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Numbers Глава 28
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Now that the people were numbered, orders given for the dividing of the land, and a general of the forces nominated and commissioned, one would have expected that the next chapter should begin the history of the campaign, or at least should give us an account of the ordinances of war; no, it contains the ordinances of worship, and provides that now, as they were on the point of entering Canaan, they should be sure to take their religion along with them, and not forget this, in the prosecution of their wars, Nu 28:1,2. The laws are here repeated and summed up concerning the sacrifices that were to be offered, I. Daily, Nu 28:3-8. II. Weekly, Nu 28:9,10. III. Monthly, Nu 28:11-15. IV. Yearly. 1. At the passover, Nu 28:16-25. 2. At pentecost, Nu 28:26-31. And the next chapter is concerning the annual solemnities of the seventh month.
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Laws Concerning Sacrifices (1452 BC)
简体中文
关于献祭的律例（主前1452年）
¹ 耶和华对摩西说：
² "你要吩咐以色列人说：'我的供物、就是我献为馨香火祭的作我食物，你们要按时献给我。'
³ 又要对他们说：'你们要献给耶和华的火祭是这样：没有残疾、一岁的羊羔，每天两只，作为常献的燔祭。
⁴ 早晨要献这一只羊羔，黄昏要献那一只羊羔；
⁵ 又用细面伊法十分之一，并捣成的油一欣四分之一，调和作为素祭。
⁶ 这是在西奈山上所命定作为馨香的常献燔祭，献给耶和华为火祭。
⁷ 其奠祭要用一欣四分之一，为这一只羊羔；在圣所你要将醇酒奉给耶和华为奠祭。
⁸ 黄昏要献那一只羊羔：要照早晨的素祭和它的奠祭献上，作为献给耶和华馨香的火祭。'"
此处所记：I. 关于耶和华的供物当按其节期献上的一般命令（民28:2）。这些律法在此重新颁布，并非因为在旷野漂流三十八年间这些献祭已完全废止（我们不能以为他们如此之久毫无公开敬拜；至少每日的羊羔是早晚都献，安息日则加倍——帕特里克主教如此推测）；然而许多祭物在那时被略去，却是明明指出的（摩5:25，司提反所引，徒7:42）：以色列家啊，在旷野四十年间，你们岂是将祭物和供物献给我呢？其含意是："不，你们没有。"但无论献祭的常规是否被中断，神如今看为合宜，要重新颁布献祭的律法，1. 因为这是新的一代人，其中大多数在从前律法颁布时尚未出生；所以要使他们无可推诿，不仅把这些律法写下、念给他们听，更由神亲自再次重复，并以更简明的篇幅和更清晰的方式加以陈明。2. 因为他们如今正要开始争战，可能受试探以为在争战之时可以免献祭物。Inter arma silent leges——在刀兵交鸣之中，律法少受尊重。不，神说，就是现在，我献为祭的食物你们也当按时献上。他们在与仇敌争战之时，特别需要保持与神的和睦。在旷野他们独居，与万民完全分别，所以在那里并不那么需要他们特有的标志，他们忽略献祭也不如在迦南——当他们与别族混杂之时——那样显眼。3. 因为他们如今就要得着应许之地为业——那流奶与蜜之地，在那地他们必有一切美物丰盛。神说："如今"当你们自己饱享丰筵之时，不可忘记献上你们神的饼。迦南之赐给他们，乃附有这一条件：他们当守神的律例（诗105:44,45）。
