Chú giải chương
Joshua Chương 3
1
Jos 3:1-6.
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Jos 3:1-6.
JOSHUA COMES TO JORDAN.
1. Joshua rose early in the morning--On the day following that on which the spies had returned with their encouraging report. The camp was broken up in "Shittim" (the acacia groves), and removed to the eastern bank of the Jordan. The duration of their stay is indicated
(Jos 3:2),
being, according to Hebrew reckoning, only one entire day, including the evening of arrival and the morning of the passage; and such a time would be absolutely necessary for so motley an assemblage of men, women, and children, with all their gear and cattle to make ready for going into an enemy's country.
2
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2-4. 役人たちは宿営を通り抜け、民に命じた——この時この場所で与えられた指示は
(ヨシュア記 1:11)
に記されたものとは異なっていた。
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2-4. the officers went through the host; And they commanded the people--The instructions given at this time and in this place were different from those described
(Jos 1:11).
3
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3, 4. 契約の箱……レビ人である祭司たちがそれをかつぐのを見たら——契約の箱は、休息している時は通常営の中央にあり、行軍中は行列の中央にあった。この時は先頭を占め、コハテ族のレビ人ではなく、祭司たちによって担われることになっていた。これはすべての荘厳で特別な機会と同じであった
(民数記 4:15； ヨシュア記 6:6； 列王記第一 8:3-6
参照)。
そのときあなたがたは……そのあとに行かなければならない。ただし、あなたがたとそれとの間に距離を置かなければならない——これらの指示は川への前進についてのみ当てはまる。民が箱の後ろに保つべき距離はほぼ一マイルであった。箱に近づきすぎると視界が遮られたであろう。それゆえこの間隔が命じられたのは、神聖なしるしを納めた箱が営のすべての部分からはっきりと見え、まだ歩んだことのない道における彼らの導きとして認められるためであった。
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3, 4. When ye see the ark . . ., and the priests the Levites bearing it--The usual position of the ark, when at rest, was in the center of the camp; and, during a march, in the middle of the procession. On this occasion it was to occupy the van, and be borne, not by the Kohathite Levites, but the priests, as on all solemn and extraordinary occasions (compare
Nu 4:15; Jos 6:6; 1Ki 8:3-6).
then ye shall . . . go after it. Yet there shall be a space between you and it--These instructions refer exclusively to the advance into the river. The distance which the people were to keep in the rear of the ark was nearly a mile. Had they crowded too near the ark, the view would have been intercepted, and this intervening space, therefore, was ordered, that the chest containing the sacred symbols might be distinctly visible to all parts of the camp, and be recognized as their guide in the untrodden way.
5
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5. ヨシュアは民に言った——むしろ「言っていた」とすべきである。「明日」と彼が語る以上、この訓戒は渡河の前になされたに違いない。その聖別はおそらく律法が与えられる前にモーセが命じたものと同じであり、そのように大いなる顕現を見るための真剣で敬虔な心の状態に備えるための、外側の清め
(出エジプト記 19:10-15)
から成っていた。
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5. Joshua said unto the people--rather "had said," for as he speaks of "to-morrow," the address must have been made previous to the day of crossing, and the sanctification was in all probability the same as Moses had commanded before the giving of the law, consisting of an outward cleansing
(Ex 19:10-15)
preparatory to that serious and devout state of mind with which so great a manifestation should be witnessed.
6
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6. ヨシュアは祭司たちに言った——この祭司たちへの命令はひそかに与えられたであろう。また、確立された行軍の順序における重要な変更を伴うので、神の名において、神の権威によって告げられたと考えなければならない。さらに、祭司たちがヨルダンの水に足を踏み入れたらすぐに、彼らは立ち止まらなければならなかった。契約の箱はモーセの杖によってなされたことを成就するはずであった。
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6. Joshua spake unto the priests--This order to the priests would be given privately, and involving as it did an important change in the established order of march, it must be considered as announced in the name and by the authority of God. Moreover, as soon as the priests stepped into the waters of Jordan, they were to stand still. The ark was to accomplish what had been done by the rod of Moses.
