Chú giải chương
Numbers Chương 1
1
Nu 1:1-54.
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Nu 1:1-54.
MOSES NUMBERING THE MEN OF WAR.
1, 2. on the first day of the second month, &c.--Thirteen months had elapsed since the exodus. About one month had been occupied in the journey; and the rest of the period had been passed in encampment among the recesses of Sinai, where the transactions took place, and the laws, religious and civil, were promulgated, which are contained in the two preceding books. As the tabernacle was erected on the first day of the first month, and the order here mentioned was given on the first day of the second, some think the laws in Leviticus were all given in one month. The Israelites having been formed into a separate nation, under the special government of God as their King, it was necessary, before resuming their march towards the promised land, to put them into good order. And accordingly Moses was commissioned, along with Aaron, to take a census of the people. This census was incidentally noticed
(Ex 38:26),
in reference to the poll tax for the works of the tabernacle; but it is here described in detail, in order to show the relative increase and military strength of the different tribes. The enumeration was confined to those capable of bearing arms
[Nu 1:3],
and it was to be made with a careful distinction of the tribe, family, and household to which every individual belonged. By this rule of summation many important advantages were secured: an exact genealogical register was formed, the relative strength of each tribe was ascertained, and the reason found for arranging the order of precedence in march as well as disposing the different tribes in camp around the tabernacle. The promise of God to Abraham
[Ge 22:17]
was seen to be fulfilled in the extraordinary increase of his posterity, and provision made for tracing the regular descent of the Messiah.
3
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3. アロンは彼らをその軍勢にしたがって数えなければならない――あるいは部隊に。エジプトを出る際、彼らは五つの大部隊に分かれていたが
(Ex 13:18)、
荒野の滞在からヨルダン川渡渉までは四つの大部門に編成された。ここでは後者が言及されている。
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3. Aaron shall number them by their armies--or companies. In their departure from Egypt they were divided into five grand companies
(Ex 13:18),
but from the sojourn in the wilderness to the passage of the Jordan, they were formed into four great divisions. The latter is here referred to.
4
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4-16. あなたがたとともに、各部族から一人の者としなさい、など――荒野におけるイスラエル人の社会状態は、現代の東方の遊牧部族のそれに酷似していた。部族の長は世襲の地位であり、長子、あるいは長子の権利が移された他の者に帰属した。その下に部族のさまざまな分枝の間に、これも世襲の他の下位の長たちがいた。イスラエル人は十二部族に分かれていたため、民の調査を助けるために十二人の長が任じられた。
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4-16. with you there shall be a man of every tribe, &c.--The social condition of the Israelites in the wilderness bore a close resemblance to that of the nomad tribes of the East in the present day. The head of the tribe was a hereditary dignity, vested in the oldest son or some other to whom the right of primogeniture was transferred, and under whom were other inferior heads, also hereditary, among the different branches of the tribe. The Israelites being divided into twelve tribes, there were twelve chiefs appointed to assist in taking the census of the people.
5
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5. これらはあなたとともに立つ者たちの名である、など――おのおのはその部族の先祖の名を加えて指定された。その民は「ルベンの子」「レビの子」と呼ばれ、アラブ人の現在の習慣、および氏族に分かれた他の民族、スコットランドの Mac、ウェールズの Ap、アイルランドの O や Fitz と同様であった[CHALMERS]。
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5. these are the names of the men that shall stand with you, &c.--Each is designated by adding the name of the ancestors of his tribe, the people of which were called "Beni-Reuben," "Beni-Levi," sons of Reuben, sons of Levi, according to the custom of the Arabs still, as well as other nations which are divided into clans, as the Macs of Scotland, the Aps of Wales, and the O's and the Fitzes of Ireland [CHALMERS].
16
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16-18. これらは名ざしで召された者—文字通り、会衆の「召された者」、名で召された者。彼らは命令が出されたその日に調査に取りかかった。
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16-18. These were the renowned--literally, "the called" of the congregation, summoned by name; and they entered upon the survey the very day the order was given.
18
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18. 人数によって—個別に、一人ずつ。
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18. by their polls--individually, one by one.
19
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19. 主がモーセに命じられたとおり等――民の数を数えることは、それ自体罪となる行為ではなかった。モーセは神の任命によって行ったからである。しかしダビデは神の権威なしにそれを行ったことにより罪を犯した。
(参照：
2Sa 24:10)。
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19. As the Lord commanded Moses, &c.--The numbering of the people was not an act sinful in itself, as Moses did it by divine appointment; but David incurred guilt by doing it without the authority of God. (See on
2Sa 24:10).