II. 关于每日献祭的特别律法——早晨一只羊羔，黄昏一只羊羔——因其恒常不断、如日头到来那样准时，被称为常献的燔祭（民28:3），这表明：当我们被吩咐常常祷告、不住地祷告时，其用意至少是我们每日早晨和每日傍晚都当向神献上庄严的祷告和赞美。据说这是在西奈山所命定的（民28:6），是在颁布其他律法之时。其设立见于出29:38。在重申此律时并无增添，只是吩咐奠祭所倒的酒要用醇酒（民28:7），是他们所能得的最上等、最醇厚、最浓郁的酒。虽然这酒要倒在坛上，并不喝下（所以他们可能以为最劣的酒如此泼掉也无妨），但神却要求用最醇的，借此教导我们以我们所有的上好之物事奉神。安斯沃斯（Ainsworth）说，这酒必须醇厚，因为它是基督之血的预表——基督之血的记念如今仍以酒的形式留给教会；它也是殉道者之血的预表——他们的血作为奠祭浇在我们信心的祭物和事奉上（腓2:17）。
⁹ 当安息日，要献两只没有残疾、一岁的羊羔，并用调油的细面伊法十分之二作素祭，又有奠祭；
¹⁰ 这是每个安息日献的燔祭；那常献的燔祭和同献的奠祭在外。
¹¹ 每月朔，你们要献给耶和华为燔祭：两只公牛犊，一只公绵羊，七只没有残疾、一岁的羊羔；
¹² 每只公牛要献调油的细面伊法十分之三作素祭；那只公绵羊要献调油的细面伊法十分之二作素祭；
¹³ 每只羊羔要献调油的细面伊法十分之一作素祭；作为献给耶和华馨香的燔祭、火祭。
¹⁴ 一只公牛要奠酒半欣；一只公绵羊要奠酒一欣三分之一；一只羊羔要奠酒一欣四分之一。这是一年中每月当献的燔祭。
¹⁵ 又要将一只公山羊献给耶和华为赎罪祭；那常献的燔祭和同献的奠祭在外。
月朔与安息日常常相提并论，是犹太教会中的重大节期，对当时的圣徒极其安慰，也是福音恩典的预表。此处我们有所指定的祭物：1. 为安息日所献。每个安息日的祭物都要加倍：在为每日燔祭所献的两只羊羔之外，还要多献两只——大概一只加在早晨的祭上，一只加在黄昏的祭上（民28:9,10）。这教导我们在安息日当加倍我们的灵修，因为当日的本分要求如此。安息日的安息当遵守，为要更紧密地从事安息日的工作——这工作当充满安息日的时间。在以西结所指福音时代的圣殿事奉中，安息日的祭物要六只羊羔和一只公绵羊，连同其素祭和奠祭（结46:4,5），借此表明在弥赛亚的日子，安息日的成圣不仅延续，还要进步。这是安息日的安息日（原文如此）当献的燔祭（民28:10）。我们当在当日本日作安息日当日的工作，竭力赎回安息日时间的每一刻，视其为何等宝贵；不可想把一个安息日的工作推到另一个安息日，因为每个安息日的工作当日本日已经够了。2. 为月朔所献。有人建议：正如安息日是为记念世界的创造而守，照样月朔是为记念神的护理而分别为圣——这护理立月亮为节令，借月相引导时间的运转，并（如许多人以为）借其影响管辖月下的万物。虽然我们不守月朔之节，却不可忘记因神借他所永远坚定、在天上作可信见证的月亮所赐的一切佳美之物（诗89:37）将荣耀归给他。月朔所献的祭物甚为可观：两只公牛、一只公绵羊、七只羊羔，连同当与它们同献的素祭和奠祭（民28:11-15等），此外还有一只赎罪祭（民28:15）。因为当我们因承认神的怜悯而将荣耀归给他时，我们也当因承认自己的罪而将荣耀归给他；当我们在寻常护理的恩赐中欢乐时，我们必须以基督的祭——那特殊恩典的大恩赐——为我们喜乐的源头与源泉。有人质疑月朔是否当列在他们的节期之中；然而为何不可呢？因为那时除了当献的特别祭物之外，他们还要停息劳碌的工（摩8:5），吹号（民10:10），并到先知那里听道（王下4:23）。而月朔所行的敬拜被立为福音严肃会的预表（赛66:23）。
¹⁶ 正月十四日是耶和华的逾越节。
¹⁷ 这月十五日是节期：要吃无酵饼七天。
