがあり得る。もしそうなら、この箇所は、彼の周りのすべてが平和であり、いかなる方面からも不安の原因がないことを意味する。妻と子どもたちを含む彼自身の私的な家庭においても、公の事務に当たる者たちを含む宮殿の組織においても、彼には不安の理由がなかったのである。

私の宮殿で栄えていた——ギリシャ語の εὐθηνῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου euthēnōn epi tou thronou mou は、文字どおりには「私の王座の上で豊かである」を意味し、すなわち彼はその王座の上で平静で、穏やかで、繁栄していたということである。カルデヤ語の語(רענן ra‛ănan)は、本来、「青々とした」を意味し、たとえば木の葉や葉叢について用いられる。(Jeremiah 17:8) のヘブル語の語を比較せよ。「彼は水のほとりに植えられた木のようである——その葉は青々としている」。(Deuteronomy 12:2)「すべての青々とした木の下で」、(2 Kings 16:4)。このように青々と茂る木は繁栄の象徴となる。(Psalm 1:3; Psalm 37:35; Psalm 92:12-14) を見よ。ここでの全般的な意味は、彼が豊かな繁栄を享受していたということである。その王国は平和であり、自分の家において、彼は平穏な楽しみのためのあらゆる手段を備えていた。

英語原文

I Nebuchadnezzar was at rest - Some manuscripts in the Greek add here, "In the eighteenth year of his reign Nebuchadnezzar said." These words, however, are not in the Hebrew, and are of no authority. The word rendered "at rest" (שׁלה shelēh) means, to be secure; to be free from apprehension or alarm. He designs to describe a state of tranquility and security. Greek, "at peace" - εἰρηνέυων eirēneuōn: enjoying peace, or in a condition to enjoy peace. His wars were over; his kingdom was tranquil; he had built a magnificent capital; he had gathered around him the wealth and the luxuries of the world, and he was now in a condition to pass away the remainder of his life in ease and happiness.

In mine house - In his royal residence. It is possible that the two words here - house and palace - may refer to somewhat different things: the former - house - more particularly to his own private family - is domestic relations as a man; and the latter - palace - to those connected with the government who resided in his palace. If this is so, then the passage would mean that all around him was peaceful, and that from no source had he any cause of disquiet. In his own private family - embracing his wife and children; and in the arrangements of the palace - embracing those who had charge of public affairs, he had no cause of uneasiness.

And flourishing in my palace - Greek, εὐθηνῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου μου euthēnōn epi tou thronou mou - literally, "abundant upon my throne;" that is, he was tranquil, calm, prosperous on his throne. The Chaldee word (רענן ra‛ănan) means, properly, "green;" as, for example, of leaves or foliage. Compare the Hebrew word in Jeremiah 17:8; "He shall be as a tree planted by the waters - her leaf shall be green." Deuteronomy 12:2, "under every green tree," 2 Kings 16:4. A green and flourishing tree becomes thus the emblem of prosperity. See Psalm 1:3; Psalm 37:35; Psalm 92:12-14. The general meaning here is, that he was enjoying abundant prosperity. His kingdom was at peace, and in his own home he had every means of tranquil enjoyment.

5

Daniel 4:5

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私は夢を見た——すなわち、彼が夢の中で自分に示されたある光景を見た、という意味である。人が夢を「見た」と言うことには、我々の言語上いくらか不釣り合いなところがある。

それが私を恐れさせた——その恐れは、それが何か重要で厳粛なできごとを明らかにする意図をもつのではないかという懸念から生じたのである。これは当時広く行き渡っていた見方と一致していた。(Daniel 2:1) と比較せよ。さらに付け加えれば、今日広く行き渡っている見方とも一致しているのである。抽象的な信念がどのようなものであれ、夜の幻の中で恐ろしく厳粛な光景が心の前を過ぎるとき、多かれ少なかれ動揺しない者はほとんどいない。(Job 4:12-17; Job 33:14-15) と比較せよ。ウェルギリウスも同様に述べている(『アエネーイス』第四巻9行)。

「Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent!」

——わが姉妹アンナよ、不安に沈む私を、眠りの幻がいかに恐れさせることか。——

また、私の寝床の上の思い——すなわち、彼が寝床の上で抱いた思い、言い換えれば、夢の中での思いのことである。

私の頭の幻——彼が見たと思ったものである。幻は彼の頭の周りを漂っているかのように見えた。

私を悩ませた——彼をかき乱し、来たるべきものについての懸念を、すなわち何か大きく重要なできごとについての懸念を生じさせた、という意味である。

英語原文

I saw a dream - That is, he saw a representation made to him in a dream. There is something incongruous in our language in saying of one that he saw a dream.

Which made me afraid - The fear evidently arose from the apprehension that it was designed to disclose some important and solemn event. This was in accordance with a prevalent belief then (comp. Daniel 2:1), and it may be added that it is in accordance with a prevalent belief now. There are few persons, whatever may be their abstract belief, who are not more or less disturbed by fearful and solemn representations passing before the mind in the visions of the night. Compare Job 4:12-17; Job 33:14-15. So Virgil (Aen. iv. 9):

"Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent!"

And the thoughts upon my bed - The thoughts which I had upon my bed; to wit, in my dream.

And the visions of my head - What I seemed to see. The vision seemed to be floating around his head.

Troubled me - Disturbed me; produced apprehension of what was to come; of some great and important event.

6

Daniel 4:6

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それゆえ、私が勅令を発したのは——ここで勅令と訳された語(טעם ṭe‛êm)は、通常、ぶどう酒などの「味、風味」を意味し、次いで「判断、識別、理性」を、さらに王の判断、すなわち命令、布告を意味する。(Daniel 3:10) と比較せよ。その第一の観念は、ぶどう酒や食物などの性質を判定することを可能にする繊細な「味覚」であるように思われ、次いで、行為の性質に関する繊細で入念な識別を意味するようになった。こうしてこの語は健全で正確な判断を表し、そのような判断を表明する資格を備えた者によって宣言される命令ないし布告に適用される。ここでは、この夢を説明する資格があると見なされ得るすべての者を自分の前に召集せよという王命を発した、という意味である。ギリシャ語訳(キシアヌス写本)は Daniel 4:6-9 を省く。

すべての知者たちを……連れて来させるために——特に次の節に列挙されているような者たちのことである。(Daniel 2:12) と比較せよ。助言を与え、神のみこころの示唆と思われる事がらを説明するために宮廷に抱えていた知者たちをこのように呼び込むことは、彼の習慣と一致していた。(Daniel 2:2) の注解を見よ。(Genesis 41:8) とも比較せよ。

英語原文

Therefore made I a decree - The word here rendered decree (טעם ṭe‛êm) means, commonly, "taste, flavor," as of wine; then "judgment, discernment, reason;" and then a judgment of a king, a mandate, edict. Compare Daniel 3:10. The primary notion seems to be that of a delicate "taste" enabling one to determine the qualities of wines, viands, etc.; and then a delicate and nice discrimination in regard to the qualities of actions. The word thus expresses a sound and accurate judgment, and is applied to a decree or edict, as declared by one who had the qualifications to express such a judgment. Here it means, that he issued a royal order to summon into his presence all who could be supposed to be qualified to explain the dream. The Greek (Codex Chisianus) omits Daniel 4:6-9.

To bring in all the wise men ... - Particularly such as are enumerated in the following verse. Compare Daniel 2:12. It was in accordance with his habit thus to call in the wise men who were retained at court to give counsel, and to explain those things which seemed to be an intimation of the Divine will. See the note at Daniel 2:2. Compare also Genesis 41:8.

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Daniel 4:7

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そのとき、魔法使いたちが……はいって来た——ここに現れる語はすべて、「占い師」と訳された語を除き、(Daniel 2:2) にも見出され、その節の注解で説明されている。「占い師」と訳された語は (Daniel 2:27) に現れる。その節の注解における説明を見よ。これらすべての語は、同じおおよその階級の人々を指している——際立った知恵を授けられているとみなされた人々、注目すべき出来事を説明し、将来を予告し、前兆と不思議から天のみこころを宣言する資格があると考えられた人々である。啓示がまだ限られており、学問の境界が正確に定められておらず、未来にかけられた神秘的なベールを持ち上げる何らかの方法が見出される可能性がまだ残されており、それが夢によるのか、死者の霊との交わりによるのか、あるいは自然の明かされていない何らかの秘密によるのかが未解決の問題であった時代には、この知識が自分の管理下にあると主張する人々が見出されることは不自然でなかった。このような超自然的知识の主張者たちは、実際、あらゆる時代に見出される。彼らの大部分が疑いなく欺く者たちではあるが、このような階層の人々の存在は、神秘的な未来を洞察し、すべての重大な関心事が未来にある人間に、いまだ来たるべきことを明らかにする何かを見出そうとする、人間の胸に潜む深く真剣な願望の表徴にすぎないとみなされるべきである。ダニエル書第二章の終わりの論評と比較せよ。

私は彼らの前でその夢を語ったが——すなわち、彼らの面前で、ということである。この場合、王は彼らに、以前、夢を解き明かすだけでなく、それが何であったかを告げることまで要求したとき(Daniel 2)ほど厳しい要求を課さなかった。しかし、ここでも彼らの標榜する力は同じように空虚であった。彼らがこの夢の解釈を試みたかどうかは示されていないが、試みたとしても、それは王自身には全く満足のいくものではなかったであろう。彼らは、この夢が誇り高いこの君主自身に何らかの関係を持つと考え、それが恐ろしい災いを示していたために、その意味について憶測を冒すことを敢えてしなかったと考えるほうが、よりありそうに思われる。

英語原文

Then came in the magicians ... - All the words occurring here are found in Daniel 2:2, and are explained in the note at that verse, except the word rendered "soothsayers." This occurs in Daniel 2:27. See it explained in the note at that verse. All these words refer to the same general class of persons - those who were regarded as endued with eminent wisdom; who were supposed to be qualified to explain remarkable occurrences, to foretell the future, and to declare the will of heaven from portents and wonders. At a time when there was yet a limited revelation; when the boundaries of science were not determined with accuracy; when it was not certain but that some way might be ascertained of lifting the mysterious veil from the future, and when it was an open question whether that might not be by dreams or by communication with departed spirits, or by some undisclosed secrets of nature, it was not unnatural that persons should be found who claimed that this knowledge was under their control. Such claimants to preternatural knowledge are found indeed in every age; and though a large portion of them are undoubted deceivers, yet the existence of such an order of persons should be regarded as merely the exponent of the deep and earnest desire existing in the human bosom to penetrate the mysterious future; to find something that shall disclose to man, all whose great interests lie in the future, what is yet to be. Compare the remarks at the close of Daniel 2.

And I told the dream before them ... - In their presence. In this instance he did not lay on them so hard a requisition as he did on a former occasion, when he required them not only to interpret the dream, but to tell him what it was, Daniel 2. But their pretended power here was equally vain. Whether they attempted an interpretation of this dream does not appear; but if they did, it was wholly unsatisfactory to the king himself. It would seem more probable that they supposed that the dream might have some reference to the proud monarch himself, and that, as it indicated some awful calamity, they did not dare to hazard a conjecture in regard to its meaning.

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Daniel 4:8

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しかし、ついに——ほかの者たちが夢を解き明かせないことを示したのちのことである。なぜダニエルがほかの者たちとともに呼ばれなかったのかは明らかでなく、最終的にどのような仕方で王の前に召し出されたのかも述べられていない。おそらく、以前の折 (Daniel 2) に示した彼の手腕が記憶され、他のすべての者が夢を解き明かす力を持たないことを示したとき、ネブカデネザルが彼を呼び入れたのであろう。ラテン語ヴルガートはこれを Donee collega ingressus est——すなわち「一人の同僚が入って来るまで」——と訳している。ギリシャ語は ἕως heōs、「〜まで」。アクィラとシンマコスは「別の者、すなわち私ダニエルが前に進み出るまで」と訳している。通行の訳はカルデヤ語の意味を十分に正確に表しているが、より字義どおりに訳せば「その後になってようやく」となるであろう。

その名をベルテシャツァルといった——すなわち、これは彼が宮廷で帯びていた名、あるいはカルデヤ人たちが彼に与えた名であった、ということである。(Daniel 1:7) の注釈を参照せよ。

私の神の名にしたがって——すなわち、私の神ベル、あるいはベルスの名が、彼に与えられた名の中に組み込まれている、ということである。ここでこれに言及したのは、おそらく、こうして彼の助けを求めることの適切さを示すためであろう。彼が君主の崇拝していた神の名を帯びていたからである。自分の崇拝する神の御心の示唆と見なされていた事柄を解き明かすべく、彼を自分の前に召し出すことには、特別なふさわしさがあるように思われたであろう。この章でこの君主が用いる表現には、異教の心情と真の宗教の心情とが、奇妙ではあるが不自然ではない仕方で混じり合っている。彼は生涯を異教人として過ごしてきた。それでも彼は、真の神についていくらかの知識を持ち、その方が普遍的な崇拝と称賛とに値することを感じさせられていた (Daniel 2)。このような精神状態にあって、異教から生じる心情と、神についての正しい見方から湧き出る心情とを交互に表現することが、不自然であったりありそうにないことであったりするわけではない。

そのうちに聖なる神々の霊の宿る者——彼が「聖なる神々」によって誰を意味したのかを決定することは容易ではない。これはおそらく、彼が偶像礼拝者であったという事実の支配を受けた言葉であったと思われる。彼は、ダニエルが礼拝し、その助けによって夢を解き明かすことを可能とされた神が、まことの神であり、普遍的な敬意に値する方であることを感じるようにはなった。しかし、彼の観念はなお大いに混乱していたのかもしれず、他の神々の実在を否定するつもりはないまま、その方をただ他のすべてにまさるものと見なしていたのかもしれない。彼の理解では、ダニエルの神が至高でありながら、他の神々の存在することも真でありえた。おそらく彼は、すべての神々の霊がダニエルのうちに宿り、彼が際立って天に寵愛され、目に見えない世界から来るいかなる伝達をも解き明かしうると言おうとしたのかもしれない。ここで「霊」という語が聖霊を指して意図されたものではないことは、あえて指摘するまでもないであろう。それはおそらく、神々が特定の人々に知恵と知識を分け与えるものであると信じられていたことに関連して用いられたのであり、神々自身のうちに宿る知恵と知識の霊そのものが、ダニエルの胸にも宿っているように見えた、ということを意味するのかもしれない。

私は彼の前で夢を語った——以前 (Daniel 2) で彼が要求したように、夢とその意味との両方を述べるよう求めたのではない。

英語原文

But at the last - After the others had shown that they could not interpret the dream. Why Daniel was not called with the others does not appear; nor is it said in what manner he was at last summoned into the presence of the king. It is probable that his skill on a former occasion Daniel 2 was remembered, and that when all the others showed that they had no power to interpret the dream, he was called in by Nebuchadnezzar. The Latin Vulgate renders this, Donee collega ingressus est - "until a colleague entered." The Greek, ἕως heōs, "until." Aquila and Symmachus render it, "until another entered before me, Daniel." The common version expresses the sense of the Chaldee with sufficient accuracy, though a more literal translation would be, "until afterward."

Whose name was Belteshazzar - That is, this was the name which he bore at court, or which had been given him by the Chaldeans. See the note at Daniel 1:7.

According to the name of my god - That is, the name of my god Bel, or Belus, is incorporated in the name given to him. This is referred to here, probably, to show the propriety of thus invoking his aid; because he bore the name of the god whom the monarch had adored. There would seem to be a special fitness in summoning him before him, to explain what was supposed to be an intimation of the will of the god whom he worshipped. There is a singular, though not unnatural, mixture of the sentiments of paganism and of the true religion in the expressions which this monarch uses in this chapter. He had been a pagan all his life; yet he had had some knowledge of the true God, and had been made to feel that he was worthy of universal adoration and praise, Daniel 2. That, in this state of mind, he should alternately express such sentiments as were originated by paganism, and those which spring from just views of God, is not unnatural or improbable.

And in whom is the spirit of the holy gods - It is not easy to determine whom he meant by the holy gods. It would seem probable that this was such language as was dictated by the fact that he had been an idolater. He had been brought to feel that the God whom Daniel worshipped, and by whose aid he had been enabled to interpret the dream, was a true God, and was worthy of universal homage; but perhaps his ideas were still much confused, and he only regarded him as superior to all others, though he did not intend to deny the real existence of others. It might be true, in his apprehension, that there were other gods, though the God of Daniel was supreme, and perhaps he meant to say that the spirit of all the gods was in Daniel; that in an eminent degree he was the favorite of heaven, and that he was able to interpret any communication which came from the invisible world. It is perhaps unnecessary to observe here that the word spirit has no intended reference to the Holy Spirit. It is probably used with reference to the belief that the gods were accustomed to impart wisdom and knowledge to certain men, and may mean that the very spirit of wisdom and knowledge which dwelt in the gods themselves seemed to dwell in the bosom of Daniel.

And before him I told the dream - Not requiring him, as he did before Daniel 2, to state both the dream and its meaning.