20
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20-44. これこそ数えられた者たちである――この登録において、ユダ部族が最も多く現れる。したがって、ヤコブによってそれに優位が割り当てられていたとおり
[Ge 49:8-12]、
それはイスラエルのすべての宿営において先頭に立った。ヨセフの二つの半部族のうち、ヨセフは「実を結ぶ若枝」と見なされており
[Ge 49:22]、
エフライムのほうが大きかった。これは予言されていたとおりである。すべての相対的な増加は、さきほど述べた二つの部族と同様に、死にゆく族長たちの預言的な宣言に従って、神の特別の祝福によるものであった。しかし神の祝福は通常、二次的な原因の影響を通してもたらされる。各部族の相対的な人口は、神のもとで、彼らに割り当てられたそれぞれの土地の豊かさに依存していたと信じるべき理由がある。[表については、
Nu 26:64
を参照。]
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20-44. These are those that were numbered--In this registration the tribe of Judah appears the most numerous; and accordingly, as the pre-eminence had been assigned to it by Jacob
[Ge 49:8-12],
it got the precedence in all the encampments of Israel. Of the two half-tribes of Joseph, who is seen to be "a fruitful bough"
[Ge 49:22],
that of Ephraim was the larger, as had been predicted. The relative increase of all, as in the two just mentioned, was owing to the special blessing of God, conformably to the prophetic declaration of the dying patriarch. But the divine blessing is usually conveyed through the influence of secondary causes; and there is reason to believe that the relative populousness of the tribes would, under God, depend upon the productiveness of the respective localities assigned to them. [For tabular chart, see on
Nu 26:64.]
45
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45, 46. 数えられた者はすべて六十万等――約二百十五年前にエジプトに下った七十五人
[Ge 46:8
参照]
から、最大の欠乏と苦難にさらされながらの、なんと驚くべき増加であろうか！しかもこの数え上げは二十歳以上の男子に限られていた
[Nu 1:3]。
女、子ども、老人、ならびにレビ人を含めると、通常の計算の原則に従えば、イスラエルの全人口は約二百四十万に達した。
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45, 46. all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand, &c.--What an astonishing increase from seventy-five persons who went down to Egypt about two hundred fifteen years before [see on
Ge 46:8],
and who were subjected to the greatest privations and hardships! And yet this enumeration was restricted to men from twenty years and upwards
[Nu 1:3].
Including women, children, and old men, together with the Levites, the whole population of Israel, on the ordinary principles of computation, amounted to about 2,400,000.
47
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47-54. しかしレビ人……は彼らの中に数えられなかった――彼らは自分たちの登録を保つことを求められた。彼らは祭司の職に聖別されており、それはすべての国において慣習的に、イスラエルにおいては神の明確な権威によって、軍務から免除されていた。神礼拝に献げられたものの守護は彼らにのみ独占的に割り当てられ、「他国人」――すなわち他のいかなる部族のイスラエル人であっても、いかなる人も、死の罰の下に、これらに近づくことは許されなかった
[Nu 16:40]。
それゆえ彼らは幕屋の回りに宿営し、民の中に神の怒りの現れがないようにした。このように民の数を数えることは、軍務に適したイスラエル人からレビ人を区別することに役立ち、またレビ部族がその代わりとなった初子に関する律法を実際に導入することに役立った
[Ex 13:2; Nu 3:12]。
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47-54. But the Levites . . . were not numbered among them--They were obliged to keep a register of their own. They were consecrated to the priestly office, which in all countries has been exempted customarily, and in Israel by the express authority of God, from military service. The custody of the things devoted to the divine service was assigned to them so exclusively, that "no stranger"--that is, no person, not even an Israelite of any other tribe, was allowed, under penalty of death, to approach these
[Nu 16:40].
Hence they encamped round the tabernacle in order that there should be no manifestation of the divine displeasure among the people. Thus the numbering of the people was subservient to the separation of the Levites from those Israelites who were fit for military service, and to the practical introduction of the law respecting the first-born, for whom the tribe of Levi became a substitute
[Ex 13:2; Nu 3:12].
Nu 1:1-54.
モーセが戦士を数える
1, 2. 第二の月の初めに、など――出エジプトから十三か月が経過していた。約一か月が旅に費やされ、残りの期間はシナイの奥間での宿営に過ごされた。そこで取引が行われ、宗教的および民事の律法が公布された。これらは前の二書に含まれている。幕屋が第一の月の初めに建てられ、ここで言及される命令が第二の月の初めに与えられたため、ある人々はレビ記の律法はすべて一か月のうちに与えられたと考えている。イスラエル人は特殊な国民として形成され、その王である神の特別な統治の下に置かれた。約束の地に向かう行軍を再開する前に、彼らを良い秩序に置く必要があった。それに応じてモーセは、アロンとともに民の調査を命じられた。この調査は
(Ex 38:26)
で、幕屋の工事のための人頭税に関連して偶然言及されていたが、ここでは各部族の相対的な増加と軍事的勢力を示すために詳しく記述されている。この集計は武器を持って戦える者に限られ
[Nu 1:3]、
各個人が属する部族、家族、世帯を注意深く区別して行われた。この集計規則により多くの重要な利益が確保された。正確な系図登録が作成され、各部族の相対的な勢力が確認され、行軍の順位を定め、また幕屋の周りに宿営する各部族の配置をするための根拠が得られた。アブラハムに対する神の約束
[Ge 22:17]
は、彼の子孫の並外れた増加において成就されたことが示され、メシアの正規の系統を迫跡するための備えがなされた。