¹⁸ 第一日当有圣会；什么劳碌的工都不可做：
¹⁹ 只要将作火祭献给耶和华的燔祭献上：两只公牛犊，一只公绵羊，七只一岁的羊羔；都要没有残疾；
²⁰ 同献的素祭要用调油的细面：为每只公牛要献伊法十分之三，为公绵羊要献伊法十分之二；
²¹ 七只羊羔，每只要献伊法十分之一；
²² 又要献一只公山羊作赎罪祭，为你们赎罪。
²³ 你们要在早晨那常献的燔祭之外，将这些献上。
²⁴ 你们七日间每日要这样献火祭的肉，献给耶和华为馨香之气；要在那常献的燔祭和同献的奠祭之外献上。
²⁵ 第七日你们也当有圣会；什么劳碌的工都不可做。
²⁶ 七七节庄稼初熟的日子，你们将新素祭献给耶和华的时候，也当有圣会；什么劳碌的工都不可做：
²⁷ 只要将燔祭献给耶和华为馨香之气：两只公牛犊，一只公绵羊，七只一岁的羊羔；
²⁸ 同献的素祭要用调油的细面：每只公牛伊法十分之三，公绵羊伊法十分之二，
²⁹ 每只羊羔伊法十分之一；
³⁰ 又要献一只公山羊，为你们赎罪。
³¹ 你们要在常献的燔祭和同献的素祭之外，并同献的奠祭之外，将这些献上——（这些祭物你们都要献没有残疾的）。
此处所记：1. 逾越节祭物的设立；不是那首要的——逾越节的羊羔（关于它从前已有充分的指示），而是紧随其后的无酵饼七日间所当献的祭物（民28:17-25）。那七日的头一日和末一日都要借圣安息和圣会分别为圣；七日之中每日都要在祭物上慷慨，作为对出埃及之拯救恒久不断的感恩记号：两只公牛、一只公绵羊、七只羊羔。为感恩于我们的逾越节基督已经被杀献祭，福音所指引的生活被称为守这节（林前5:8）；因为我们不仅要从恶毒邪恶的酵中除净，更要不断献上我们神的饼，就是颂赞的祭，并在此中坚持到底。2. 五旬节所当献的祭物也在此设立，此处称为初熟之日（民28:26）。在无酵节他们要将大麦（在他们中首先成熟的）的初熟庄稼一捆献给祭司（利23:10），作为收获的开端；但如今大约七周之后，他们要在收获结束时献给耶和华为素祭的新物，为感谢神——他不仅赐下，更为他们存留了地的出产，使他们在当季得以享用。正是在这个节期，圣灵被浇灌下来（徒2:1-13等），数千人因使徒的讲道悔改归主，被献给基督，作他受造之物中初熟的果子。当与初熟之饼同献的祭物在利23:18已有规定。但在此之外，除了那个和每日的常献之外，他们还要献两只公牛、一只公绵羊、七只羊羔，并一只公山羊为赎罪祭（民28:27-30）。当神丰盛地撒在我们身上之时，他指望从我们身上相应地收割。帕特里克主教留意到，本章并未规定平安祭——平安祭主要是为献祭者的益处，所以在其中他们被更多地交给自己酌量；但燔祭纯粹是为神的尊荣，是对他主权的承认，预表福音的敬虔与热忱——借着圣爱之火焰，灵魂全然献与神；而赎罪祭则预表基督舍己的祭——借此我们和我们的事奉才得以完全、得以成圣。
Английский оригинал
Laws Concerning Sacrifices (1452 BC)
¹ And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
² Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season.
³ And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering.
⁴ The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at even;
⁵ And a tenth part of an ephah of flour for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.
⁶ It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in Mount Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.
⁷ And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering.