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Daniel 4:9

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魔法使たちのかしら、ベルテシャツァルよ——「かしら」は、彼が彼らのうちの第一人者であった、あるいは彼らすべてに勝っていたという意味である。あるいはまた、おそらく彼は、以前の夢を解き明かしたときに任じられた、この階層の人々の長という職に依然として留まっていたのかもしれない(Daniel 2:48)。「かしら」と訳されている語(רב rab)は、ユダヤ人のあいだで教師、指導者、あるいは偉大な人物に適用された語であり、「ラビ」という称号はここから出たものである。(Daniel 2:48; Daniel 5:11) と比較せよ。

私は、聖なる神々の霊があなたのうちにおられることを知っているからである——王はこのことを、以前の機会に自分の夢を解き明かした際に彼が示した手腕によって知ったのである(Daniel 2)。

どんな隠された事もあなたを悩ませないからである——すなわち、あなたが説明できないほどあなたを悩ませることはなく、その意味を明らかにすることはあなたの力を超えてはいない、ということである。「隠された事」と訳されている語(רז râz)は、Daniel 2:18-19, Daniel 2:27-30, Daniel 2:47 に現れるもので、ほかのどこにも見られない。これは隠されているものを意味し、ここでは、夢の下に潜められた真理ないし神のみこころの示唆を指している。「悩ませる」と訳されている語(אנס 'ânas)は、駆り立てる、圧迫する、強いることを意味し、ここでの考えは、それが彼に不安を与えるほどに彼を「圧迫し」はしなかった、ということである。その意味を明らかにすることは、彼にとってたやすいことだった。ギリシャ語は「どんな神秘もあなたの力を超えない」——ὀυκ ἀδυνατεῖ σε ouk adunatei se——と訳す。

私の見た夢の幻を私に告げよ——幻の性質、すなわち私の見たことの趣旨を、ということである。王はその解き明かしのみならず、この幻をいかなる種類の幻とみなすべきか——神のみこころの示唆であるのか、それともありふれた夢であるのか——をも知りたいと望んだように思われる。ギリシャ語訳とアラビア語訳はこれを「私の見た夢の幻を聞き、その解き明かしを私に告げよ」と訳している。「聞け」という語はカルデア語にはないが、こちらのほうがこの箇所の蓋然性のある意味によりよく調和する。

英語原文

O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians - "Master," in the sense that he was first among them, or was superior to them all. Or, perhaps, he still retained office at the head of this class of men - the office to which he had been appointed when he interpreted the former dream, Daniel 2:48. The word rendered "master" (רב rab) is that which was applied to a teacher, a chief, or a great man among the Jews - from where came the title "rabbi." Compare Daniel 2:48; Daniel 5:11.

Because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in thee - This he had learned by the skill which he had shown in interpreting his dream on former occasion, Daniel 2.

And no secret troubleth thee - That is, so troubles you that you cannot explain it; it is not beyond your power to disclose its signification. The word rendered "secret" (רז r̂az) occurs in Daniel 2:18-19, Daniel 2:27-30, Daniel 2:47. It is not elsewhere found. It means what is hidden, and has reference here to the concealed truth or intimation of the Divine will couched under a dream. The word rendered "troubleth thee" (אנס 'ânas) means, to urge, to press, to compel; and the idea here is, than it did not so "press" upon him as to give him anxiety. It was an easy matter for him to disclose its meaning. Greek, "No mystery is beyond your power" - ὀυκ ἀδυνατεῖ σε ouk adunatei se.

Tell me the visions of my dream - The nature of the vision, or the purport of what I have seen. He seems to have desired to know what sort of a vision he should regard this to be, as well as its interpretation - whether as an intimation of the Divine will, or as an ordimary dream. The Greek and Arabic render this, "Hear the vision of my dream, and tell me the interpretation thereof." This accords better with the probable meaning of the passage, though the word "hear" is not in the Chaldee.

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Daniel 4:10

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私の寝床における、私の頭の幻はこのようなものであった——これらは、彼が寝床の上で見た事がらである。それらが「彼の頭の幻」であったと言うとき、彼は、頭が思考の座であるという、当時疑いなく真理とみなされていた教説を述べているのである。

私は見た——欄外には「見ていた」とある。カルデア語では「見ながら私は見た」。この句は、注意深く静かな観照を含意するものであろう。それは一過性の幻ではなく、その形態と外観を明瞭に記憶に留め得るほどに、彼が落ち着いて眺めた対象であった。

見よ、地のただ中に一本の木があった——地の中央の位置を占めていた、ということである。それは単独で——いかなる森からも離れて——立っていたように思われる。中央に位置することも、その大きさと均整と劣らず、彼の注意を引いた。このように天までそびえ、その枝を遠くへ伸ばし、野の獣に陰を、天の鳥に住処を与えていたこの木は(Daniel 4:12)、偉大で力ある君主の著しい象徴であり、この幻が自分自身に何らかの関係を持つという考えを、ネブカデネザルがただちに抱いたことは疑いない。こうして (Ezekiel 31:3) では、アッシリアの王が壮麗な杉の木に比較されている。「見よ、アッシリアはレバノンの杉の木、美しい枝を持ち、林のような陰をなし、高くそびえ、その頂は密な枝の中にあった」。(Ezekiel 17:22-24)——そこで「高い木と青々とした木」はおそらくネブカデネザルを指す——とも比較せよ。(Isaiah 2:13) の注解を見よ。(Isaiah 10:18-19; Jeremiah 22:7, Jeremiah 22:23) と比較せよ。ホメロスはしばしば彼の英雄たちを木に比較する。石に打たれて倒れたヘクトルは、雷に打たれて倒された樫の木に比較される。シモイシオスの最期はポプラの倒れることに、エウポルボスの最期は美しいオリーブの木の倒れることに比較される。英雄を森の高い木に比較するほど明白なことはなく、それゆえ、ネブカデネザルがこの幻は自分自身に関係すると考えたことは自然なことであった。

その高さは大きかった——次の節では、天に達していたと言われている。

英語原文

Thus were the visions of my head in my bed - These are the things which I saw upon my bed. When he says that they were the "visions of his head," he states a doctrine which was then doubtless regarded as the truth, that the head is the seat of thought.

I saw - Margin, "was seeing." Chaldee, "seeing I saw." The phrase would imply attentive and calm contemplation. It was not a flitting vision; it was an object which he contemplated deliberately so as to retain a distinct remembrance of its form and appearance.

And, behold, a tree in the midst of the earth - Occupying a central position on the earth. It seems to have been by itself - remote from any forest: to have stood alone. Its central position, no less than its size and proportions, attracted his attention. Such a tree, thus towering to the heavens, and sending out its branches afar, and affording a shade to the beasts of the field, and a home to the fowls of heaven Daniel 4:12, was a striking emblem of a great and mighty monarch, and it undoubtedly occurred to Nebuchadnezzar at once that the vision had some reference to himself. Thus in Ezekiel 31:3, the Assyrian king is compared with a magnificent cedar: "Behold, the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of a high stature, and his top was among the thick boughs." Compare also Ezekiel 17:22-24, where "the high tree and the green tree" refer probably to Nebuchadnezzar. See the note at Isaiah 2:13. Compare Isaiah 10:18-19; Jeremiah 22:7, Jeremiah 22:23. Homer often compares his heroes to trees. Hector, felled by a stone, is compared with an oak overthrown by a thunderbolt. The fall of Simoisius is compared by him to that of a poplar, and that of Euphorbus to the fall of a beautiful olive. Nothing is more obvious than the comparison of a hero with a lofty tree of the forest, and hence, it was natural for Nebuchadnezzar to suppose that this vision had a reference to himself.

And the height thereof was great - In the next verse it is said to have reached to heaven.

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Daniel 4:11

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「木は大きくなり」——または、その木が「大きくなった」(רבה rebâh) という意味である。これは、彼が見つめる間に木が天に届くほどに成長したという意味ではなく、木がそのすべての栄光のうちに彼の前に立っており、その頂は空に達し、その枝は遠くまで広がっていたという意味である。

「強くなり」——その木は均整が取れており、その高さと、それが支える枝と葉の大群とに見合った幹を持っていた。ここでの強さとはその幹のこと、また、地に堅く固定されているように見えたことを指す。

「その高さは天に達し」——空に、すなわち雲のある領域に達したという意味である。天に達する木のたとえは、ギリシャおよびラテンの著述家たちに広く見られる——グロティウス。ウェルギリウスの「うわさ」(ファマ)に関する描写と比較せよ。

「Mox sese attollit in auras, Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit.」——やがて自らを大空に高く押し上げ、地を歩き、その頭を雲のあいだに隠す——『アエネーイス』第4巻176行。

「その見ばえは地の果てまでも及んだ」——その木が地のあらゆる部分から見えた、あるいは目に留まった、という意味である。ここで「見ばえ」に当たるギリシャ語は (κῦτος kutos)、すなわち「広がり、広大さ」である。ヘロドトス(「ポリュムニア」の巻)は、クセルクセスに関して、広大で普遍的な君主権を示す、これと驚くほどよく似た幻を描写している。

「これらの出来事ののち、彼は眠りのうちに第三の幻を見た。これを聞いた魔術師たち (μάγοι magoi) は、それが全地に関わり、すべての人々が彼に服従するようになることを示すと言った。幻は次のとおりであった。クセルクセスは月桂樹の枝で冠を戴いているように見え、その月桂樹の枝は全地に広がっているように見えた」。ここでネブカデネザルが見た、世界のいかなる場所からでも見えるほど目立つ木の幻は、普遍的な支配権を持つ君主に当然当てはめられるものであった。

英語原文

The tree grew - Or the tree was "great" - רבה rebâh. It does not mean that the tree grew while he was looking at it so as to reach to the heaven, but that it stood before him in all its glory, its top reaching to the sky, and its branches extending afar.

And was strong - It was well-proportioned, with a trunk adapted to its height, and to the mass of boughs and foliage which it bore. The strength here refers to its trunk, and to the fact that it seemed fixed firmly in the earth.

And the height thereof reached unto heaven - To the sky; to the region of the clouds. The comparison of trees reaching to heaven is common in Greek and Latin authors. - Grotius. Compare Virgil's description of Fame.

"Mox sese attollit in auras,

Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit." -

"AEn. iv. 176

And the sight thereof to the end of all the earth - It could be seen, or was visible in all parts of the earth. The Greek here for "sight" is κῦτος kutos, "breadth, capaciousness." Herodotus ("Polymnia") describes a vision remarkably similar to this, as indicative of a wide and universal monarchy, respecting Xerxes:

"After these things there was a third vision in his sleep, which the magicians (μάγοι magoi) hearing of, said that it pertained to all the earth, and denoted that all men would be subject to him. The vision was this: Xerxes seemed to be crowned with a branch of laurel, and the branches of laurel seemed to extend through all the earth." The vision which Nebuchadnezzar had here, of a tree so conspicuous as to be seen from any part of the world, was one that would be naturally applied to a sovereign having a universal sway.

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Daniel 4:12

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「その葉は美しく」——美しかった、ということである。すなわち、葉は豊かで青々と茂り、衰えの徴は少しもなかった。すべてが旺盛で健康な成長——完全な美しさと威厳を備えた木——を示しており、栄光のうちにある君主を表す印象的な象徴であった。

「その実は多く」——実を豊かに付けており、木が完全に勢いを保っていることを示していた。

「その中にはすべての者のための食物があり」——すべての者の食物、である。meat という語はかつてこのように用いられた。これは、この木が表す人物に多数の群衆が依存していることを示すとともに、彼が恵みを気前よく分け与える者であることを表す。

「野の獣はその陰に陰を得」——真昼の焼けつく暑さのなかで、その下に心地よい日陰を見出した、ということである。これは、保護を与え、その下にあるすべての者に平安を与える君主制の祝福を表す印象的な象徴である。

「天の鳥はその枝に宿り」——空中の鳥たちのことである。彼らはそこに妨げられることなく巣をかけ、雛を育てた。これは、表現しようとした大君主国の下で与えられる保護を示す、もう一つの印象的な象徴である。

「すべての肉なるものはそれによって養われていた」——すべての動物、すなわち生きているすべてのものを指す。この木は、すべてのものに保護と住処と食物とを提供した。ベルトルトはこれを「すべての人間」と訳す。ギリシャ語キシアヌス写本には、この箇所について次のような訳ないし意訳が載っている。「その幻は大きく、その頂は天に達し、その広がり(κῦτος kutos)は雲に達した——彼らは天の下にあるものたち(τὰ ta)を満たした——太陽と月とがあり、彼らはそのうちに住み、全地を照らした」。

英語原文

The leaves thereof were fair - Were beautiful. That is, they were abundant, and green, and there were no signs of decay. Everything indicated a vigorous and healthy growth - a tree in its full beauty and majesty - a striking emblem of a monarch in his glory.

And the fruit thereof much - It was loaded with fruit - showing that the tree was in its full vigour.

And in it was meat for all - Food for all, for so the word meat was formerly used. This would indicate the dependence of the multitudes on him whom the tree represented, and would also denote that he was a liberal dispenser of his favors.

The beasts of the field had shadow under it - Found a grateful shade under it in the burning heat of noon - a striking emblem of the blessings of a monarchy affording protection, and giving peace to all under it.

And the fowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof - The fowls of the air. They built their nests and reared their young there undisturbed, another striking emblem of the protection afforded under the great monarchy designed to be represented.

And all flesh was fed of it - All animals; all that lived. It furnished protection, a home, and food for all. Bertholdt renders this, "all men." In the Greek Codex Chisianus there is the following version or paraphrase given of this passage: "Its vision was great, its top reached to the heaven, and its breadth (κῦτος kutos) to the clouds - they filled the things (τὰ ta) under the heaven - there was a sun and moon, they dwelt in it, and enlightened all the earth."

13

Daniel 4:13

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「私の寝床の上で、私の頭の幻のうちに、私は見た」――すなわち、彼が寝床に横たわっていたとき、彼の前を過ぎて行った幻のうちでのことである (Daniel 4:10)。

「見よ、ひとりの見張り、すなわち聖なる者が」――あるいはむしろ「聖なる者である」と、あるいは「聖なる者であった方」とすべきかもしれない。彼が意図しているのは明らかに、二つの存在、すなわちひとりの「見張り」と「聖なる一人」とではなく、その見張りの性格を指定すること、彼が聖なる者であったこと、すなわち聖なる者たちとして位づけられた「見張り」の階級に属する一人であったことである。あたかも「見張り」の名を当てはめうるにもかかわらず聖くないほかの者たちがいるかのようにである。ベルトルトも「二つではなく、ただひとり、見張りであると同時に聖なる者、見張りまた聖なる者として知られる者たちの一人である」と述べる。接続詞 ו (v) ――「そして」に当たる語――は、別のひとりあるいは別の事物を示すためではなく、その名が示すところに何かを付け加えて指定し、あるいはそれを説明する形で用いられうるのである。(1 Samuel 28:3)「ラマ、すなわち (ו (v)) 彼自身の町に」、(1 Samuel 17:40)「それらを彼の持っていた羊飼いの袋、すなわち (ו (v)) 革袋の中に入れた」を比較せよ。

(Psalm 68:9 (10); Amos 3:11; Amos 4:10; Jeremiah 15:13; Isaiah 1:13; Isaiah 13:14; Isaiah 57:11; Ecclesiastes 8:2) を比較せよ。――ゲゼニウス『Lexicon』。「見張り」と訳された語 (עיר ‛ı̂yr)) は、ヴルガートでは vigil と訳されている。テオドティオンのギリシャ語では、翻訳しようとする試みなしにその語が保たれて εἴρ eir とされ、キシアヌス写本は ἄγγελος angelos ――「ひとりの天使がその力のうちに天から遣わされた」――としている。原語 (עיר ‛ı̂yr)) は本来「見張り」を意味し、「熱く燃え、熱心である」を意味する עיר ‛ı̂yr) に由来し、次いで「生き生きとした、活動的な」、さらに「目覚める」「眠らずにいる」「夜に眠らずに見張る」という意味になった。(Sol 5:2; Malachi 2:12) を比較せよ。ここで用いられている語が見張る者を表すのに用いられるのは、ダニエル書の中でもこの章においてのみである (Daniel 4:13; Daniel 4:17; Daniel 4:23)。これらの箇所ではそれは明らかに天使たちに適用されているが、「なぜ」この術語が用いられるのかは知られていない。ゲゼニウス(『Lexicon』)は、人々の魂を見張る者たちとして彼らにこの名が与えられたと考える。

ヒエロニムス (in loc.) は、彼らが常に見張っており、神のみこころを行う用意ができているから、この名が与えられたのだと言う。ヒエロニムスによれば、虹に適用され、天から地へ遣わされた天の存在のように見えるギリシャ語 ἴρις iris も、この語から派生したものである。『イリアス』第2巻27行を比較せよ。テオドレトスは、天使が身体を持たない存在である――ἀσώματον asōmaton――ことを示すために、この名が天使に与えられたのだと言う。「身体をまとった者は眠りの僕であるが、身体から自由な者は眠りの必要に優っているからである」と。天の存在たちに適用される「見張りたち」という術語は東方起源であり、おそらくはペルシャに由来するものであろう。「七人のアムハスパンドは、その偉大で聖なる目のゆえにその名を受けた。また一般に、すべての天のイゼドは高い天において世界と人々の魂とを見張っており、このゆえに世界の見張りたちと呼ばれる」。――ベルトルトが該当箇所で引用するゼンダヴェスタ。「ゼンダヴェスタの注釈書であるブン・デヘシュは、古代ゾロアスター体系における見張りたちの名と目的とを明らかに示す抜粋を含んでいる。それはこのように記されている。『オルムズドは、星の軍勢に目を留めさせるために、天の四つの部分に四人の「見張り」を立てた。彼らは天の星の軍勢を見張ることを義務づけられている。一人はここで自分の円環の見張りとして立ち、ほかの一人はそこに立つ。彼は天の領域のこの円環またあの円環の見張りとして、彼らをこの場所またあの場所に、自分自身の権能と力とによって配置した。タシュテルは東を守り、スタテヴィスは西を見張り、ヴェナントは南を、ハフトラングは北を見張る』」――スチュアート教授が該当箇所で引用するローデ『Die heilige Sage des Zendvolks』267ページ。「ここに「善い」という修飾語が加えられているのは、おそらくは、悪しき天才アーリマンには、ゼンダヴェスタのアムハスパンドやイゼドに位において相当し、ほかの者たちが善を行うために熱心に「見張った」のとちょうど同じように悪を行うために熱心に「見張る」アルクデヴェとデヴェがいたからであり、この階級の見張りたちを「悪い」者たちから区別するためであろう」。――スチュアート教授。天の存在たちに適用されるこれらの術語がバビロン王国において知られていたでろうことは十分にあり得るのであり、この書においてそのように用いられることより自然なことは何もない。この語は、純粋なヘブル語で書かれた諸書のどこにも見出されない。

英語原文

I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed - In the visions that passed before me as I lay upon my bed, Daniel 4:10.

