1
De 1:1-46.
英文原文
De 1:1-46.
MOSES' SPEECH AT THE END OF THE FORTIETH YEAR.
1. These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel--The mental condition of the people generally in that infantine age of the Church, and the greater number of them being of young or tender years, rendered it expedient to repeat the laws and counsels which God had given. Accordingly, to furnish a recapitulation of the leading branches of their faith and duty was among the last public services which Moses rendered to Israel. The scene of their delivery was on the plains of Moab where the encampment was pitched
on this side Jordan--or, as the Hebrew word may be rendered "on the bank of the Jordan."
in the wilderness, in the plain--the Arabah, a desert plain, or steppe, extended the whole way from the Red Sea north to the Sea of Tiberias. While the high tablelands of Moab were "cultivated fields," the Jordan valley, at the foot of the mountains where Israel was encamped, was a part of the great desert plain, little more inviting than the desert of Arabia. The locale is indicated by the names of the most prominent places around it. Some of these places are unknown to us. The Hebrew word, Suph, "red" (for "sea," which our translators have inserted, is not in the original, and Moses was now farther from the Red Sea than ever), probably meant a place noted for its reeds
(Nu 21:14).
Tophel--identified as Tafyle or Tafeilah, lying between Bozrah and Kerak.
Hazeroth--is a different place from that at which the Israelites encamped after leaving "the desert of Sinai."
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2. 从何烈山……有十一天的路程——在东方至今仍以路程所需的小时数或天数来计算距离。步行一天的行程约为二十英里；骑骆驼每小时三英里算，约三十英里；商队约二十五英里。但以色列人带着孩子和群畜，行进的速度必很缓慢。从以旬迦别到加低斯，约但河谷（Ghor）的长度为一百英里。此处所提的天数不一定是一连串逐日的行程
[ROBINSON]，
因为这段路可以在更短的时间内走完。这里提到时间，是要表明从何烈山到摩押平原所花去的许多年，并非因路途遥远，而是因一个迥然不同的原因，就是他们因背叛与屡次的悖逆而被放逐。
西珥山——即以东的山区。
英文原文
2. There are eleven days' journey from Horeb--Distances are computed in the East still by the hours or days occupiesd by the journey. A day's journey on foot is about twenty miles--on camels, at the rate of three miles an hour, thirty miles--and by caravans, about twenty-five miles. But the Israelites, with children and flocks, would move at a slow rate. The length of the Ghor from Ezion-geber to Kadesh is a hundred miles. The days here mentioned were not necessarily successive days [ROBINSON], for the journey can be made in a much shorter period. But this mention of the time was made to show that the great number of years spent in travelling from Horeb to the plain of Moab was not owing to the length of the way, but to a very different cause; namely, banishment for their apostasy and frequent rebellions.
mount Seir--the mountainous country of Edom.
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3-8. 第四十年……摩西向以色列人等讲——摩西回顾神为祂百姓所行的一切，这番动人的讲论，是在他去世前约一个月，在西宏和噩被彻底征服、和平安宁恢复之后发表的。
英文原文
3-8. in the fortieth year . . . Moses spake unto the children of Israel, &c.--This impressive discourse, in which Moses reviewed all that God had done for His people, was delivered about a month before his death, and after peace and tranquillity had been restored by the complete conquest of Sihon and Og.
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4. 亚斯他录——噩的王室居所，因亚斯他录（"月亮"）——叙利亚人的守护女神——而得名。噩被杀于
以得来——即今之 Edhra，其遗址方圆十四英里〔BURCKHARDT〕；其一般宽度约为两里格（leagues）。
英文原文
4. Ashtaroth--the royal residence of Og, so called from Astarte ("the moon"), the tutelary goddess of the Syrians. Og was slain at
Edrei--now Edhra, the ruins of which are fourteen miles in circumference [BURCKHARDT]; its general breadth is about two leagues.
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5. 约旦河东，摩押地，摩西开始讲解这律法——即解释这律法。他在此沿用他处常用的方法：先列举神为祂百姓所行的奇事，提醒他们曾以何等不配的报答回报祂的一切恩慈——然后重申律法及其各项诫命。
英文原文
5. On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law--that is, explain this law. He follows the same method here that he elsewhere observes; namely, that of first enumerating the marvellous doings of God in behalf of His people, and reminding them what an unworthy requital they had made for all His kindness--then he rehearses the law and its various precepts.