⁸ And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
Here is, I. A general order given concerning the offerings of the Lord, which were to be brought in their season, Nu 28:2. These laws are here given afresh, not because the observance of them was wholly disused during their thirty-eight years' wandering in the wilderness (we cannot think that they were so long without any public worship, but that at least the daily lamb was offered morning and evening, and doubled on the sabbath day; so bishop Patrick conjectures); but that many of the sacrifices were then omitted is plainly intimated, Am 5:25, quoted by Stephen, Ac 7:42. Did you offer unto me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? It is implied, "No, you did not." But, whether the course of sacrifices had been interrupted or no, God saw fit now to repeat the law of sacrifices, 1. Because this was a new generation of men, that were most of them unborn when the former laws were given; therefore, that they might be left without excuse, they have not only these laws written, to be read to them, but again repeated from God himself, and put into a less compass and a plainer method. 2. Because they were now entering upon war, and might be tempted to think that while they were engaged in that they should be excused from offering sacrifices. Inter arma silent leges—law is little regarded amidst the clash of arms. No, says God, my bread for my sacrifices even now shall you observe to offer, and that in the due season. They were peculiarly concerned to keep their peace with God when they were at war with their enemies. In the wilderness they were solitary, and quite separate from all other people, and therefore there they needed not so much their distinguishing badges, nor would their omission of sacrifices be so scandalous as when they came into Canaan, when they mingled with other people. 3. Because possession was now to be given them of the land of promise, that land flowing with milk and honey, where they would have plenty of all good things. "Now" (says God), "When you are feasting yourselves, forget not to offer the bread of your God." Canaan was given to them upon this condition, that they should observe God's statutes, Ps 105:44,45.
II. The particular law of the daily sacrifice, a lamb in the morning and a lamb in the evening, which, for the constancy of it as duly as the day came, is called a continual burnt-offering (Nu 28:3), which intimates that when we are bidden to pray always, and to pray without ceasing, it is intended that at least every morning and every evening we offer up our solemn prayers and praises to God. This is said to be ordained in Mount Sinai (Nu 28:6), when the other laws were given. The institution of it we have, Ex 29:38. Nothing is here added in the repetition of the law, but that the wine to be poured out in the drink-offering is ordered to be strong wine (Nu 28:7), the riches and most generous and best-bodied wine they could get. Though it was to be poured out upon the altar, and not drunk (they therefore might be ready to think the worst would serve to be so thrown away), yet God requires the strongest, to teach us to serve God with the best we have. The wine must be strong (says Ainsworth) because it was a figure of the blood of Christ, the memorial of which is still left to the church in wine, and of the blood of the martyrs, which was poured out as a drink-offering upon the sacrifice and service of our faith, Php 2:17.
⁹ And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot, and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and the drink offering thereof:
¹⁰ This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
¹¹ And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot;
¹² And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram;
¹³ And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.
¹⁴ And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month throughout the months of the year.
¹⁵ And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
The new moons and the sabbaths are often spoken of together, as great solemnities in the Jewish church, very comfortable to the saints then, and typical of gospel grace. Now we have here the sacrifices appointed, 1. For the sabbaths. Every sabbath day the offering must be doubled; besides the two lambs offered for the daily burnt-offering, there must be two more offered, one (it is probable) added to the morning sacrifice, and the other to the evening, Nu 28:9,10. This teaches us to double our devotions on sabbath days, for so the duty of the day requires. The sabbath rest is to be observed, in order to a more close application to the sabbath work, which ought to fill up sabbath time. In Ezekiel's temple-service, which points at gospel times, the sabbath offerings were to be six lambs and a ram, with their meat-offerings, and drink-offerings (Eze 46:4,5), to intimate not only the continuance, but the advancement, of sabbath sanctification in the days of the Messiah. This is the burnt-offering of the sabbath in his sabbath, so it is in the original, Nu 28:10. We must do every sabbath day's work in its day, studying to redeem every minute of sabbath time as those that believe it precious; and not thinking to put off one sabbath's work to another, for sufficient to every sabbath is the service thereof. 2. For the new moons. Some suggest that, as the sabbath was kept with an eye to the creation of the world, so the new moons were sanctified with an eye to the divine providence, which appoints the moon for seasons, guiding the revolutions of time by its changes, and governing sublunary bodies (as many think) by its influences. Though we observe not any feast of new moons, yet we must not forget to give God the glory of all the precious things put forth by the moon which he has established for ever, a faithful witness in heaven, Ps 89:37. The offerings in the new moons were very considerable, two bullocks, a ram, and seven lambs, with the meat-offerings and drink-offerings that were to attend them (Nu 28:11-15, etc.), besides a sin-offering, Nu 28:15. For, when we give glory to God by confessing his mercies, we must give glory to him likewise by confessing our own sins; and, when we rejoice in the gifts of common providence, we must make the sacrifice of Christ, that great gift of special grace, the fountain and spring-head of our joy. Some have questioned whether the new moons were to be reckoned among their feasts; but why should they not, when, besides the special sacrifices which were then to be offered, they rested from servile works (Am 8:5), blew the trumpets (Nu 10:10), and went to the prophets to hear the word? 2Ki 4:23. And the worship performed in the new moons is made typical of gospel solemnities, Isa 66:23.