And, behold, a watcher and an holy one - Or rather, perhaps, "even a holy one;" or, "who was a holy one." He evidently does not intend to refer to two beings, a "watcher," and "one who was holy;" but he means to designate the character of the watcher, that he was holy, or that he was one of the class of "watchers" who were ranked as holy - as if there were others to whom the name "watcher" might be applied who were not holy. So Bertholdt, "not two, but only one, who was both a watcher, and was holy; one of those known as watchers and as holy ones." The copulative ו (v) and may be so used as to denote not an additional one or thing, but to specify something in addition to, or in explanation of, what the name applied would indicate. Compare 1 Samuel 28:3 : "In Ramah, even (ו v) in his own city." 1 Samuel 17:40 : "and put them in a shepherd's bag which he had, even (ו v) in a scrip."

Compare Psalm 68:9 (10); Amos 3:11; Amos 4:10; Jeremiah 15:13; Isaiah 1:13; Isaiah 13:14; Isaiah 57:11; Ecclesiastes 8:2. - Gesenius, "Lex." The word rendered "watcher" (עיר ‛ı̂yr) is rendered in the Vulgate vigil; in the Greek of Theodotion the word is retained without an attempt to translate it - εἴρ eir; the Codex Chisianus has ἄγγελος angelos - "an angel was sent in his strength from heaven." The original word (עיר ‛ı̂yr) means, properly, "a watcher," from עיר ‛ı̂yr, to be hot and ardent; then to be lively, or active, and then to awake, to be awake, to be awake at night, to watch. Compare Sol 5:2; Malachi 2:12. The word used here is employed to denote one who watches, only in this chapter of Daniel, Daniel 4:13, Daniel 4:17, Daniel 4:23. It is in these places evidently applied to the angels, but "why" this term is used is unknown. Gesenius ("Lex.") supposes that it is given to them as watching over the souls of men.

Jerome (in loc.) says that the reason why the name is given is because they always watch, and are prepared to do the will of God. According to Jerome, the Greek ἴρις iris as applied to the rainbow, and which seems to be a heavenly being sent down to the earth, is derived from this word. Compare the "Iliad," ii. 27. Theodoret says that the name is given to an angel, to denote that the angel is without a body - ἀσώματον asōmaton - "for he that is encompassed with a body is the servant of sleep, but he that is free from a body is superior to the necessity of sleep." The term "watchers," as applied to the celestial beings, is of Eastern origin, and not improbably was derived from Persia. "The seven Amhaspands received their name on account of their great, holy eyes, and so, generally, all the heavenly Izeds watch in the high heaven over the world and the souls of men, and on this account are called the watchers of the world." - Zendavesta, as quoted by Bertholdt, in loc. "The Bun-Dehesh, a commentary on the Zendavesta, contains an extract from it, which shows clearly the name and object of the watchers in the ancient system of Zoroaster. It runs thus: "Ormuzd has set four "watchers" in the four parts of the heavens, to keep their eye upon the host of the stars.

They are bound to keep watch over the hosts of the celestial stars. One stands here as the watcher of his circle; the other there. He has placed them at such and such posts, as watchers over such and such a circle of the heavenly regions; and this by his own power and might. Tashter guards the east, Statevis watches the west, Venant the south, and Haftorang the north." - Rhode, Die heilige Sage des Zendvolks, p. 267, as quoted by Prof. Stuart., in loc. "The epithet "good" is probably added here to distinguish this class of watchers from the "bad" ones, for Ahriman, the evil genius, had "Archdeves" and "Deves," who corresponded in rank with the Amhaspands and Izeds of the Zendavesta, and who "watched" to do evil as anxiously as the others did to do good." - Prof. Stuart. It is not improbable that these terms, as applicable to celestial beings, would be known in the kingdom of Babylon, and nothing is more natural than that it should be so used in this book. It is not found in any of the books of pure Hebrew.

14

Daniel 4:14

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「彼は大声で叫んだ」――欄外注では、カルデア語のとおり「力を込めて」。すなわち、強い声で叫んだのである。

「木を切り倒せ」――この命令は、この任務を執行すべき特定の者たちに向けられて語られたようには見えず、それは、これが確実になされるであろうことを述べるための力強く意義深い言い方である。あるいはまた、この命令は、彼の仲間の監視者たち (Daniel 4:17)、あるいはこの者の支配下にある天使の諸階級に向けられたものとして理解されるかもしれない。

「その枝を切り取れ……」――ここでの観念、およびこの節の後続部分での観念は、木が完全に切り刻まれ、その栄光と美のすべてが破壊されるということである。木はまず伐り倒され、次にその大枝が切り落とされ、次にそれらは葉をすべて取り去られ、次に付いている実が散らされる。これらすべては、玉座から引き降ろされた後にこの君主に臨むある恐るべき災厄に適用されたものとして、印象的に意義深い。屈辱と荒廃の過程が続くことであろう。まるで切り倒された木が、その威容のままに地の上に静かに横たわることを許されないかのようである。「獣たちをそこから追い出せ」等々。すなわち、獣たちに陰を、鳥たちに住処を与えることをやめるであろう。栄光の日々にそれが果たしていた目的は終わりに至る。

英語原文

He cried aloud - Margin, as in the Chaldee, "with might." That is, he cried with a strong voice.

Hew down the tree - This command does not appear to have been addressed to any particular ones who were to execute the commission, but it is a strong and significant way of saying that it would certainly be done. Or possibly the command may be understood as addressed to his fellow-watchers Daniel 4:17, or to orders of angels over whom this one presided.

And cut off his branches ... - The idea here, and in the subsequent part of the verse, is, that the tree was to be utterly cut up, and all its glory and beauty destroyed. It was first to be felled, and then its limbs chopped off, and then these were to be stripped of their foliage, and then the fruit which it bore was to be scattered. All this was strikingly significant, as applied to the monarch, of some awful calamity that was to occur to him after he should have been brought down from his throne. A process of humiliation and desolation was to continue, as if the tree, when cut down, were not suffered to lie quietly in its grandeur upon the earth. "Let the beasts get away," etc. That is, it shall cease to afford a shade to the beasts and a home to the fowls. The purposes which it had answered in the days of its glory will come to an end.

15

Daniel 4:15

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「それでもなお、その根の切り株を地に残しておけ」――完全に死んだのではなく、再びひこばえや若枝を出しうる木の切り株のようである。Isaiah 11:1 の注を参照。テオドティオンではこれは τὴν φυήν τῶν ῥιξῶν tēn phuēn tōn rizōn であり、性質・苕を意味する。シュロイスナーはこのギリシャ語を「その根の幹」と訳す。ヴルガータは germen radicum ejus であり、「その根の苕」を意味する。キシアヌス写本には ῥίξαν μίαν ἄφετε ἀυτοῦ ἐν τῇ γῇ rizan mian aphete autou en tē gē とあり、「その根の一つを地に残せ」となっている。元のカルデア語の語(עקר ‛ı̂qqar)は「切り株・幹」を意味し(ゲーニウス)、ヘブル語の同じ語で母音点だけが異なる עקר ‛ēqer は、低木または若枝を意味する。ヘブル語では Lev 25:47 に一度だけ現れ、そこでは家族の株、すなわちヘブル領内に住む外国人の家族から出た者に適用されている。「よそ者の家族の株」である。この語のカルデア形は Daniel 4:15、Daniel 4:23、Daniel 4:26 にのみ現れ、それぞれの場所で「切り株」と訳されているが、今日普通に用いられる意味での「切り株」を意味するものではない。今日「切り株」という語は木の残根を意味する。すなわち、木が切り倒された後、地中に残るか地上に突出した木の部分であって、それが生きているか死んでいるかの問題には全く関係しない。ここで用いられた語は、それがなお生きていたこと、あるいは新しい苕を出す苕が存在したことを含意し、それゆえ木は再び生きるのである。ここでの考えは、力強い木が倒れても、根に、すなわち木が切り倒された後地中に残る部分に生命力が残り、それが再び芽吹くであろうということである々これは、高い王座から投げ落とされ、後に正気と権力を回復するネブカデネザルにおこることを示す、きわめて印象的な映像である。

「鉄と青銅の帯で」――この表現は、切り倒された木にも、へりくだった君主にも当てはまりうるとみなすことができる。前者に適用されるならば、その考えは、それほど価値あるとみなされた木の切り株または根が、鉄や青銅の囲いによって注意深く保護されるであろうことであるように思われる。それは、湿気が入って腐らせないように、太陽の熱で裂けたり開いたりするのを守るために切り株の頂部の周りに輪をはめる形であるか、再び成長する希望をもって根の周りにはめてそれを結び合わせるためのものか、あるいは無価値なものとして鍭か掘り起こされないようにするための鉄や青銅の手すりや囲いであろう。いずれの場合にも、それほど価値ある木が再び芽吹くかもしれないという希望をもって守られることであろう。君主に適用されるならば々この箇所の正当な解釈と矛盾しない説明であるが々それは、彼の正気がなお回復されるかもしれないという希望をもって、あるいは彼が自分自身に致命的な傷を負わせるのを防ぐ見地から、王なる狂人を鉄と青銅の拘束具で確保する何らかの方法を指すものであるように思われる。ここで言及されていることが、切り倒されたあるいは折り倒された貴重な木に関して行われえたことであることは決してありえないことではない。君主に関して行われえたことは、あらゆる時代と国における狂人の取り扱い方と一致している。

「野の柔らかい草の中で」――屋外で、何の覆いもなく、露と雨にさらされて、である。切り株は、再び芽を出すまで、草の生える野原に残されるであろう。そしてそれと強く似た状況において、君主は宮殿と人の住まいから締め出されることになる。ネブカデネザルに適用されたこれの意味については Daniel 4:25 の注を参照。「柔らかい草」と訳されている語は、単に若い草または草本を意味するにすぎない。「柔らかい」という語に強調を置くべきではない。それは単に、彼が草が芽を出し成長するところにいるようになる、ということを意味するだけである。

「天の露でそれをぬらせ」――木に適用されて、露がそれに降り注ぎ、絶えずそれを湿らせ続けることを意味する。露が降り注くことは、それを生かしておき、再びの成長を確保するのに役立つであろう。乾いた土では、また雨も露もなければ、苕は死ぬであろう。君主に関して、彼が天の露の下にいることが何らかの方法で彼の正気の回復に寄与するということが意図されたとは考えられない。彼に関して含意されているのは、彼がそのように追い出された者となるという事実だけである。「ぬらせ」と訳された語々יצטבע yı̂tseṭaba‛、צבע tseba‛ から取られたものである々は、浸す、没する、着色する、染めるを意味するが、後者の意味ではカルデア語には見出されない。タルグムではしばしば「染める・着色する」の意で用いられる。この語はダニエル書のこの章にのみ現れ(Daniel 4:15、Daniel 4:23、Daniel 4:33)、それぞれの場所で同じように訳されている。染めるまたは着色するの意味では、名詞の形々צבע tseba‛で Judges 5:30 に現れるだけである。「シセラには色どりの分捕り、色どりの縁い取りの分捕り、両面の色どりの纁い取りの分捕り」がある。私たちの面前にある箇所では、もちろんこの種の言及はなく、この語は単に、木の切り株が露で湿り続けることを意味する。木に適用されて言えば、それがより芽吹きやすいように、である。

「その分け前を地の草の中の獣とともにさせよ」――ここには明らかに、木から、その木によって表されている何かへの転換がある。木についてその「分け前が草の中の獣とともに」と言うことはできないが、夢の混乱した針合わない映像においては、木から、それによって表されるか、あるいはそれに何らかの類似を持つ対象へのこのような転換ほど自然なことはない。おそらくこの状況が、特に君主の注意を引いたのであろう。というのも、夢は「木」から始まったが「ある人物」への言及で終わり、そして明らかに、その映像はこのような雄大で孤立した木によってその地位がよく表されるような誰かであったからである。ここでの意味は、「彼に獣の運命を分かたせよ。彼を獣と同じように生きさせよ」、すなわち彼を草で生きさせよ、ということである。Daniel 4:25 と比較せよ。

英語原文

Nevertheless, leave the stump of his roots in the earth - As of a tree that is not wholly dead, but which may send up suckers and shoots again. See the note at Isaiah 11:1. In Theodotion this is, τὴν φυήν τῶν ῥιξῶν tēn phuēn tōn rizōn - the nature, germ. Schleusner renders the Greek, "the trunk of its roots." The Vulgate is, germen radicum ejus, "the germ of his roots." The Codex Chisianus has: ῥίξαν μίαν ἄφετε ἀυτοῦ ἐν τῇ γῇ rizan mian aphete autou en tē gē - "leave one of his roots in the earth." The original Chaldee word (עקר ‛ı̂qqar) means a "stump, trunk" (Gesenius); the Hebrew - עקר ‛ēqer - the same word with different pointing, means a shrub, or shoot. It occurs only once in Hebrew Lev 25:47, where it is applied to the stock of a family, or to a person sprung from a foreign family resident in the Hebrew territory: "the stock of the stranger's family." The Chaldee form of the word occurs only in Daniel 4:15, Daniel 4:23, Daniel 4:26, rendered in each place "stump," yet not meaning "stump" in the sense in which that word is now commonly employed. The word "stump" now means the stub of a tree; the part of the tree remaining in the earth, or projecting above it after the tree is cut down, without any reference to the question whether it be alive or dead. The word here used implies that it was still alive, or that there was a germ which would send up a new shoot, so that the tree would live again. The idea is, that though the mighty tree would fall, yet there would remain vitality in the root, or the portion that would remain in the earth after the tree was cut down, and that this would spring up again - a most striking image of what would occur to Nebuchadnezzar after he should be cast down from his lofty throne, and be again restored to his reason and to power.

Even with a band of iron and brass - This expression may be regarded as applicable either to the cut-down tree, or to the humbled monarch. If applied to the former, it would seem that the idea is, that the stump or root of a tree, deemed so valuable, would be carefully secured by an enclosure of iron or brass, either in the form of a hoop placed round the top of the stump, to preserve it from being opened or cracked by the heat of the sun, so as to admit moisture, which would rot it; or around the roots, to bind it together, with the hope that it would grow again; or it may refer to a railing or enclosure of iron or brass, to keep it from being plowed or dug up as worthless. In either case, it would be guarded with the hope that a tree so valuable might spring up again. If applied to the monarch - an explanation not inconsistent with the proper interpretation of the passage - it would seem to refer to some method of securing the royal maniac in bonds of iron and brass, as with the hope that his reason might still be restored, or with a view to keep him from inflicting fatal injury on himself. That the thing here referred to might be practiced in regard to a valuable tree cut down, or broken down, is by no means improbable; that it might be practiced in reference to the monarch is in accordance with the manner in which the insane have been treated in all ages and countries.

In the tender grass of the field - Out of doors; under no shelter; exposed to dews and rains. The stump would remain in the open field where the grass grew, until it should shoot up again; and in a condition strongly resembling that, the monarch would be excluded from his palace and from the abodes of men. For the meaning of this, as applied to Nebuchadnezzar, see the note at Daniel 4:25. The word which is rendered "tender grass," means simply young grass or herbage. No emphasis should be put on the word tender. It simply means that he would be abroad where the grass springs up and grows.