7
Jos 3:7, 8.
ヨシュア記 3:7, 8。
主、ヨシュアを励ます
7, 8. 主はヨシュアに言われた、きょう、わたしは……全イスラエルの前にあなたを尊くするであろう——ヨシュアはすでに際立った栄誉を受けていた
(出エジプト記 24:13； 申命記 31:7)。 しかし今や、より高い神の恵みのしるしが公に彼に与えられ、彼の使命と権威が神からであることが、モーセの場合
(出エジプト記 14:31)
と同じ誤りようのない仕方で示されることになった。
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Jos 3:7, 8.
THE LORD ENCOURAGES JOSHUA.
7, 8. the Lord said to Joshua, This day will I . . . magnify thee in the sight of all Israel--Joshua had already received distinguished honors
(Ex 24:13; De 31:7).
But a higher token of the divine favor was now to be publicly bestowed on him, and evidence given in the same unmistakable manner that his mission and authority were from God as was that of Moses
(Ex 14:31).
9
Jos 3:9-13.
ヨシュア記 3:9-13。
ヨシュア、民を励ます
9-13. ここへ来て、主の言葉を聞きなさい——イスラエル人は川をどのように渡るかについて、出来事の直前まで何の知らせも受けていなかったようである。ヨシュアの予告的な訓戒は、彼が正確に記述した通りのものである奇跡的な結果と併せて、彼らの先祖の神が、国々の偶像のような鈍く感覚のない生命のないものではなく、彼らを守り、彼らのために働くいのちと力と活動を持つ存在であるとの信仰を増し、確かなものとする傾向があった。
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Jos 3:9-13.
JOSHUA ENCOURAGES THE PEOPLE.
9-13. Come hither, and hear the words of the Lord--It seems that the Israelites had no intimation how they were to cross the river till shortly before the event. The premonitory address of Joshua, taken in connection with the miraculous result exactly as he had described it, would tend to increase and confirm their faith in the God of their fathers as not a dull, senseless, inanimate thing like the idols of the nations, but a Being of life, power, and activity to defend them and work for them.
14
Jos 3:14-17.
ヨシュア記 3:14-17。
ヨルダンの水が分かれる
14-16. 民が天幕を離れたときなど——記された場面を理解するには、肩に契約の箱を担いだ祭司たちの一団が川の低くなった縁に立ち、民の大群が一マイル離れた所にいる様子を想像しなければならない。突然、川の床全体が干上がった。これは収穫の時、われわれの暦で四月または五月に当たり、「ヨルダンがすべての岸を越えてあふれる」時に起こったので、いっそう非凡な光景であった。ヘブル語の原語は「すべての岸を満たす」と訳すのがより適切である。レバノンの雪解け水を源とするその川は最も高い水位にあり——縁まで満ちていた。これが収穫時のヨルダンの状態について、現代の旅行者が観察した唯一の真の描写を与える訳である。エリコの周辺の川は通常の見かけでは約五十〜六十ヤードの幅である。しかし収穫時に見れば二倍の広さである。古代には、両岸の丘陵が森林の消失以来よりもはるかに雨と雪に濡れていたので、川は現代の収穫時よりもさらに幅広かったに違いない。
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Jos 3:14-17.
THE WATERS OF JORDAN ARE DIVIDED.