¹⁶ And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the LORD.
¹⁷ And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten.
¹⁸ In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein:
¹⁹ But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish:
²⁰ And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram;
²¹ A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs:
²² And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you.
²³ Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering.
²⁴ After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
²⁵ And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work.
²⁶ Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat offering unto the LORD, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work:
²⁷ But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year;
²⁸ And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram,
²⁹ A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs;
³⁰ And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you.
³¹ Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their drink offerings.
Here is, I. The appointment of the pass-over sacrifices; not that which was the chief, the paschal lamb (sufficient instructions had formerly been given concerning that), but those which were to be offered upon the seven days of unleavened bread, which followed it, Nu 28:17-25. The first and last of those seven days were to be sanctified as sabbaths, by a holy rest and a holy convocation, and on each of the seven days they were to be liberal in their sacrifices, in token of their great and constant thankfulness for their deliverance out of Egypt: Two bullocks, a ram, and seven lambs. A gospel conversation, in gratitude for Christ our passover who was sacrificed, is called the keeping of this feast (1Co 5:8); for it is not enough that we purge out the leavened bread of malice and wickedness, but we must offer the bread of our God, even the sacrifice of praise, continually, and continue herein unto the end. 2. The sacrifices are likewise appointed which were to be offered at the feast of pentecost, here called the day of the first-fruits, Nu 28:26. In the feast of unleavened bread they offered a sheaf of their first-fruits of barley (which with them was first ripe) to the priest (Le 23:10), as an introduction to the harvest; but now, about seven weeks after, they were to bring a new meat-offering to the Lord, at the end of harvest, in thankfulness to God, who had not only given, but preserved to their use, the kindly fruits of the earth, so as that in due time they did enjoy them. It was at this feast that the Spirit was poured out (Ac 2:1-13, etc.), and thousands were converted by the preaching of the apostles, and were presented to Christ, to be a kind of first-fruits of his creatures. The sacrifice that was to be offered with the loaves of the first-fruits was appointed, Le 23:18. But over and above, besides that and besides the daily offerings, they were to offer two bullocks, one ram, and seven lambs, with a kid for a sin-offering, Nu 28:27-30. When God sows plentifully upon us he expects to reap accordingly from us. Bishop Patrick observes that no peace-offerings are appointed in this chapter, which were chiefly for the benefit of the offerers, and therefore in them they were left more to themselves; but burnt-offerings were purely for the honour of God, were confessions of his dominion, and typified evangelical piety and devotion, by which the soul is wholly offered up to God in the flames of holy love; and sin-offerings were typical of Christ's sacrifice of himself, by which we and our services are perfected and sanctified.
如今百姓既已数点完毕，分地的命令既已下达，军队的统帅也已选定并受了委任，人或许以为下一章会开始记载战事的历史，至少也会给我们一些关于战争条例的记述；然而不然，它所记载的乃是敬拜的条例，并规定如今他们正要进入迦南之际，务要确保将他们的信仰一同带去，在争战的推进中切不可忘记这一点（民 28:1、2）。此处重复并归纳了关于当献祭物的律法：I. 每日的（民 28:3-8）。II. 每周的（民 28:9、10）。III. 每月的（民 28:11-15）。IV. 每年的——1. 逾越节（民 28:16-25）；2. 五旬节（民 28:26-31）。而下一章则论到第七个月的年度节期。