And let it be wet with the dew of heaven - As applied to the tree, meaning that the dew would fall on it and continually moisten it. The falling of the dew upon it would contribute to preserve it alive and secure its growth again. In a dry soil, or if there were no rain or dew, the germ would die. It cannot be supposed that, in regard to the monarch, it could be meant that his remaining under the dew of heaven would in any way contribute to restore his reason, but all that is implied in regard to him is the fact that he would thus be an outcast. The word rendered "let it be wet" - יצטבע yı̂tseṭaba‛ from צבע tseba‛ - means, to dip in, to immerse; to tinge; to dye; though the word is not found in the latter senses in the Chaldee. In the Targums it is often used for "to dye, to color." The word occurs only in this chapter of Daniel Dan 4:15, Daniel 4:23, Daniel 4:33 and is in each place rendered in the same way. It is not used in the Hebrew scripture in the sense of to dye or tinge, except in the form of a noun - צבע tseba‛ - in Judges 5:30 : "To Sisera a prey of divers colors, a prey of divers colors of needlework, of divers colors of needlework." In the passage before us, of course, there is no allusion of this kind, but the word means merely that the stump of the tree would be kept moist with the dew; as applicable to the tree that it might be more likely to sprout up again.

And let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth - Here is a change evidently from the tree to something represented by the tree. We could not say of a tree that its "portion was with the beasts in the grass," though in the confused and incongruous images of a dream, nothing would be more natural than such a change from a tree to some object represented by it, or having some resemblance to it. It is probable that it was this circumstance that particularly attracted the attention of the monarch, for though the dream began with a "tree," it ended with reference to "a person," and evidently some one whose station would be well represented by such a magnificent and solitary tree. The sense here is, "let him share the lot of beasts; let him live as they do:" that is, let him live on grass. Compare Daniel 4:25.

16

Daniel 4:16

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その心を人のものから変え、獣の心を彼に与えよ — ここでは同じ事がより顕著な形で現れており、幻によってある人が表されていること、そして、指されるその人が人であることをやめて獣となるかのように、最も深い注意を引くのにふさわしい何らかの変化が示されていることを表す。ここでの「心」という語は本性を指すように思われる。すなわち「彼の本性あるいは性向が人のものであることをやめ、獣のもののようになるように。彼は人として行動することをやめ、獣がするように行動し、ほとんど知性を示すことなく、獣と同じ仕方で生きるように」ということである。

七つの時が彼の上を過ぎるようにせよ — この状態の間、あるいは彼が回復されるまで、という意味である。確かに彼が回復されるとは言われていないが、これは次の二点に含意されている。

(a) 「七つの時が彼の上を過ぎるまで」という表現そのものに、そのとき彼が何らかの仕方で回復されるか、この状態が終わるかのような含意として。

(b) 「根の切り株」が、再び芽を出しうるかのように、地に残されるであろうという言明に。

しかし、夢の中のすべての事柄は、それが何を意味しうるのかについて混乱を生じさせるのにふさわしかった。「時々」と訳された語(עדנין ‛ı̂ddânı̂yn、単数形は עדן ‛iddân)は、ダニエル書の解釈において重要な語である。この語は、指し示す、定める、固定するを意味するヘブル語 יעד yâ‛ad と同じ種類の語であり、本来は「定められた」あるいは「指定された」ものとして考えられる時を指す。したがって、1年のように、定められ指定された期間ならどのようなものでも意味しうる。その観念は、期間によって指定あるいは固定されたものとして見られる時ということであり、この語は、長短を問わずそのようなどんな期間 — 1日、1か月、1年、あるいは持続の他のいかなる尺度 — をも指しうる。特定の場合にどの尺度や期間が意図されているかは、この語が見出される文脈から決定されなければならない。ここで用いられている語はヘブル語聖書には現れず、ダニエル書にのみ見出され、そこでは一貫して「時」「時々」と訳されている。

この語は次の箇所にのみ見出される。ダニエル2:8「あなたがたは時を得ようとしている」、ダニエル2:9「時が変わるまで」、ダニエル2:21「彼は時を変える」、ダニエル3:5、ダニエル3:15「あなたがたが…音を聞く時」、ダニエル4:16、ダニエル4:23「七つの時が彼の上を過ぎるようにせよ」、ダニエル4:25、ダニエル4:32「七つの時が彼の上を過ぎるであろう」、ダニエル7:12「一つの時と一つの期間まで」、ダニエル7:25「一つの時と二つの時と半分の時まで」。私たちの面前の箇所では、語の意味に関して言うなら、1日、1週間、1か月、1年のいずれをも意味しうる。最も一般的な解釈はそれを1年とするものであり、これは他のどの期間よりも本件のあらゆる事情によく合致する。ここでのテオドティオンのギリシャ語は、καὶ ἑππὰ καιροὶ ὰλλαγήσονται ἐπ ̓ ἀυτόν(kai hepta kairoi allagēsontai ep' auton) — 「七つの時が彼の上で変わるであろう」、すなわち七つの季節が彼の上を巡るまで — である。

このギリシャ語句の最も自然な解釈は、それを年に関係づけることであろう。ラテン語ヴルガータも同様に解釈する — et septem tempora mutentur super eum — 「七つの時が変えられる」すなわち彼の上を「巡るようにせよ」。キシアヌス写本では、καὶ ἑππὰ ἔτη βοσκηθῆ σὺν αὐτοῖς(kai hepta etē boskēthē sun autois) — 「彼はそれらと共に七年の間、牧草を食むように」 — となっている。ルターはこれを「時々」と訳す。ヨセフスはこれを「七年」と理解する — 「Ant.」第x巻10章6節。このカルデア語の語は、時間の長さに関しては不定であるが、ここでも他の箇所でも、この語の使用における最も自然で明白な解釈は、それを年に関係づけることである。日や週は明らかに短すぎ、この箇所では「月」もおそらく必要とされるすべてを含むであろうが、ダニエル書の他の箇所でこの語が現れるところでは間違いなく年を指しており、それゆえここでも同じ仕方で理解することが適切なのである。

英語原文

Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given unto him - Here the same thing occurs in a more marked form, showing that some man was represented by the vision, and indicating some change which was fitted to attract the deepest attention - as if the person referred to should cease to be a man, and become a beast. The word heart here seems to refer to nature - "let his nature or propensity cease to be that of a man, and become like that of a beast; let him cease to act as a man, and act as the beasts do - evincing as little mind, and living in the same manner."

And let seven times pass over him - In this condition, or until he is restored. It is not indeed said that he would be restored, but this is implied

(a) in the very expression "until seven times shall pass over him," as if he would then be restored in some way, or as if this condition would then terminate; and

(b) in the statement that "the stump of the roots "would be left in the earth as if it might still germinate again.

Everything, however, in the dream was fitted to produce perplexity as to what it could mean. The word rendered "times" (עדנין ‛ı̂ddânı̂yn - singular, עדן ‛iddân) is an important word in the interpretation of Daniel. It is of the same class of words as the Hebrew יעד yâ‛ad - to point out, to appoint, to fix; and would refer properly to time considered as "appointed" or "designated;" then it may mean any stated or designated period, as a year. The idea is that of time considered as designated or fixed by periods, and the word may refer to any such period, however long or short - a day, a month, a year, or any other measure of duration. What measurement or portion is intended in any particular case must be determined from the connection in which the word is found. The word used here does not occur in the Hebrew scripture, and is found only in the book of Daniel, where it is uniformly rendered "time" and "times."

It is found only in the following places: Daniel 2:8, "that ye would gain the time;" Daniel 2:9, "till the time be changed;" Daniel 2:21, "and he changeth the times;" Daniel 3:5, Daniel 3:15, "at what time ye shall hear;" Daniel 4:16, Daniel 4:23, "and let seven times pass over him," Daniel 4:25, Daniel 4:32, "seven times shall pass over him;" Daniel 7:12, "for a season and time;" Daniel 7:25, "until a time and times and the dividing of time." In the place before us, so far as the meaning of the word is concerned, it might mean a day, a week, a month, or a year. The more common interpretation is what supposes that it was a year, and this will agree better with all the circumstances of the case than any other period. The Greek of Theodotion here is: καὶ ἑππὰ καιροὶ ὰλλαγήσονται ἐπ ̓ ἀυτόν kai hepta kairoi allagēsontai ep' auton - "And seven times shall change upon him;" that is, until seven seasons revolve over him.

The most natural construction of this Greek phrase would be to refer it to years. The Latin Vulgate interprets it in a similar way - et septem tempora mutentur super eum - "And let seven times be changed" or revolve "over him." In the Codex Chisianus it is: καὶ ἐππὰ ἔτη βοσκηθῆ σὺν αὐτοῖς kai hepta etē boskēthē sun autois - "and let him feed with them seven years." Luther renders it "times." Josephus understands by it "seven years." - "Ant." b. x. ch. 10: Section 6. While the Chaldee word is indeterminate in respect to the length of time, the most natural and obvious construction here and elsewhere, in the use of the word, is to refer it to years. Days or weeks would be obviously too short, and though in this place the word "months" would perhaps embrace all that would be necessary, yet in the other places where the word occurs in Daniel it undoubtedly refers to years, and there is, therefore, a propriety in understanding it in the same manner here.

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Daniel 4:17

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この事は見張る者たちの命令による — ダニエル4:13の注解を参照せよ。ここで彼らは、人の事柄を見張る者たちであるだけでなく、神の高い重要な計画の執行をゆだねられた者たちとして描写されている。その描写は、ネブカデネザルが幻の中でこれらの天の存在たちの一人を見、この者が、同僚たちと、あるいは他の者たちとの評議において定められた事柄を執行するために来た、と彼に告げたというのである。ネブカデネザルの王国の事柄が重要な点においてこれらの存在たちの管理の下に置かれ、彼らが厳粛な評議においてこの処置を決定した、という観念であるように思われる。これがより高い権能 — 神のそれ — と一致せず、その導きの下になかったとは言われておらず、このことの大いなる目的が、生ける者たちに「いと高き方が人の王国を治めておられる」ことを示すことであると言われるとき、むしろそれが含意されている。それ自体として考えれば、この下の世界の事柄がいくつかの点で人に勝る存在たちの管理の下に置かれていること、また、出来事が彼らの審議の結果として、あるいはここで表現されているとおり彼らの「命令」によって生じうることは、いささかも不自然な仮定ではない。世界の事柄がどのような点であれ彼らの管轄に服するのであれば、審議と行動における調和が存在するであろうと考える十分な理由があり、この種の出来事もそのように表現されうるのである。

その要求は — あるいは、事柄、案件、業務。ここのカルデア語は本来、質問、嘆願を意味し、次いで調査の対象、業務上の事柄を意味する。ここでは、この事柄、この業務が聖なる者たちの指示に従うものであったという意味である。

聖なる者たちの言葉による — 見張る者たちと同義であり、同じ者たちを指す。ダニエル4:13の注解を参照せよ。

生ける者たちが知るためである — 地上に生きる者たちがこれを理解するように、という意図をもって。すなわち、その意図は、誰も疑いえないほど印象的で顕著な証拠を提供することであった。ネブカデネザルのような君主に対するいと高き方の絶対的な権能を示すことほど、この目的に効果的な方法は他にありえなかったであろう。

いと高き方が — すべての人、すべての御使い、神と自称するすべてのものの上に高められた方である。ここでのこの句はまことの神を指すことを意図しており、その目的は、神がすべての存在の中で最も高く、すべてのものの上に絶対的な支配を持っておられることを示すことであった。

人の王国を治めておられ — たれが治めていようとも、神が彼らを治めておられるのである。

みこころのままにそれをだれにでも与えられる — すなわち、神がご自身のお選びになるだれにでも、人々を治める支配権をお与えになるということである。この事柄は、人の取り計らいによっても、人々の間の取り決めによっても、最終的には定まらない。世襲の権利によってでも、継承によってでも、征服によってでも、簒奪によってでも、選挙によってでもなく、これは神の命令と目的によって定まるのである。神は世襲の君主を死によって取り除くことができる。簒奪者に成功をお与えになることによって彼を退けることができる。征服によって冠の処分を定めることができる。征服者を死によって断ち切り、冠を下級の官吏に移すことができる。民の一致した選択であった者を死によって取り除き、別の者をその場に置くことができる。それゆえ使徒パウロは、「神に由来しない権威はなく、存在する権威はすべて神によって立てられている」と言う(ローマ13:1)。

これに人々の中で最も卑しい者を立てられる — すなわち、神はみこころのままに、最も卑しい、あるいは最も低い身分の者たちを人の王国の上に任じられるということである。ここでの言及は、ネブカデネザルがあたかも人々の中の「最も卑しい」者、「最も下劣な」者であったかのようではなく、この陳述は、神がみこころのままに高い身分の者たちを退け、その場所に最も低い身分の者たちを高めるという一般的な真理である。今日普通に英語の basest という語に結びつけられている観念は、ここで用いられた語が決して伝えるものではない。それは卑しく、下劣で、価値なく、偏狭な者を表すのではなく、卑しい、あるいは低い身分の者たちを表す。これがカルデア語 שׁפל(shephal)の本来の意味であり、ヴルガータも humillimum hominem と訳している。しかしテオドティオンのギリシャ語は「人々の間で軽んじられるもの」 — ἐξουδένωμα ἀνθρώπῶν(exoudenōma anthrōpōn) — である。夢の後半の部分(ダニエル4:15-16)には、夢においてしばしば起こること、すなわち夢の奇妙な不整合を示す実例がある。夢の前半では、幻は木についてのものであり、木の高さ、枝、葉、実、陰、切り株という観念がかなりの部分にわたって一貫して展開される。それが突然、生きた人間的な何かへの「変化」を遂げる — 「心」が獣のそれに変えられること、天の露にさらされること、地の獣たちと分け前を共にすることなど。このような変化と不整合は、誰もが知るとおり、夢にはありふれたことである。シェイクスピアもこう言っている —

「いかにも、わたしは夢の話をしている。 夢は怠惰な脳の産む子、 虚しい空想のほか何ものからも生まれない。 その実質は空気のように希薄で、 今しも北の凍てつく胸に言い寄っては、 腹を立ててそこから吹き去り、 露のしたたる南へと顔を向ける風よりも なお一層移ろいやすいものだ。」 『ロミオとジュリエット』

英語原文

This matter is by the decree of the watchers - See the notes at Daniel 4:13. They are described here not only as watching over the affairs of men, but as entrusted wth the execution of high and important designs of God. The representation is, that one of these heavenly beings was seen by Nebuchadnezzar in his visions, and that this one stated to him that he had come to execute what had been determined on by his associates, or in counsel with others. The idea would seem to be, that the affairs of the kingdom of Nebuchadnezzar had been in important respects placed under the administration of these beings, and that in solemn council they had resolved on this measure. It is not said that this was not in accordance with, and under the direction of, a higher power - that of God; and that is rather implied when it is said that the great design of this was to show to the living that "the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men." In itself considered, there is no improbability in supposing that the affairs of this lower world are in some respects placed under the administration of beings superior to man, nor that events may occur as the result of their deliberation, or, as it is here expressed, by their "decree." If, in any respect, the affairs of the world are subject to their jurisdiction, there is every reason to suppose that there would be harmony of counsel and of action, and an event of this kind might be so represented.

And the demand - Or, the matter; the affair; the business. The Chaldee word properly means a question, a petition; then a subject of inquiry, a matter of business. Here it means, that this matter, or this business, was in accordance with the direction of the holy ones.

The holy ones - Synonymous with the watchers, and referring to the same. See the note at Daniel 4:13.

To the intent that the living may know - With the design that those who live on the earth may understand this. That is, the design was to furnish a proof of this, so impressive and striking, that it could not be doubted by any. No more effectual way of doing this could occur than by showing the absolute power of the Most High over such a monarch as Nebuchadnezzar.

That the Most High - He who is exalted above all men; all angels; all that pretend to be gods. The phrase here is designed to refer to the true God, and the object was to show that he was the most exalted of all beings, and had absolute control over all.

Ruleth in the kingdom of men - Whoever reigns, he reigns over them.

And giveth it to whomsoever he will - That is, he gives dominion over men to whomsoever he chooses. It is not by human ordering, or by arrangements among men. It is not by hereditary right; not by succession; not by conquest; not by usurpation; not by election, that this matter is finally determined; it is by the decree and purpose of God. He can remove the hereditary prince by death; he can cause him to be set aside by granting success to a usurper; he can dispose of a crown by conquest; he can cut off the conqueror by death, and transfer the crown to an inferior officer; he can remove one who was the united choice of a people by death, and put another in his place. So the apostle Paul says, "There is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God" Romans 13:1.

And setteth up over it the basest of men - That is, he appoints over the kingdom of men, at his pleasure, those who are of the humblest or lowest rank. The allusion here is not to Nebuchadnezzar as if he were the "basest" or the "vilest" of men, but the statement is a general truth, that God, at his pleasure, sets aside those of exalted rank, and elevates those of the lowest rank in their place. There is an idea now attached commonly to the word "basest," which the word used here by no means conveys. It does not denote the mean, the vile, the worthless, the illiberal, but those of humble or lowly rank. This is the proper meaning of the Chaldee word שׁפל shephal - and so it is rendered in the Vulgate, humillimum hominem. The Greek of Theodotion, however, is, "what is disesteemed among men" - ἐξουδένωμα ἀνθρώπῶν exoudenōma anthrōpōn. In the latter part of the dream Daniel 4:15-16 we have an illustration of what often occurs in dreams - their singular incongruity. In the early part of the dream, the vision is that of a tree, and the idea is consistently carried out for a considerable part of it - the height of the tree, the branches, the leaves, the fruit, the shade, the stump; then suddenly there is a "change" to something that is living and human - the change of the "heart" to that of a beast; the being exposed to the dew of heaven; the portion with the beasts of the earth, etc. Such changes and incongruities, as every one knows, are common in dreams. So Shakespeare -

"True, I talk of dreams,

Which are the children of an idle brain,

Begot of nothing but vain fantasy;

Which is as thin of substance as the air,

And more inconstant than the wind, who woos

Even now the frozen bosom of the North,

And, being anger'd puffs away from thence

Turning his face to the dew-dropping South."