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6. 耶和华我们的神在何烈山晓谕我们说，你们在这山上住的日子够了——"何烈"是一带山区的总称；字面意思为"干旱"或"焦灼之区"，而西奈则是其中某一座特定山峰的专名〔参
出 19:2〕。
他们在那片荒凉幽寂的深处度过约一年时间，在神的直接引领下，为一个崭新的、独特的群体奠定其社会、政治、尤其是宗教特性的根基；当这一目的既已完成，他们便奉命拆散何烈的营盘。所赐的命令是径直向迦南进发，并取得那地为业
[申 1:7]。
英文原文
6. The Lord our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount--Horeb was the general name of a mountainous district; literally, "the parched" or "burnt region," whereas Sinai was the name appropriated to a particular peak [see on
Ex 19:2].
About a year had been spent among the recesses of that wild solitude, in laying the foundation, under the immediate direction of God, of a new and peculiar community, as to its social, political, and, above all, religious character; and when this purpose had been accomplished, they were ordered to break up their encampment in Horeb. The command given them was to march straight to Canaan, and possess it
[De 1:7].
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7. 亚摩利人之山地——紧邻加低斯巴尼亚、位于迦南南部的一片丘陵地带。
到迦南人的地，又到黎巴嫩——即腓尼基、西顿之地、以及地中海沿岸——从非利士人到黎巴嫩。"迦南人"一名常与"腓尼基人"同义使用。
英文原文
7. the mount of the Amorites--the hilly tract lying next to Kadesh-barnea in the south of Canaan.
to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon--that is, Phœnicia, the country of Sidon, and the coast of the Mediterranean--from the Philistines to Lebanon. The name "Canaanite" is often used synonymously with that of "Phœnician."
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8. 如今我将这地摆在你们面前——字面作"摆在你们面前"——是可以到达的；对你们的占据并无障碍。按所提地名所示的行进路线，本应导致与实际相反的入侵方向——即从海岸向东，而不是从约旦向西（参
民 20:1）。
英文原文
8. I have set the land before you--literally, "before your faces"--it is accessible; there is no impediment to your occupation. The order of the journey as indicated by the places mentioned would have led to a course of invasion, the opposite of what was eventually followed; namely, from the seacoast eastward--instead of from the Jordan westward (see on
Nu 20:1).
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9-18. 那时我对你们说，我独自一人不能担当你们——这发生在他到达何烈山之前不久。摩西向那新世代讲话，视他们为其父辈的代表——他所重述的一切事都发生在他们父辈的眼前、耳中。此处提及叶忒罗的建议
(出 18:18)。
论到他实际采纳一项将司法之权交予若干下属官长的方案，摩西以对先祖祝福的优美暗喻，将那次政府架构上的重大变革归因于人口的激增。
英文原文
9-18. I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone--a little before their arrival in Horeb. Moses addresses that new generation as the representatives of their fathers, in whose sight and hearing all the transactions he recounts took place. A reference is here made to the suggestion of Jethro
(Ex 18:18).
In noticing his practical adoption of a plan by which the administration of justice was committed to a select number of subordinate officers, Moses, by a beautiful allusion to the patriarchal blessing, ascribed the necessity of that memorable change in the government to the vast increase of the population.
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10. 你们今日人数繁多如天上的星——这既不是东方的夸张，也不是空洞的夸耀。亚伯拉罕曾被吩咐
(创 15:5, 6)
向天上的星观看；虽然它们"看起来"数不胜数，但肉眼所能见的，在两半球合计实际上不过三千零十颗。以色列人早已远远超过此数，最后一次统计时已逾六十万
[民 26:51]。
这是一项合时的提醒，用以激发他们对神圣应许其余部分之成就的信心。
英文原文
10. ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude--This was neither an Oriental hyperbole nor a mere empty boast. Abraham was told
(Ge 15:5, 6)
to look to the stars, and though they "appear" innumerable, yet those seen by the naked eye amount, in reality, to no more than three thousand ten in both hemispheres. The Israelites already far exceeded that number, being at the last census above six hundred thousand
[Nu 26:51].