14-16. And it came to pass, when the people removed from their tents, &c.--To understand the scene described we must imagine the band of priests with the ark on their shoulders, standing on the depressed edge of the river, while the mass of the people were at a mile's distance. Suddenly the whole bed of the river was dried up; a spectacle the more extraordinary in that it took place in the time of harvest, corresponding to our April or May--when "the Jordan overfloweth all its banks." The original words may be more properly rendered "fills all its banks." Its channel, snow-fed from Lebanon, was at its greatest height--brimful; a translation which gives the only true description of the state of Jordan in harvest as observed by modern travellers. The river about Jericho is, in ordinary appearance, about fifty or sixty yards in breadth. But as seen in harvest, it is twice as broad; and in ancient times, when the hills on the right and left were much more drenched with rain and snow than since the forests have disappeared, the river must, from a greater accession of water, have been broader still than at harvest-time in the present day.
16
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16. 上から流れ下ってきた水——すなわちガリラヤ湖からの水
積み上げられて立った——「一つの堆まりとして」、堅固で密な障壁
(出エジプト記 15:8； 詩篇 78:13)。
非常に遠く——川のずっと上流。
ザレタンの傍らのアダムの町から——ゴールの北部、サルタベ山の近く
(列王記第一 7:46)。 すなわちイスラエルの営から三十マイルの距離。そして
海、すなわち塩の海のほうに下る水——死海——は断たれた
(詩篇 114:2, 3)。 このように川は目の届く限り干上がった。これは驚くべき奇跡であった。ヨルダンはその急流の勢いから「下る者」という名を取り、ガリラヤ湖を過ぎた後、千フィートの落差を通じて二十七の「恐ろしい急流と滝」、さらに多くの小さなものを抜け、平均時速四〜五マイルで流れる
[LYNCH]。 「収穫の時」に増水すると、川は非常に加速した流れで流れる。
民はエリコの真向かいで渡った——正確な場所は不明である。しかしギリシャの伝承の定めた所——巡礼者の沐浴場——ではない。そこはあまりに北すぎ、東岸が十〜十五フィートの高さの切り立った崖になっているからである。
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16. the waters which came down from above--that is, the Sea of Galilee
stood and rose up upon a heap--"in a heap," a firm, compact barrier
(Ex 15:8; Ps 78:13);
very far--high up the stream;
from the city Adam, that is beside Zaretan--near mount Sartabeh, in the northern part of the Ghor
(1Ki 7:46);
that is, a distance of thirty miles from the Israelitish encampment; and
those that came down toward the sea of the desert--the Dead Sea--were cut off
(Ps 114:2, 3).
The river was thus dried up as far as the eye could reach. This was a stupendous miracle; Jordan takes its name, "the Descender," from the force of its current, which, after passing the Sea of Galilee, becomes greatly increased as it plunges through twenty-seven "horrible rapids and cascades," besides a great many lesser through a fall of a thousand feet, averaging from four to five miles an hour [LYNCH]. When swollen "in time of harvest," it flows with a vastly accelerated current.
the people passed over right against Jericho--The exact spot is unknown; but it cannot be that fixed by Greek tradition--the pilgrims' bathing-place--both because it is too much to the north, and the eastern banks are there sheer precipices ten or fifteen feet high.
17
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17. 祭司たち……およびすべてのイスラエル人は乾いた地を渡った——エリコの周辺の川は堅い砂利の底を持ち、水が取り除かれた後は軍勢は不都合なく渡ることができた。
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17. the priests . . . and all the Israelites passed over on dry ground--the river about Jericho has a firm pebbly bottom, on which the host might pass, without inconvenience when the water was cleared off.
ヨシュア記 3:1-6。
ヨシュア、ヨルダンに臨む
1. ヨシュアは翌朝早く起きた——これは斥候たちが励みになる報告を持って帰ってきた翌日のことである。「シッテム」（アカシアの林）にあった営は移動し、ヨルダン川の東岸に進んだ。彼らの滞在期間は
(ヨシュア記 3:2)
に示されており、ヘブルの数え方によれば到着の夕方から渡河の朝までを含めてわずか丸一日であった。男女老若、家畜や荷物を携えたこのような雑多な集団が、敵地に入る準備を整えるためには、まさにそれだけの時間が絶対に必要であった。