Romeo and Juliet.

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Daniel 4:18

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「この夢を、このわたしネブカデネザル王が見た」——これが私の見た夢である、という意味である。彼は、それを説明することができると自称することなく、自分に現れたとおりにくわしく語り述べたのである。

「わたしの国のすべての賢者は……」——Daniel 4:7を見よ。

「しかし、あなたにはできる……」——Daniel 4:9の注解を見よ。

英語原文

This dream I king Nebuchadnezzar have seen - This is the dream which I saw. He had detailed it at length as it appeared to him, without pretending to be able to explain it.

Forasmuch as all the wise men of my kingdom ... - Daniel 4:7.

But thou art able ... - See the notes at Daniel 4:9.

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Daniel 4:19

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「そのとき、ベルテシャザルという名のダニエルは」——Daniel 4:8を見よ。この布告の中でダニエルの知られていた「両方の」名に言及していることは、ありそうにない事情であるという反論がなされてきた。すなわち、異教の君主は、彼がバビロンで知られていた名――王自身が、彼がその名を与えられた由来である神 (「ベルス」) を讃えて彼に与えた名――によってのみ彼に言及したであろう、というのである。Daniel 1:7の注解を見よ。これに対しては、次のように答えることができる。バビロンで彼と日常的に交わり、カルデヤ政府の高官として彼に言葉をかけるときには、疑いなくその名によってのみ彼に言及したであろうが、このような布告においては、彼の知られていた両方の名が用いられたであろう――一つは彼の同国人の中で彼を特定するためであり、もう一つはカルデヤ人たちの中で特定するためである。この布告は、あらゆる階級、身分、言語の人々のために意図されたものであり (Daniel 4:1)、ヘブル人の礼拝する神の至高性を知らせることを目的としたものであった。ネブカデネザルは、自分の夢の意味についての知識を、ヘブル人であるひとりの人から得た。したがって、だれによってその夢が解き明かされたのかが知られるように、すべての人が理解できるような仕方で彼を呼んだことは自然なことであった。

「驚きおののいた」——驚愕した、ということである。今日ではすでに用いられない「驚きおののく」という語は、一般の訳本に何度か出てくる。Ezra 9:3; Job 17:8; Job 18:20; Ezekiel 4:17; Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:19; Daniel 5:9である。ダニエルは、明らかに夢の恐るべき意味のゆえに「驚き」、「打ちのめされた」のである。

「一時間の間」——「時」と訳されている語 שׁעה shâ‛âh が表す正確な時間を特定することはできない。ゲゼニウス (『辞典』) によれば、この語は時間の一瞬を意味し、本来はひとまなざし、一瞥、まばたき――ドイツ語の Augenblick――を意味する。アラビヤ語では、この語は瞬間と時との両方を意味する。Daniel 3:6, Daniel 3:15では、明らかに「直ちに」を意味する。ここでは短い時間を意味するように思われる。すなわち、ダニエルは思考の中に立ち尽くし、王が彼に語りかけるまで深い沈黙を保ったのである。これが私たちの言う一時間に相当する時間の間続いたと考えてはならず、ネブカデネザルが彼に語りかけるまで彼は沈黙していたのである。彼は、王の上に臨むのを見たそれほど恐ろしい災いについて語ることさえためらっているように見えたのである。

「その思いは彼を悩ませた」——夢の恐るべき意味に関して彼の心を通過した思いのことである。

「王は答えて言った……」——王は、おそらく自分が恐れていたとおり、この夢が恐るべき意味を持つこと、またダニエルがその意味を説明することをためらっていることに気づいた。おそらく王は、ダニエルが自分の考えを述べれば自分に危険が及ぶのではないかと恐れてためらっているのだと考えたのであろう。それゆえ王は彼の安全を保証し、それが何であれ、幻の完全な意味を告げるようにと彼を励ましたのである。

「ベルテシャザルは答えて言った、わが主よ、その夢はあなたを憎む者たちの上に臨みますように」——夢によって予告されているような事がらが、あなたではなく、あなたの敵たちに臨むように、ということである。これは単に、これらの事がらが王に臨むことを彼が望まなかったことを意味する。これは礼儀と敬意の言葉であり、いかなる災いも君主に臨むことを望まず、また王の敵の成功を望まないことを示している。ここには、王の敵を憎ること、あるいは災いが彼らに臨むことを望むことは、必然的には含まれていない。それは、このような苦しみが王に臨まないことを切に願う表現である。もしそれが誰かの上に臨まねばならないとしたら、君主に対する彼の敬意、またその幸福と繁栄を願う心のゆえに、それが王の敵、すなわち王を憎む者たちの上に臨むことを彼は選んだのである。しかし、この言葉を厳格に解釈してはならない。これは東洋人の言葉であり、尊敬の言葉だけが聞かれる宮廷で発せられた言葉である。これに類する表現は、古代の書物にしばしば現れないわけではない。そこでホラティウス (第3巻、頌歌27) はこう書いている。

Hostium uxores puerique caecos Sentiant motus orientis Austri.

またウェルギリウス (『農耕詩』第3巻513) はこう書いている。

Di meliora piis, erroremque liostibus ilium.

「そのような修辞的な飾りは、いかなる個人をも狙ったものではなく、その中に悪意や敵意は何もなく、支配権力への敬意のしるしとして用いられるのであり、愛の欠如といういかなる非難からも免れているとみなすことができる」。――ウィントル、同箇所。

英語原文

Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar - Daniel 4:8. It has been objected that the mention in this edict of "both" the names by which Daniel was known is an improbable circumstance; that a pagan monarch would only have referred to him by the name by which he was known in Babylon - the name which he had himself conferred on him in honor of the god ("Belus") after whom he was called. See the note at Daniel 1:7. To this it may be replied, that although in ordinary intercourse with him in Babylon, in addressing him as an officer of state under the Chaldean government, he would undoubtedly be mentioned only by that name; yet, in a proclamation like this, both the names by which he was known would be used - the one to identify him among his own countrymen, the other among the Chaldeans. This proclamation was designed for people of all classes, and ranks, and tongues Daniel 4:1; it was intended to make known the supremacy of the God worshipped by the Hebrews. Nebuchadnezzar had derived the knowledge of the meaning of his dream from one who was a Hebrew, and it was natural, therefore, in order that it might be known by whom the dream had been interpreted, that he should so designate him that it would be understood by all.

Was astonied - Was astonished. The word "astonied," now gone out of use, several times occurs in the common version; Ezra 9:3; Job 17:8; Job 18:20; Ezekiel 4:17; Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:19; Daniel 5:9. Daniel was "amazed" and "overwhelmed" at what was manifestly the fearful import of the dream.

For one hour - It is not possible to designate the exact time denoted by the word "hour" - שׁעה shâ‛âh. According to Gesenius ("Lex."), it means moment of time; properly, a look, a glance, a wink of the eye - German, "augenblick." In Arabic the word means both a moment and an hour. In Daniel 3:6, Daniel 3:15, it evidently means immediately. Here it would seem to mean a short time. That is, Daniel was fixed in thought, and maintained a profound silence until the king addressed him. We are not to suppose that this continued during the space of time which we call an hour, but he was silent until Nebuchadnezzar addressed him. He would not seem to be willing even to speak of so fearful calamities as he saw were coming upon the king.

And his thoughts troubled him - The thoughts which passed through his mind respecting the fearful import of the dream.

The king spake and said ... - Perceiving that the dream had, as he had probably apprehended, a fearful significancy, and that Daniel hesitated about explaining its meaning. Perhaps he supposed that he hesitated because he apprehended danger to himself if he should express his thoughts, and the king therefore assured him of safety, and encouraged him to declare the full meaning of the vision, whatever that might be.

Belteshazzar answered and said, My lord, the dream be to them that hate thee - Let such things as are foreboded by the dream happen to your enemies rather than to you. This merely implies that he did not desire that these things should come upon him. It was the language of courtesy and of respect; it showed that he had no desire that any calamity should befall the monarch, and that he had no wish for the success of his enemies. There is not, in this, anything necessarily implying a hatred of the enemies of the king, or any wish that calamity should come upon them; it is the expression of an earnest desire that such an affliction might not come upon him. If it must come on any, such was his respect for the sovereign, and such his desire for his welfare and prosperitry, that he preferred that it should fall upon those who were his enemies, and who hated him. This language, however, should not be rigidly interpreted. It is the language of an Oriental; language uttered at a court, where only the words of respect were heard. Expressions similar to this occur not unfrequently in ancient writings. Thus Horace, b. iii. ode 27:

"Hostium uxores puerique caecos

Sentiant motus orientis Austri."

And Virgil, Georg. iii.:513:

"Di meliora piis, erroremque liostibus ilium."

"Such rhetorical embellishments are pointed at no individuals, have nothing in them of malice or ill-will, are used as marks of respect to the ruling powers, and may be presumed to be free from any imputation of a want of charity." - Wintle, in loc.

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Daniel 4:20

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「あなたの見たその木は……」——この二つの節でダニエルは、夢に現れた木に関する主要な事情について述べているが、それを切り倒せという命令にはまだ一切言及していない。彼はおそらく、語られたことをはっきりと理解していたこと、あるいは述べられた最も細かな事情にまで注意を払っていたことを示そうとしたのであろう。これが王を指していることを明確に示すためには、こうすることが重要であった。ネブカデネザル自身もおそらくその事実を察していたであろうが、ダニエルが夢の残りの部分の恐るべき意味を明らかにするとき、王がそれに背かないよう、この事実を彼の心の中にしっかりと固定しておくことは、なお重要であったのである。

英語原文

The tree that thou sawest ... - In these two verses Daniel refers to the leading circumstances respecting the tree as it appeared in the dream, without any allusion as yet to the order to cut it down. He probably designed to show that he had clearly understood what had been said, or that he had attended to the most minute circumstances as narrated. It was important to do this in order to show clearly that it referred to the king; a fact which probably Nebuchadnezzar himself apprehended, but still it was important that this should be so firmly fixed in his mind that he would not revolt from it when Daniel came to disclose the fearful import of the remainder of the dream.

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Daniel 4:22

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「王よ、その木はあなたです」——それはあなたご自身を表している。Daniel 2:38を比較せよ。

「あなたは成長して強くなり」——彼が王座に就いたときの支配の限られた範囲と、賢明な統治と征服によってその権力が増大したことを指す。

「あなたの大いなることは成長して」——すべての征服と、彼がその宮廷の周りにめぐらした壮麗さによって、君主の威厳と栄光が増し加わったのである。

「天に達し」——単に彼の権威の大きさを表す表現にすぎない。あの木は天に達したと言われ (Daniel 4:11)、これほど偉大な君主の威厳と雄大さは、あたかも彼がすべてのものを支配しているかのような言葉によって表されうるのであった。

「あなたの支配は地の果てに及んでいます」——当時知られていた世界の果てに至るまで、ということである。これはほとんど文字おりに真実であった。

英語原文

It is thou, O king - It is a representation of thyself. Compare Daniel 2:38.

That art grown and become strong - Referring to the limited extent of his dominion when he came to the throne, and the increase of his power by a wise administration and by conquest.

For thy greatness is grown - The majesty and glory of the monarch had increased by all his conquests, and by the magnificence which he had thrown around his court.

And reacheth unto heaven - An expression merely denoting the greatness of his authority. The tree is said to have reached unto heaven Daniel 4:11, and the stateliness and grandeur of so great a monarch might be represented by language which seemed to imply that he had control over all things.

And thy dominion to the end of the earth - To the extent of the world as then known. This was almost literally true.

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Daniel 4:23

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「王がひとりの見張る者を見られた……」——Daniel 4:13の注解を見よ。この節の要約の述べ方は、Daniel 4:14-16の記述とわずかに異なるが、意味に重大な影響を及ぼすほどのものではない。ダニエルは、夢の主要な事情を思い起こさせることによって、王の心の中でその夢を確認し、王に臨むことになる恐るべき出来事の述べ告げに備えさせようとしたものであろう。

英語原文

And whereas the king saw a watcher ... - See the note at Daniel 4:13. The recapitulation in this verse is slightly varied from the statement in Daniel 4:14-16, still so as not materially to affect the sense. Daniel seems to have designed to recal the principal circumstances in the dream, so as to identify it in the king's mind, and so as to prepare him for the statement of the fearful events which were to happen to him.

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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文

Daniel 4:24

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This is the decree of the Most High - Daniel here designs evidently to direct the attention of the monarch to the one living and true God, and to show him that he presides over all. The purpose of the vision was, in a most impressive way, to convince the king of his existence and sovereignty. Hence, Daniel says that all this was in accordance with his "decree." It was not a thing of chance; it was not ordered by idol gods; it was not an event that occurred by the mere force of circumstances, or as the result of the operation of secondary laws: it was a direct Divine interposition - the solemn purpose of the living God that it should be so. Nebuchadnezzar had represented this, in accordance with the prevailing views of religion in his land, as a "decree of the Watchers" Daniel 4:17; Daniel, in accordance with his views of religion, and with truth, represents it as the decree of the true God.

Which is come upon my Lord the king - The decree had been previously formed; its execution had now come upon the king.

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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文

Daniel 4:25

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That they shall drive thee from men - That is, thou shalt be driven from the habitations of men; from the place which thou hast occupied among men. The prophet does not say "who" would do this, but he says that it "would" be done. The language is such as would be used of one who should become a maniac, and be thrust out of the ordinary society in which he had moved. The Greek of Theodotion here is: καὶ σὲ ἐκδιώξουσιν kai se ekdiōxousin. The Codex Chisianus has, "And the Most High and his angels shall run upon thee - κατατρἑχουσιν katatrechousin - leading thee into prison," or into detention - εἰς φυλακὴν eis phulakēn - "and shall thrust thee into a desert place." The general sense is, that he would be in such a state as to be treated like a beast rather than a man; that he would be removed from his ordinary abodes, and be a miserable and neglected outcast.

This commences the account of the calamity that was to come upon Nebuchadnezzar, and as there have been many opinions entertained as to the nature of this malady, it may be proper to notice some of them. Compare Bertholdt, pp. 286-292. Some have held that there was a real metamorphosis into some form of an animal, though his rational soul remained, so that he was able to acknowledge God and give praise to him. Cedrenus held that he was transformed into a beast, half lion and half ox. An unknown author, mentioned by Justin, maintained that the transformation was into an animal resembling what was seen in the visions of Ezekiel - the cherubim - composed of an eagle, a lion, an ox, and a man. In support of the opinion that there was a real transformation, an appeal has been made to the common belief among ancient nations, that such metamorphoses had actually occurred, and especially to what Herodotus (iv. 105) says of the "Neuri" (Νευροι Neuroi) "It is said by the Scythians, as well as by the Greeks who dwell in Scythia, that once in every year they are all of them changed into wolves, and that after remaining in that state for the space of a few days, they resume their former shape."

Herodotus adds, however, "This I do not believe, although they swear that it is true." An appeal is also made to an assertion of Apuleius, who says of himself that he was changed into an ass; and also to the "Metamorphoses" of Ovid. This supposed transformation of Nebuchadnezzar some have ascribed to Satan. - John Wier "de Prcestigiis Daemonum," I. 26, John 4:1. Others have attributed it to the arts of magic or incantation, and suppose that it was a change in appearance only. Augustine ("de Civit. Dei." lib. xviii. cap. 17), referring to what is said of Diomed and his followers on their return from Troy, that they were changed into birds, says that Varro, in proof of the truth of this, appeals to the fact that Circe changed Ulysses and his companions into beasts; and to the Arcadians, who, by swimming over a certain lake, were changed into wolves, and that "if they ate no man's flesh, at the end of nine years they swam over the same lake and became men again."

Varro farther mentions the case of a man by the name of Daemonetus, who, tasting of the sacrifices which the Arcadians offered (a child), was turned into a wolf, and became a man again at the end of two years. Augustine himself says, that when he was in Italy, he heard a report that there were women there, who, by giving one a little drug in cheese, had the power of turning him into an ass. See the curious discussion of Augustine how far this could be true, in his work "de Civit. Dei," lib. xviii. cap. 18. He supposes that under the influence of drugs men might be made to suppose they were thus transformed, or to have a recollection of what passed in such a state "as if" it were so. Cornelius a Lapide supposes that the transformation in the case of Nebuchadnezzar went only so far that his knees were bent in the other direction, like those of animals, and that he walked like animals. Origen, and many of those who have coincided with him in his allegorical mode of interpreting the Scriptures, supposed that the whole of this account is an allegory, designed to represent the fall of Satan, and his restoration again to the favor of God - in accordance with his belief of the doctrine of universal salvation.

Others suppose that the statement here means merely that there was a formidable conspiracy against him; that he was dethroned and bound with fetters; that he was then expelled from the court, and driven into exile; and that, as such, he lived a miserable life, finding a precarious subsistence in woods and wilds, among the beasts of the forest, until, by another revolution, he was restored again to the throne. It is not necessary to examine these various opinions, and to show their absurdity, their puerility, or their falsehood. Some of them are simply ridiculous, and none of them are demanded by any fair interpretation of the chapter. It may seem, perhaps, to be undignified even to refer to such opinions now; but this may serve to illustrate the method in which the Bible has been interpreted in former times, and the steps which have been taken before men arrived at a clear and rational interpretation of the sacred volume. It is indeed painful to reflect that such absurdities and puerilities have been in any way connected with the interpretation of the Word of God; sad to reflect that so many persons, in consequence of them, have discarded the Bible and the interpretations together as equally ridiculous and absurd. The true account in regard to the calamity of Nebuchadnezzar is undoubtedly the following:

(1) He was a maniac - made such by a direct Divine judgment on account of his pride, Daniel 4:30-31. The essential thing in the statement is, that he was deprived of his reason, and that he was treated as a maniac. Compare Introduction to the chapter, II.((1).

(2) The particular form of the insanity with which he was afflicted seems to have been that he imagined himself to be a beast; and, this idea having taken possession of his mind, he acted accordingly. It may be remarked in regard to this,

(a) that such a fancy is no uncommon thing among maniacs. Numerous instances of this may be seen in the various works on insanity - or indeed may be seen by merely visiting a lunatic asylum. One imagines that he is a king, and decks himself out with a scepter and a diadem; another that he is glass, and is filled with excessive anxiety lest he should be broken; others have regarded themselves as deprived of their proper nature as human beings; others as having been once dead, and restored to life again; others as having been dead and sent back into life without a heart; others as existing in a manner unlike any other mortals; others as having no rational soul. See Arnold "on Insanity," I. pp. 176-195. In all these cases, when such a fancy takes possession of the mind, there will be an effort on the part of the patient to act in exact conformity to this view of himself, and his whole conduct will be adapted to it. Nothing can convince him that it is not so; and there is no absurdity in supposing that, if the thought had taken possession of the mind of Nebuchadnezzar that he was a beast, he would live and act as a wild beast - just as it is said that he did.

(b) In itself considered, "if" Nebuchadnezzar was deprived of his reason, and for the cause assigned - his pride, nothing is more probable than that he would be left to imagine himself a beast, and to act like a beast. This would furnish the most striking contrast to his former state; would do most to bring down his pride; and would most effectually show the supremacy of the Most High.

(3) In this state of mind, fancying himself a wild beast, and endeavoring to act in conformity with this view, it is probable that he would be indulged as far as was consistent with his safety. Perhaps the regency would be induced to allow this partly from their long habits of deference to the will of an arbitrary monarch; partly because by this indulgence he would be less troublesome; and partly because a painful spectacle would thus be removed from the palace. We are not to suppose that he was permitted to roam in forests at large without any restraint, and without any supervision whatever. In Babylon, attached to the palace, there were doubtless, as there are all over the East, royal parks or gardens; there is every probability that in these parks there may have been assembled rare and strange animals as a royal menagerie; and it was doubtless in these parks, and among these animals that he was allowed to range. Painful as such a spectacle would be, yet it is not improbable that to such a maniac this would be allowed, as contributing to his gratification, or as a means of restoring him to his right mind.

(4) A king, however wide his empire, or magnifient his court, would be as likely to be subject to mental derangement as any other man. No situation in life can save the human mind from the liability to so overwhelming a calamity, nor should we deem it strange that it should come on a king as well as other men. The condition of Nebuchadnezzar, as represented by himself in this edict, was scarcely more pitiable than that of George III of England, though it is not surprising that in the eighteenth century of the Christian era, and in a Christian land, the treatment of the sovereign in such circumstances was different from that which a monarch received in pagan Babylon.

(5) it cannot be shown that this did not come upon Nebuchadnezzar, as stated in this chapter Daniel 4:30-31, on account of his pride. That he was a proud and haughty monarch is apparent from all his history; that God would take some effectual means to humble him is in accordance with his dealings with mankind; that this would be a most effectual means of doing it cannot be doubted. No one can prove, in respect to any judgment that comes upon mankind, that it is not on account of some sin reigning in the heart; and when it is affirmed in a book claiming to be inspired, that a particular calamity is brought upon men on account of their transgressions, it cannot be demonstrated that the statement is not true. If these remarks are correct, then no well-founded objection can lie against the account here respecting the calamity that came upon this monarch in Babylon. This opinion in regard to the nature of the affliction which came upon Nebuchadnezzar, is probably what is now generally entertained, and it certainly meets all the circumstances of the case, and frees the narrative from material objection.

As a confirmation of its truth, I will copy here the opinion of Dr. Mead, as it is found in his "Medica Sacra:" "All the circumstances of Nebuchadnezzars cage agree so well with a hypochondriacal madness, that to me it appears evident that Nebuchadnezzar was seized with this distemper, and under its influence ran wild into the fields; and that, fancying himself transformed into an ox, he fed on grass after the manner of cattle. Forevery sort of madness is the result of a disturbed imagination; which this unhappy man labored under for full seven years. And through neglect of taking proper care of himself, his hair and nails grew to an uncommon length; whereby the latter, growing thicker and crooked, resembled the claws of birds. Now the ancients called people affected with this kind of madness, λυκάνθρωποι lukanthrōpoi, "wolf-men" - or κυνάνθρωποι kunanthrōpoi, "dog-men" - because they went abroad in the night imitating wolves or dogs; particularly intent upon opening the sepulchres of the dead, and had their legs much ulcerated, either from frequent falls or the bites of dogs. In like manner are the daughters of Proetus related to have been mad, who, as Virgil says, Ecl. vi. 48,

' - implerunt falsis mugitibus agros.'

'With mimic howlings filled the fields.'

For, as Servius observes, Juno possessed their minds with such a species of fury, that, fancying themselves cows, they ran into the fields, bellowed often, and dreaded the plow. Nor was this disorder unknown to the moderns, for Schneckius records a remarkable instance of a farmer in Padua, who, imagining himself a wolf, attacked and even killed several people in the fields; and when at length he was taken, he persevered in declaring himself a real wolf, and that the only difference consisted in the inversion of his skin and hair." The same opinion as to the nature of the disease is expressed by Dr. John M. Good, in his "Study of Medicine." So also Burton ("Anatomy of Melancholy," Part I. Section I. Memb. i. Subs. 4). Burton refers to several cases which would illustrate the opinion. "Wierus," says he, "tells a story of such a one in Padua, 1541, that would not believe the contrary but that he was a wolf. He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought himself a bear. Such, be-like, or little better, were king Proectus' daughters, that thought themselves kine" - an instance strikingly resembling this case of Nebuchadnezzar, who seems to have imagined himself some kind of beast. Pliny, perhaps referring to diseases of this kind, says, "Some men were turned into wolves in my time, and from wolves to men again," lib. viii. c. 22. See Burton as above.

And thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field - That is, as above explained, thou wilt imagine thyself to be a beast, and wilt act like a beast. Indulgence will be given to this propensity so as to allow you to range with the beasts in the park, or the royal menagerie.

And they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen - That is, this shall be thy propensity, and thou shalt be indulged in it. Fancying himself a beast of some kind - probably, as appears from this expression, "an ox" - nothing would be more natural than that he should attempt to live as oxen do, on grass, that he should be so far indulged that his food would consist of vegetables. Nothing is more common among maniacs than some such freak about food; and it is just as likely that a king would manifest this as any other man. The word "grass" here (עשׂבא ‛ı̂s'ebâ', Hebrew: עשׂב ‛ēs'eb) means, properly, "herbs; green herbs; vegetables" - represented commonly, as furnishing food for man, Genesis 1:11-12; Genesis 2:5; Genesis 3:18; Exodus 10:12, Exodus 10:15; Psalm 104:14. The word "grass," in our language, conveys an idea which is not "strictly" in accordance with the original. That word would denote only the vegetable productions which cattle eat; the Hebrew word is of a more general signification, embracing all kinds of vegetables - those which man eats, as well as those which animals eat; and the meaning here is, that he would live on vegetable food - a propensity in which they would doubtless indulge a man in such circumstances, painful and humiliating as it would be. The phrase "they" shall make thee eat grass," rather means, "they shall permit thee to do it," or they shall treat thee so that thou wilt do it. It would be his inclination, and they would allow him to be gratified in it.

And they shall wet thee with the dew of heaven - Or, shall Suffer you to be wet with the dew of heaven; that is, to be out in the open air - no improbable treatment of a maniac, and especially likely to occur in a climate where it was no uncommon thing for all classes of persons to pass the night under the sky.

And seven times shall pass over thee - See the notes at Daniel 4:16.

Till thou know ... - Until thou shalt effectually learn that the true God rules; that he gives authority to whom he pleases; and that he takes it away when he pleases. See the notes at Daniel 4:17. Nothing could be better fitted to teach this lesson than to deprive, by a manifest judgment of heaven, such a monarch of the exercise of reason, and reduce him to the pitiable condition here described.

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Daniel 4:26

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And whereas they commanded - The watchers, Daniel 4:15. Compare Daniel 4:17.

To leave the stump of the tree roots - Or, to leave roots to the stump of the tree; that is, it was not to be dug up, or wholly destroyed, but vitality was to be left in the ground. The Chaldee here is the same as in Daniel 4:15, "leave the stump of his roots."

Thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee - That is, thou shalt not die under this calamity, but after it has passed away shalt be restored to authority. It might have been supposed that this meant that the authority would survive in his family, and that those who were to succeed him would reign - as shoots spring up after the parent tree has fallen; but Daniel was directed to an interpretation which is not less in accordance with the fair meaning of the dream than this would have been.

After that thou shalt have known that the heavens do rule - That God rules, This was the great lesson which the event was designed to teach, and when that should have been learned, there would be a propriety that he should be restored to his throne, and should proclaim this to the world.

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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文

Daniel 4:27

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Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee - Daniel was permitted to see not only the fact that this calamity impended over the king, but the cause of it, and as that cause was his proud and sinful heart, he supposed that the judgment might be averted if the king would reform his life. If the "cause" were removed, he inferred, not unreasonably, that there was a hope that the calamity might be avoided. We cannot but admire here the boldness and fidelity of Daniel, who not only gave a fair interpretation of the dream, in the case submitted to him, but who went beyond that in a faithful representation to the most mighty monarch of the age, that this was in consequence of his wicked life.

And break off thy sins by righteousness - By acts of righteousness or justice; by abandoning a wicked course of life. It is fairly to be inferred from this that the life of the monarch had been wicked - a fact which is confirmed everywhere in his history. He had, indeed, some good qualities as a man, but he was proud; he was ambitious; he was arbitrary in his government; he was passionate and revengeful; and he was, doubtless, addicted to such pleasures of life as were commonly found among those of his station. He had a certain kind of respect for religion, whatever was the object of worship, but this was not inconsistent with a wicked life. The word translated "break off" (פרק peraq) is rendered in the Vulgate redime, "redeem," and so in the Greek of Theodotion, λύτρωσαι lutrōsai, and in the Codex Chisianus. From this use of the word in some of the versions, and from the fact that the word rendered "righteousness" is often employed in the later Hebrew to denote almsgiving (compare the margin in Matthew 6:1, and the Greek text in Tittmann and Hahn where the word δικαιοσύνην dikaiosunēn is used to denote "alms"), the passage here has been adduced in favor of the doctrine of expiatory merits, and the purchase of absolution by almsgiving - a favorite doctrine in the Roman Catholic communion.

But the ordinary and common meaning of the word is not to redeem, but to break, to break off, to abandon. It is the word from which our English word "break" is derived - Germ., "brechen." Compare Genesis 27:40, "that thou shalt break his yoke;" Exodus 32:2, "Break off the golden ear-rings;" Exodus 32:3, "And all the people brake off the golden ear-rings;" Exodus 32:24, "Whosoever hath any gold let them break it off;" 1 Kings 19:11, "A great and strong wind rent the mountains;" Zechariah 11:16, "And tear their claws in pieces;" Ezekiel 19:12, "her strong rods were broken." The word is rendered in our common version, "redeem" once Psalm 136:24, "And hath redeemed us from our enemies." It is translated "rending" in Psalm 7:2, and "deliver" in Lamentations 5:8. It does not elsewhere occur in the Scriptures. The fair meaning of the word is, as in our version, to break off, and the idea of redeeming the soul by acts of charity or almsgiving is not in the passage, and cannot be derived from it. This passage, therefore, cannot be adduced to defend the doctrine that the soul may be redeemed, or that sins may be expiated by acts of charity and almsgiving. It means that the king was to break off his sins by acts of righteousness; or, in other words, he was to show by a righteous life that he had abandoned his evil course. The exhortation is, that he would practice those great duties of justice and charity toward mankind in which he had been so deficient, if, perhaps, God might show mercy, and avert the impending calamity.

And thine iniquities by showing mercy to the poor - The peculiar "iniquity" of Nebuchadnezzar may have consisted in his oppressing the poor of his realm in the exorbitant exactions imposed on them in carrying on his public works, and building and beautifying his capital. Life, under an Oriental despot, is regarded as of little value. Sixty thousand men were employed by Mohammed Ali in digging the canal from Cairo to Alexandria, in which work almost no tools were furnished them but their hands. A large portion of them died, and were buried by their fellow-laborers in the earth excavated in digging the canal. Who can estimate the number of men that were recklessly employed under the arbitrary monarch of Egypt on the useless work of building the pyramids? Those structures, doubtless, cost million of lives, and there is no improbability in supposing that Nebuchadnezzar had employed hundreds of thousands of persons without any adequate compensation, and in a hard and oppressive service, in rearing the walls and the palaces of Babylon, and in excavating the canals to water the city and the adjacent country.

No counsel, therefore, could be more appropriate than that he should relieve the poor from those burdens, and do justice to them. There is no intimation that he was to attempt to purchase release from the judgments of God by such acts; but the meaning is, that if he would cease from his acts of oppression, it might be hoped that God would avert the threatened calamity. The duty here enjoined of showing mercy to the poor, is one that is everywhere commanded in the Scriptures, Psalm 41:1; Matthew 19:21; Galatians 2:10, "et saepe." Its influence in obtaining the Divine favor, or in averting calamity, is also stated. Compare Psalm 41:1, "Blessed is he that considereth the poor; the Lord will deliver him in time of trouble." It is a sentiment which occurs frequently in the books of the Apocrypha, and in these books there can be found the progress of the opinion to the point which it reached in the later periods of the Jewish history, and which it has obtained in the Roman Catholic communion, that almsgiving or charity to the poor would be an expiation for sin, and would commend men to God as a ground of righteousness; or, in other words, the progress of the doctrine toward what teaches that works of supererogation may be performed.

Thus in the book of Tob. 4:8-10, "If thou hast abundance, give alms accordingly; if thou have little, be not afraid to give according to that little: for thou layest up a good treasure for thyself against the day of necessity. Because that alms do deliver from death, and suffereth not to come into darkness." Tob. 12:9, 10, "For alms doth deliver from death, and shall purge away all sin. Those that exercise righteousness and alms shall be filled with life; but they that sin are enemies to their own life." Tob. 14:10, 11, "Manasses gave alms, and escaped the snares of death which they had set for him; but Aman fell into the snare and perished. Wherefore now, my son, consider what alms doeth, and how righteousness doth deliver." Ecclesiasticus 29:12, 13, "Shut up alms in thy storehouses; it shall deliver thee from all affliction. It shall fight for thee against thine enemies better than a mighty shield and a strong spear."

Ecclesiasticus 40:24, "Brethren and help are against time of trouble; but alms shall deliver more than them both." In these passages there is evidence of the progress of the sentiment toward the doctrine of supererogation; but there is none whatever that Daniel attributed any such efficacy to alms, or that he meant to teach anything more than the common doctrine of religion, that when a man breaks off from his sins it may be hoped that the judgments which impended over him may be averted, and that doing good will meet the smiles and approbation of God. Compare in reference to this sentiment the case of the Ninevites, when the threatening against them was averted by their repentance and humiliation, Jonah 3:10; the case of Hezekiah, when his predicted death was averted by his tears and prayers, Isaiah 38:1-5; and Jeremiah 18:7-8, where this principle of the Divine government is fully asserted.

If it may be a lengthening of thy tranquility - Margin, "or, a healing of thine error. "The Greek of Theodotion here is, "Perhaps God will be long-suffering toward thy offences." The Greek of the Codex Chisianus is, "And thou mayest remain a long time (πολύημερος γένῃ poluēmeros genē) upon the throne of thy kingdom." The Vulgate, "Perhaps he will pardon thy faults." The Syriac, "Until he may remove from thee thy follies." The original word rendered "lengthening" (ארכא 'arkâ') means, properly, as translated here, a prolongation; a drawing out; a lengthening; and the word is here correctly rendered. It has not the meaning assigned to it in the margin of healing. It would apply properly to a prolongation of anything - as of life, peace, health, prosperity. The word rendered "tranquility" (שׁלוה shelêvâh) means, properly, security, safety, quiet; and the reference here is to his calm possession of the throne; to his quietness in his palace, and peace in his kingdom. There is nothing in the text to justify the version in the margin.

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Daniel 4:28

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All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar - That is, the threatened judgment came upon him in the form in which it was predicted. He did not repent and reform his life as he was exhorted to, and, having given him sufficient time to show whether he was disposed to follow the counsel of Daniel, God suddenly brought the heavy judgment upon him. Why he did not follow the counsel of Daniel is not stated, and cannot be known. It may have been that he was so addicted to a life of wickedness that he would not break off from it, even while he admitted the fact that he was exposed on account of it to so awful a judgment - as multitudes do who pursue a course of iniquity, even while they admit that it will be followed by poverty, disgrace, disease and death here, and by the wrath of God hereafter; or it may be, that he did not credit the representation which Daniel made, and refused to follow his counsel on that account; or it may be, that though he purposed to repent, yet, as thousands of others do, he suffered the time to pass on until the forbearance of God was exhausted, and the calamity came suddenly upon him. A full year, it would seem Daniel 4:29, was given him to see what the effect of the admonition would be, and then all that had been predicted was fulfilled. His conduct furnishes a remarkable illustration of the conduct of sinners under threatened wrath; of the fact that they continue to live in sin when exposed to certain destruction, and when warned in the plainest manner of what will come upon them.

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Daniel 4:29

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At the end of twelve months - After the dream, and the interpretation - giving him ample opportunity to repent, and to reform his life, and to avoid the calamity.

He walked in the palace - Margin, "upon." The margin is the more correct rendering. The roofs of houses in the East are made flat, and furnish a common place of promenade, especially in the cool of the evening. See the note at Matthew 9:2. The Codex Chisianus has here, "The king walked upon the walls of the city with all his glory, and went around the towers, and answering, said." The place, however, upon which he walked, appears to have been the roof of his own palace - doubtless reared so high that he could have a good view of the city from it.

Of the kingdom of Babylon - Appertaining to that kingdom; the royal residence. As it is to be supposed that this "palace of the kingdom," on the roof of which the king walked, was what he had himself reared, and as this contributed much to the splendor of the capital of his empire, and doubtless was the occasion, in a considerable degree, of his vainglorious boasting when the judgment of heaven fell upon him Daniel 4:30-31, a brief description of that palace seems to he not inappropriate. The description is copied from an article on Babylon in Kitto's "Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature," vol. i. pp. 270, 271: "The new palace built by Nebuchadnezzar was prodigious in size and superb in embellishments. Its outer wall embraced six miles; within that circumference were two other embattled walls, besides a great tower. Three brazen gates led into the grand area, and every gate of consequence throughout the city was of brass. The palace was splendidly decorated with statues of men and animals, with vessels of gold and silver, and furnished with luxuries of all kinds brought thither from conquests in Egypt, Palestine, and Tyre. Its greatest boast were the hanging gardens, which acquired, even from Grecian writers, the appellation of one of the wonders of the world. They are attributed to the gallantry of Nebuchadnezzar, who constructed them in compliance with a wish of his queen Amytis to possess elevated groves, such as she had enjoyed on the hills around her native Ecbatana. Babylon was all flat, and to accomplish so extravagant a desire, an artificial mountain was reared, four hundred feet on each side, while terraces, one above another, rose to a height that overtopped the walls of the city, that is, above three hundred feet in elevation.

The ascent from terrace to terrace was made by corresponding flights of steps, while the terraces themselves were reared to their various stages on ranges of regular piers, which, forming a kind of vaulting, rose in succession one over the other to the required height of each terrace, the whole being bound together by a wall twenty-two feet in thickness. The level of each terrace or garden was then formed in the following manner: the tops of the piers were first laid over with flat stones, sixteen feet in length, and four in width; on these stones were spread beds of matting, then a thick layer of bitumen, after which came two courses of bricks, which were covered with sheets of solid lead. The earth was heaped on this platform, and in order to admit the roots of large trees, prodigious hollow piers were built and filled with mould. From the Euphrates, which flowed close to the foundation, water was drawn up by machinery. The whole, says Q. Curtius (Daniel 4:5), had, to those who saw it from a distance, the appearance of woods overhanging mountains. The remains of this palace are found in the vast mound or hill called by the natives "Kasr." It is of irregular form, eight hundred yards in length, and six hundred yards in breadth. Its appearance is constantly undergoing change from the continual digging which takes place in its inexhaustible quarries for brick of the strongest and finest material. Hence, the mass is furrowed into deep ravines, crossing and recrossing each other in every direction."

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Daniel 4:30

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The king spake and said - The Chaldee, and the Greek of Theodotion and of the Codex Chisianus here is, "the king answered and said:" perhaps he replied to some remark made by his attendants in regard to the magnitude of the city; or perhaps the word "answered" is used, as it often seems to be in the Scriptures, to denote a reply to something passing in the mind that is not uttered; to some question or inquiry that the mind starts. He might merely have been thinking of the magnitude of this city, and he gave response to those thoughts in the language which follows.

Is not this great Babylon, that I have built - In regard to the situation and the magnitude of Babylon, and the agency of Nebuchadnezzar in beautifying and enlarging it, see the analysis prefixed to the notes at Isaiah 13. He greatly enlarged the city; built a new city on the west side of the river; reared a magnificent palace; and constructed the celebrated hanging gardens; and, in fact, made the city so different from what it was, and so greatly increased its splendor, that he could say without impropriety that he had "built" it.

For the house of the kingdom - To be considered altogether - embracing the whole city - as a sort of palace of the kingdom. He seems to have looked upon the whole city as one vast palace fitted to be an appropriate residence of the sovereign of so vast an empire.

And for the honour of my majesty - To ennoble or glorify my reign; or where one of so much majesty as I am may find an appropriate home.

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Daniel 4:31

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While the word was in the king's mouth - In the very act of speaking - thus showing that there could be no doubt as to the connection between the crime and the punishment.

There fell a voice from heaven - There came a voice; or, perhaps, it seemed to fall as a thunderbolt. It was uttered above him, and appeared to come from heaven. There was an important sense in which it did fall from heaven, for it was the voice of God.

Saying, O king Nebuchadnezzar, to thee it is spoken - For you it is particularly intended; or what is predicted is now spoken to thee.

The kingdom is departed from thee - Thou art about to cease to reign. Up to this time he retained his reason, that he might distinctly understand the source from where the judgment was to come, and why it was brought upon him, and that he might be prepared, when he should be recovered from his insanity, to testify clearly to the origin and the nature of the judgment. The Codex Chisianus has an important "addition" to what is said here, which, though of no authority, as having nothing corresponding to it in the original text, yet states what is in itself not improbable. It is as follows: "And at the end of what he was saying, he heard a voice from heaven, To thee it is spoken, O king Nebuchadnezzar, the kingdom of Babylon shall be taken away from thee, and shall be given to another, a man despised or of no rank - ἐξουθενημένῳ ἀνθρώπῳ exouthenēmenō anthrōpō - in thy house. Behold, I will place him over thy kingdom, and thy power, and thy glory, and thy luxury - τὴν τρυφήν tēn truphēn - he shall receive, until thou shalt know that the God of heaven has authority over the kingdom of men, and gives it to whomsoever he will: but until the rising of the sun another king shall rejoice in thy house, and shall possess thy power, and thy strength, and thine authority, and the angels shall drive thee away for seven years, and thou shalt not be seen, and shalt not speak with any man, but they shall feed thee with grass as oxen, and from the herb of the field shall be thy support."

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Daniel 4:32

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And they shall drive thee from men ... - See the note at Daniel 4:25.

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Daniel 4:33

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The same hour was the thing fulfilled - On the word hour, see the note at Daniel 4:19. The use of the word here would seem to confirm the suggestion there made that it means a brief period of time. The idea is clearly that it was done instantly. The event came suddenly upon him, without any interval, as he was speaking.

Till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers - By long neglect and inattention. The Greek version of Theodotion has in this place the word lions instead of eagles: "until his hairs were grown long like that of lions;" and the passage is paraphrased by Jackson thus, "until his hair was grown long and shagged like the mane of a lion." This would make good sense, but it is not the reading of the Chaldee. The Codex Chisianus reads it, "and my hairs were like the wings of an eagle, and my nails like those of a lion." The correct idea is, that his hair was neglected until in appearance it resembled the feathers of a bird.

And his nails like birds' claws - No unnatural thing, if he was driven out and neglected as the insane have been in much later times, and in much more civilized parts of the world. In regard to the probability of the statement here made respecting the treatment of Nebuchadnezzar, and the objection derived from it against the authenticity of the book of Daniel, see Introduction to the chapter, II.((1). In addition to what is said there, the following cases may be referred to as showing that there is no improbability in supposing that what is here stated actually occurred. The extracts are taken from the Second Annual Report of the Prison Discipline Society, and they describe the condition of some of the patients before they were admitted into the insane asylum at Worcester. If these things occurred in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and in the nineteenth century of the Christian era, there is nothing incredible in supposing that a similar thing may have occurred in ancient pagan Babylon. "No. 1. Had been in prison twenty-eight years when he was brought to the Institution. During seven years he had not felt the influence of fire, and many nights he had not lain down for fear of freezing. He had not been shaved for twenty-eight years, and had been provoked and excited by the introduction of hundreds to see the exhibition of his raving. No. 2. Had been in one prison fourteen years: he was naked - his hair and beard grown long - and his skin so entirely filled with the dust of charcoal as to render it impossible, from its appearance, to discover what nation he was of. He was in the habit of screaming so loud as to annoy the whole neighborhood, and was considered a most dangerous and desperate man. No. 3. An old man of seventy years of age or more; had been chained for twenty-five years, and had his chain taken off but once in that time.

No. 4. A female: had so long been confined with a short chain as wholly to lose the use of her lower limbs. Her health had been materially impaired by confinement, and she was unable to stand, and had not walked for years. No. 8. Had been ten years without clothes: a most inconceivably filthy and degraded being: exceedingly violent and outrageous. No. 9. Another female, exceedingly filthy in her habits, had not worn clothes for two years, during which time she had been confined in a filthy cell, destitute of everything like comfort, tearing everything in pieces that was given her. No. 10. Had been insane eight years: almost the whole of the time in jail and in a cage."

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Daniel 4:34

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And at the end of the days - That is, the time designated; to wit, the "seven times" that were to pass over him.

I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven - Probably the first thing that indicated returning reason. It would not be unnatural, on the supposition that he was deprived of reason at the very instant that a voice seemed to speak to him from heaven, and that he continued wholly insane or idiotic during the long interval of seven years, that the first indication of returning reason would be his looking up to the place from where that voice seemed to come, as if it were still speaking to him. In some forms of mental derangement, when it comes suddenly upon a man, the effect is wholly to annihilate the interval, so that, when reason is restored, the individual connects in his recollection the last thing which occurred when reason ceased with the moment when it is restored. A patient had been long an inmate of an insane apartment in Providence, Rhode Island. He was a seaman, and had been injured on the head when his vessel was in a naval engagement, and it was supposed that his brain had been permanently affected.

For many years he was idiotic, and no hopes were entertained of his recovery. It was at length suggested that the operation of trepanning should be performed, and the very instant that the bone was raised from its pressure on the brain, he exclaimed, "Has she struck?" The whole interval of time was obliterated from his memory. Similar instances are mentioned by Dr. Abercrombie ("Intellectual Powers," pp. 252, 253). A man had been employed for a day with a beetle and wedges in splitting pieces of wood for erecting a fence. At night, before going home, he put the beetle and wedges into the hollow of an old tree, and directed his sons, who had been at work in an adjoining field, to accompany him next morning to assist in making the fence. In the night he became maniacal, and continued in a state of insanity for several years, during which time his mind was not occupied with any of the subjects with which he had been conversant when in health.

After several years his reason returned suddenly, and the first question he asked was, whether his sons had brought home the beetle and wedges. A lady had been intensely engaged for some time in a piece of needlework. Before she had completed it she became insane, and continued in that state for seven years; after which her reason returned suddenly. One of the first questions she asked related to her needlework, though she had never alluded to it, so far as was recollected, during her illness. Another lady was liable to periodical paroxysms of delirium, which often attacked her so suddenly that in conversation she would stop in the middle of a story, or even of a sentence, and branch off into the subject of hallucination. On the return of her reason, she would resume the subject of her conversation on which she was engaged at the time of the attack, beginning exactly where she had left off, though she had never alluded to it during her delirium; and on the next attack of delirium she would resume the subject of hallucination With which she had been occupied at the conclusion of the former paroxysm. A similar thing may have occurred to Nebuchadnezzar. He was deprived of reason by a sudden voice from heaven. Nothing was more natural, or would be more in accordance with the laws respecting insanity, than that at the very instant when reason returned he should look up to the place from where the voice had seemed to come.

And mine understanding returned unto me - This shows that he regarded himself as having been a maniac, though doubtless he was ignorant of the manner in which he had been treated. It would seem from the narrative, and from the probabilities of the case, that he found himself driven out from his palace, herding with cattle, and in the deplorable condition in regard to personal appearance which he here describes. Seeing this in fact, and recollecting the prediction, he could not doubt that this was the way in which he had been treated during the period of his distressing malady.

And I blessed the Most High - For his recovery, and in an humble acknowledgment of his dependence. "The acts of praise here referred to are the suitable returns of a mind truly penitent, and deeply sensible of its faults and of its mercies." - Winkle.

And I praised and honored him - That is, I honored him by rendering thanks for his restoring mercy, by recognizing him as the true God, and by the acknowledging of the truth that he has a right to reign, and that his kingdom is over all.

That liveth for ever - He is the living God, as he is often styled, in contradistinction from all false gods - who have no life; and he lives forever in contradistinction to his creatures on earth, all of whom are destined to die. He will live when all on earth shall have died; he will live forever in the future, as he has lived forever in the past.

Whose dominion is an everlasting dominion - His empire extends through all time, and will continue while eternal ages roll away.

And his kingdom is from generation to generation - The generations of men change, and monarchs die. No human sovereign can extend his own power over the next generation, nor can he secure his authority in the person of his successors. But the dominion of God is unchanged, while the generations of men pass away; and when one disappears from the earth, he meets the next with the same claim to the right of sovereignty, with the same principles of government - carrying forward, through that and successive ages, the fulfillment of his great and glorious purposes.

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Daniel 4:35

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And all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing - Are regarded as nothing in comparison with him. Compare Isaiah 40:15, note 17, note. Precisely the same sentiment occurs in Isaiah which is expressed here: "All nations before him are as nothing; and they are accounted unto him less than nothing and vanity."

And he doeth according to his will in the army of heaven - In the host of heaven - בחיל bechēyol - Greek, "in the power of heaven," ἐν τῇ, δυνάμει en tē, dunamei. The Chaldee word means properly strength, might, valor; and it is then applied to an army as possessing strength, or valor, or force. It is here applied to the inhabitants of heaven, probably considered as an army or host, of which God is the head, and which he leads forth or marshals to execute his puroses. In Daniel 3:20, the word is rendered "army." The sentiment here is, that in respect to the inhabitants of heaven, represented as organized or marshalled, God does his own pleasure. An intimation of his will is all that is needful to control them. This sentiment is in accordance with all the statements in the Scripture, and is a point of theology which must enter into every just view of God. Thus in the Lord's prayer it is implied: "Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven." So Ephesians 1:11 - "Who worketh all things after the counsel of his own will." In heaven the will of God is accomplished in the most strict and absolute sense, for his will is law, and the only law to all the dwellers there. The obedience is as entire as if the will of each one of the dwellers there were but a form or manifestation of the will of God itself.

And among the inhabitants of the earth - This cannot mean, even as understood by Nebuchadnezzar, that the will of God is actually done among the inhabitants of the earth in the same sense, and to the same extent, as among those who dwell in heaven. His design was, undoubtedly, to assert the supremacy and absolute control of God; a fact that had been so strikingly illustrated in his own case. The sentiment expressed by Nebuchadnezzar is true in the following respects:

(1) That man has no power to prevent the fulfillment of the Divine purposes.

(2) That God will accomplish his design in all things, whatever opposition man may make.

(3) That he has absolute control over every human being, and over all that pertains to anyone and everyone.

(4) That he will overrule all things so as to make them subservient to his own plans.

(5) That he will make use of men to accomplish his own purposes. Compare the note at Isaiah 10:7.

(6) That there is a great and glorious scheme of administration which God is carrying out by the instrumentality of men.

And none can stay his hand - literally, "none can smite upon his hand" (Gesenius, "Lex."); that is, none can restrain his hand. The language is taken, says Bertholdt, from the custom of striking children upon the hand when about to do anything wrong, in order to restrain them. The phrase is common in the Targums for to restrain, to hinder. The Arabs have a similar expression in common use. See numerous instances of the use of the word מחא mechâ' in the sense of restrain or prohibit, in Buxtorf. - "Lex. Chal." The truth taught here is, that no one has power to keep back the hand of God when it is put forth to accomplish the purposes which he intends to execute; that is, he will certainly accomplish his own pleasure.

Or say unto him, What doest thou? - A similar expression occurs in 2 Samuel 16:10 : "So let him curse, because the Lord hath said unto him, Curse David. Who shall then say, Wherefore hast thou done so?" Also in Job 9:12 : "Behold, he taketh away: Who can hinder him? Who will say unto him, What doest thou?" See the note at that passage. The meaning here is plain. God is supreme, and will do his pleasure in heaven and in earth. The security that all will be done right is founded on the perfection of his nature; and that is ample. Mysterious though his ways may seem to us, yet in that perfection of his nature we have the fullest assurance that no wrong will be done to any of his creatures. Our duty, therefore, is calm submission to his holy will, with the deep conviction that whatever God does will yet be seen to be right.

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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文

Daniel 4:36

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At the same time my reason returned unto me - Showing that he regarded himself as having been insane.

And for the glory of my kingdom - That is, his restoration to the exercise of his reason contributed to the glory of his kingdom, either by the acts of justice and beneficence which he intended should characterize the remainder of his reign, or by his purpose to reform the abuses which had crept into the government while he was deprived of his reason, or by his determination to complete public works which had been purposed or commenced before his affliction.

Mine honor and brightness returned unto me - Evidently referring to his intellect. He was again restored to that strength and clearness of understanding by which, before his affliction, he had been able to do so much for the glory of his kingdom.

And my counselors and my lords sought unto me - As they had done formerly. During his state of mental alienation, of course, the great lords of the empire would not resort to him for counsel.

And excellent majesty was added unto me - Majesty and honor appropriate to my state, instead of the treatment incident to the condition of a maniac; Theodotion renders this, "and greater majesty was added to me." It is by no means improbable that additional honor would be conferred on the recovered monarch.

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翻訳準備中 · 英語原文

Daniel 4:37

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Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honor the King of heaven - Compare Daniel 2:47, and Daniel 4:1-3. He felt himself called on, in this public manner, to acknowledge the true God, with whose supremacy he had been made acquainted in so affecting a manner; to "praise" him that he had preserved him, and restored him to his reason and his throne; to extol or exalt him, by recognizing his sovereignty over the mighty kings of the earth, and the power to rule over all; and to "honor" him by making his name and attributes known abroad, and by using all his influence as a monarch to have him reverenced throughout his extended empire.

All whose works are truth - See Deuteronomy 32:4; Psalm 33:4; Revelation 15:3. The meaning is, that all that he does is done in accordance with the true nature of things, or with justice and propriety. It is not based on a false estimate of things, as what is done by man often is. How often are the plans and acts of man, even where there are the best intentions, based on some false estimate of things; on some views which are shown by the result to have been erroneous! But God sees things precisely as they are, and accurately knows what should be done in every case.

And those that walk in pride he is able to abase - What had occurred to Nebuchadnezzar might occur to others, and as God had shown that he could reduce the most exalted sovereign of the earth to the lowest condition in which a human being can be, he inferred that he could do the same to all, and that there was no one so exalted in rank, so vigorous in health, and so mighty in intellect, that he could not effectually humble and subdue him. This is indeed an affecting truth which is constantly illustrated in the world. The reverses occurring among men, the sick-bed, the loss of reason, the grave, show how easily God can bring down rank, and beauty, and talent and all that the world calls great, to the dust. In the Greek Codex Chisianus there is at the close of this chapter a beautiful ascription of praise to God, which has nothing to correspond with it in the Chaldee, and the origin of which is unknown.

I will translate it, because, although it is not of Divine authority, and is no part of the sacred writings, it contains sentiments not inappropriate to the close of this remarkable chapter. It is as follows: "To the Most High I make confession, and render praise to Him who made the heaven, and the earth, and the seas, and the rivers, and all things in them; I acknowledge him and praise him because he is the God of gods, and Lord of lords, and King of kings, for he does signs and wonders, and changes times and seasons, taking away the kingdoms of kings, and placing others in their stead. From this time I will serve him, and from the fear of him trembling has seized me, and I praise all his saints, for the gods of the pagan have not in themselves power to transfer the kingdom of a king to another king, and to kill and to make alive, and to do signs, and great and fearful wonders, and to change mighty deeds, as the God of heaven has done to me, and has brought upon me great changes. I, during all the days of my reign, on account of my life, will bring to the Most High sacrifices for an odor of sweet savor to the Lord, and I and my people will do what will be acceptable before him - my nation, and the countries which are under my power.

And whosoever shall speak against the God of heaven, and whosoever shall countenance those who speak anything, I will condemn to death. Praise the Lord God of heaven, and bring sacrifice and offering to him gloriously. I, king of kings, confess Him gloriously, for so he has done with me; in the very day he set me upon my throne, and my power, and my kingdom; among my people I have power, and my majesty has been restored to me. And he sent letters concerning all things that were done unto him in his kingdom; to all the nations that were under him."

Nebuchadnezzar is supposed to have lived but about one year after this (Wintle), but nothing is known of his subsequent deeds. It may be hoped that he continued steadfast in his faith in that God whom he had thus been brought to acknowledge, and that he died in that belief. But of this nothing is known. After so solemn an admonition, however, of his own pride, and after being brought in this public manner to acknowledge the true God, it is to be regarded as not improbable that he looked on the Babylon that he had reared, and over his extended realms, with other feelings than those which he had before this terrible calamity came upon him. "Nebuchadnezzar was succeeded in his kingdom by his son Iloarudam, according to Ptolemy, who is the Evil-Merodach of Jeremiah. After the death of Evil-Merodach, who reigned two years, Niricassolassar, or Neriglissar, who seems to have been the chief of the conspirators against the last king, succeeded him. He had married a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, and in the course of his reign made a great stand against the growing power of the Medes and Persians; but at length, after a reign of four years, was killed in a battle with them under the command of Cyrus. His son Laborosoarchod succeeded him, and having reigned only nine months, and not reaching a Thoth, or beginning of an Egyptian year, he is not mentioned by Ptolemy; but he is said to have been quite the reverse of his father, and to have exercised many acts of wanton cruelty, and was murdered by his own subjects, and succeeded by his son Nabonadius, or Belshazzar." - Wintle.

Remarks

(1) The narrative in this chapter furnishes an illustration of the disposition among men to make arrangements for their own ease and comfort, especially in view of advancing years, Daniel 4:4. Nebuchadnezzar had drawn around him all that it is possible, perhaps, for man to accumulate with this view. He was at the head of the pagan world - the mighty monarch of the mightiest kingdom on the earth. He was at peace - having finished his wars, and having been satiated with the glory of battle and conquest. He had enlarged and beautified his capital, so that it was one of the "wonders of the world." He had built for himself a palace, which surpassed in richness, and elegance, and luxury, all the habitations of man in that age. He had accumulated vast wealth, and there was not a production of any clime which he could not command, nor was there anything that is supposed to be necessary to make man happy in this life which he had not in his possession.

All this was the result of arrangement and purpose. He designed evidently to reach the point where he might feel that he was "at ease, and flourishing in his palace." What was true in his case on a large scale is true of others in general, though on a much smaller scale. Most men would be glad to do the same thing; and most men seek to make such an arrangement according to their ability. They look to the time when they may retire from the toils and cares of life, with a competence for their old age, and when they may enjoy life, perhaps, many years, in the tranquility of honorable and happy retirement. The merchant does not expect always to be a merchant; the man in office to be always burdened with the cares of state. The soldier does not expect always to be in the camp, or the mariner on the sea. The warrior hopes to repose on his laurels; the sailor to find a quiet haven; the merchant to have enough to be permitted to sit down in the evening of life free from care; and the lawyer, the physician, the clergyman, the farmer, each one hopes, after the toils and conflicts of life are over, to be permitted to spend the remainder of his days in comfort, if not in affluence.

This seems to be based on some law of our nature; and it is not to be spoken of harshly, or despised as if it had no foundation in what is great and noble in our being. I see in this a high and noble truth. It is that our nature looks forward to rest; that we are so made as to pant for repose - for calm repose when the work of life is over. As our Maker formed us, the law was that we should seek this in the world to come - in that blessed abode where we may be free from all care, and where there shall be everlasting rest. But man, naturally unwilling to look to that world, has abused this law of his being, and seeks to find the rest for which the soul pants, in that interval, usually very short, and quite unfitted for tranquil enjoyment, between the period when he toils, and lies down in the grave. The true law of his being would lead him to look onward to everlasting happiness; he abuses and perverts the law, and seeks to satisfy it by making provision for a brief and temporary rest at the close of the present life.

(2) There is a process often going on in the case of these individuals to disturb or prevent that state of ease. Thus there was in the case of Nebuchadnezzar, as intimated by the dream. Even then, in his highest state of grandeur, there was a tendency to the sad result which followed when he was driven from his throne, and treated as a poor and neglected maniac. This was intimated to him by the dream; and to one who could see all the future, it would be apparent that things were tending to this result. The very excitements and agitations of his life, the intoxication of his pride, and the circumstances of ease and grandeur in which he was now placed, all tended by a natural course of things to produce what followed. And so, in other cases, there is often process going on, if it could be seen, destined to disappoint all those hopes, and to prevent all that anticipated ease and tranquility. It is not always visible to men, but could we see things as God sees them, we should perceive that there are causes at work which will blast all those hopes of ease, and disappoint all those expectations of tranquility. There may be

(a) the loss of all that we possess: for we hold it by an uncertain tenure, and "riches often take to themselves wings." There may be

(b) the loss of a wife, or a child and all our anticipated comforts shall be tasteless, for there shall be none with whom to share them. There may be

(c) the loss of reason, as in the case of Nebuchadnezzar, for no human precaution can guard against that. There may be

(d) the loss of health - a loss against which no one can defend himself - which shall render all his preparations for comfort of no value. Or

(e) death itself may come - for no one has any basis of calculation in regard to his own life, and no one, therefore, who builds for himself a palace can have any security that he will ever enjoy it.

Men who build splendid houses for themselves may yet experience sad scenes in their dwellings; and if they could foresee all that will occur in them, it would so throw a gloom over all the future as to lead them to abandon the undertaking. Who could engage cheerfully in such an enterprise if he saw that he was constructing a house in which a daughter was to lie down and die, or from which his wife and children were soon to be borne forth to the grave? In this chamber your child may be long sick; in that one you or your wife may lie down on a bed from which you will never rise; from those doors yourself, your wife, your child, will be borne forth to the grave; and if you saw all this now, how could you engage with so much zeal in constructing your magnificent habitation?

(3) Our plans of life should be formed with the feeling that this is possible: I say not with the gloomy apprehension that these calamities will certainly come, or with no anticipation or hope that there will be different scenes - for then life would be nothing else but gloom; but that we should allow the possibility that these things may occur to enter, as an element, into our calculations respecting the future. Such a feeling will give us sober and just views of life; will break the force of trouble and disappointment when they come; and will give us just apprehensions of our dependence on Him in whose hand are all our comforts.

(4) The dealings of God in our world are such as are eminently fitted to keep up the recognition of these truths. What occurred to Nebuchadnezzar, in the humbling of his pride, and the blighting of his anticipated pleasures, is just an illustration of what is constantly occurring on the earth. What house is there into which trouble, disappointment, and sorrow never come? What scheme of pride is there in respect to which something does not occur to produce mortification? What habitation is there into which sickness, bereavement, and death never find their way? And what abode of man on earth can be made secure from the intrusion of these things? The most splendid mansion must soon be left by its owner, and never be visited by him again. The most magnificent banqueting-hall will be forsaken by its possessor, and never will he return to it again; never go into the chamber where he sought repose; never sit down at the table where he joined with others in revelry.

(5) The counsel given by Daniel to Nebuchadnezzar Daniel 4:27, to break off his sins by righteousness, that there might be a lengthening out of his tranquility, is counsel that may now be given to all sinners, with equal propriety.

(I.) For, as in his case, there are certain consequences of sin to which we must look forward, and on which the eye of a sinner should rest. Those consequences are

(1) such as spring up in the course of nature, or which are the regular results of sin in the course of events. They are such as can be foreseen, and can be made the basis of calculation, or which a man can know beforehand will come upon him if he perseveres in a certain course. Thus he who is intemperate can look upon certain results which will inevitably follow if he perseveres in that course of life. As he looks upon the poverty, and babbling, and woe, and sorrow, and misery, and death of an inebriate, he can see that that lot will be certainly his own if he perseveres in his present course, and this can be made with him a matter of definite calculation or anticipation. Or

(2) there are all these consequences of sin which are made known in the sacred Scriptures as sure to come upon transgressors. This, too, is a large class; but these consequences are as certain as those which occur in the regular course of events. The principal difference between the two is, that revelation has designated more sins that will involve the sinner in calamity than can be ascertained in the ordinary course of events, and that it has carried the mind forward, and discloses what will take place in the future world as well as what will occur in this. But the one is more certain than the other; and alike in reference to what is sure to occur in the present life, and what we are told will occur in the future state, the sinner should allow himself to be influenced by the anticipation of what is to come.

(II.) Repentance, reformation, and a holy life would, in many cases, go far to arrest these calamities - or, in the language of Daniel, "lengthen out tranquility." This is true in the following respects:

(1) That impending temporal calamities may be often partially or wholly turned away by reformation. An illustration of this thought occurred in the case of Nineveh; and the same thing now occurs. A young man who is in danger of becoming intemperate, and who has already contracted some of the habits that lead to intemperance, could avert a large class of impending ills by so simple a thing as signing the temperance pledge, and adhering to it. All the evils of poverty, tears, crime, disease, and an early death, that intemperance produces, he would certainly avert; that is, he would make it certain that the large class of ills that intemperance engenders would never come upon him. He might experience other ills, but he would never suffer those. So it is of the sufferings produced by licentiousness, by gluttony, by the spirit of revenge; and so it is of all the woes that follow the violation of human laws. A man may indeed be poor; he may be sick; he may be bereaved; he may lose his reason, but these ills he will never experience. But what Daniel here affirms is true in another sense in regard to temporal calamities. A man may, by repentance, and by breaking off from his sins, do much to stay the progress of woe, and to avert the results which he has already begun to experience. Thus the drunkard may reform, and may have restored health, rigor, and prosperity; and thus the licentious may turn from the evil of his ways, and enjoy health and happiness still. On this subject, see the notes at Job 33:14-25, particularly the notes at Job 33:25.

(2) But by repentance and holy living a man may turn away all the results of sin in the future world, and may make it certain that he will never experience a pang beyond the grave. All the woe that sin would cause in the future state may be thus averted, and he who has been deeply guilty may enter the eternal world with the assurance that he will never suffer beyond the grave. Whether, then, we look to the future in the present life, or to the future beyond the grave, we have the highest conceivable motives to abandon the ways of sin, and to lead lives of holiness. If a man were to live only on the earth, it would be for his welfare to break off from the ways of transgression; how much higher is this motive when it is remembered that he must exist forever!

(6) We have an illustration in the account in this chapter of the evil of "pride," Daniel 4:29-31. The pride which we may have on account of beauty, or strength, or learning, or accomplishments; which we feel when we look over our lands that we have cultivated, or the houses that we have built, or the reputation which we have acquired, is no less offensive in the sight of a holy God than was the pride of the magnificent monarch who looked out on the towers, and domes, and walls, and palaces of a vast city, and said, "Is not this great Babylon that I have builded?"

(7) And in view of the calamity that came upon Nebuchadnezzar, and the treatment which he received in his malady, we may make the following remarks:

(a) We should be thankful for the continuance of reasons. When we look on such a case as this, or when we go into a lunatic asylum, and see the wretchedness that the loss of reason causes, we should thank God daily that we are not deprived of this inestimable blessing.

(b) We should be thankful for science, and for the Christian religion, and for all that they have done to give comfort to the maniac, or to restore him to a sound mind. When we compare the treatment which the insane now receive in the lunatic asylums with what they everywhere meet with in the pagan world, and with what they have, up to a very recent period, received in Christian lands, there is almost nothing in which we see more marked proof of the interposition of God than in the great change which has been produced. There are few persons who have not, or may not have, some friend or relative who is insane, and there is no one who is not, or may not be, personally interested in the improvement which religion and science have made in the treatment of this class of unfortunate beings. In no one thing, so far as I know, has there been so decided progress in the views and conduct of men; and on no one subject has there been so evident an improvement in modern times, as in the treatment of the insane.

(c) The possibility of the loss of reason should be an element in our calculations about the future. On this point we can have no security. There is no such vigour of intellect, or clearness of mind, or cultivation of the habits of virtue, and even no such influence of religion, as to make it certain that we may not yet be reckoned among the insane; and the possibility that this may be so should be admitted as an element in our calculations in regard to the future. We should not jeopard any valuable interest by leaving that undone which ought to be done, on the supposition that we may at a future period of life enjoy the exercise of reason. Let us remember that there may be in our case, even in youth or middle life, the loss of this faculty; that there will be, if we reach old age, in all probability, such a weakening of our mental powers as to unfit us for making any preparation for the life to come, and that on the bed of death, whenever that occurs. there is often an entire loss of the mental powers, and commonly so much pain. distress, or prostration, as to unfit the dying man for calm and deliberate thought; and let us, therefore, while we have reason and health, do all that we know we ought to do to make preparation for our eternal state. For what is our reason more certainly given us than to prepare for another world?