It was a seasonable memento, calculated to animate their faith in the accomplishment of other parts of the divine promise.
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19-21. 我们……经过那大而可怕的旷野——即巴兰的旷野，它包括西起书珥旷野（向埃及方向）、东至西珥山或以东地；北起迦南地、南至红海之间的旷野和山地；因此它似乎实际上包括了汛旷野和西奈〔FISK〕。阿拉伯人称之为 El Tih，即"漂泊"。这是一片由岩石和覆盖着尖锐黑色火石的钙质土壤构成的荒凉之地；所有旅行者从其与世界完全隔绝之感出发，都形容它为大而可怕的旷野。
英文原文
19-21. we went through all that great and terrible wilderness--of Paran, which included the desert and mountainous space lying between the wilderness of Shur westward, or towards Egypt and mount Seir, or the land of Edom eastwards; between the land of Canaan northwards, and the Red Sea southwards; and thus it appears to have comprehended really the wilderness of Sin and Sinai [FISK]. It is called by the Arabs El Tih, "the wandering." It is a dreary waste of rock and of calcareous soil covered with black sharp flints; all travellers, from a feeling of its complete isolation from the world, describe it as a great and terrible wilderness.
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22-33. 你们……到我这里来，说，我们要先打发人去，为我们窥探那地——差遣探子的提议出自百姓的不信；摩西相信他们诚恳，便欣然同意此举措，神被咨询之后也允许他们依此建议而行（参
民 13:1)。
此事的结果对他们有害，全因他们自己的罪与愚。
英文原文
22-33. ye came . . . and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land--The proposal to despatch spies emanated from the people through unbelief; but Moses, believing them sincere, gave his cordial assent to this measure, and God on being consulted permitted them to follow the suggestion (see on
Nu 13:1).
The issue proved disastrous to them, only through their own sin and folly.
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28. 那城又广大又坚固，高得顶天——一种东方比喻，意为非常高。阿拉伯的劫掠者骑马四处游荡，因此西奈山上圣凯瑟琳修道院的墙如此之高，旅行者要用滑轮吊篮拉上去。
亚衲族人——（参
民 13:33)。
摩西在提醒以色列人，他们因那些不忠而怯懦的探子所报的消息而行的顽劣之举和暴烈的叛逆时，所用的诚实而不妥协的语言，既为这段历史的真实性，也为他所受使命的神圣权威提供了有力的证据。他详论他们历史中这段黑暗的篇章，有充分的理由：因为正是他们的不信使他们失去了进入应许之地的特权
(来 3:19)；
而鉴于神为他们所行的神迹——尤其是他们每日所见的神作为他们的引领者和保护者与他们同在的彰显——那不信乃是人类顽梗之性的惊人表现。
英文原文
28. the cities are great, and walled up to heaven--an Oriental metaphor, meaning very high. The Arab marauders roam about on horseback, and hence the walls of St. Catherine's monastery on Sinai are so lofty that travellers are drawn up by a pulley in a basket.
Anakims--(See on
Nu 13:33).
The honest and uncompromising language of Moses, in reminding the Israelites of their perverse conduct and outrageous rebellion at the report of the treacherous and fainthearted scouts, affords a strong evidence of the truth of this history as well as of the divine authority of his mission. There was great reason for his dwelling on this dark passage in their history, as it was their unbelief that excluded them from the privilege of entering the promised land
(Heb 3:19);
and that unbelief was a marvellous exhibition of human perversity, considering the miracles which God had wrought in their favor, especially in the daily manifestations they had of His presence among them as their leader and protector.
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34-36. 耶和华听见你们说话的言语，就发怒——因这一加重的过犯（不信随之以公开叛乱），以色列人在神公义的审判中被定罪，要在那阴郁的旷野过漂泊的生活，直到成年的一代尽都死去。所提及的例外只有迦勒和约书亚——约书亚将成为摩西的继任者。
英文原文
34-36. the Lord heard the voice of your words, and was wroth--In consequence of this aggravated offense (unbelief followed by open rebellion), the Israelites were doomed, in the righteous judgment of God, to a life of wandering in that dreary wilderness till the whole adult generation had disappeared by death. The only exceptions mentioned are Caleb and Joshua, who was to be Moses' successor.
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37. 耶和华因你们的缘故也向我发怒——这话似乎表明，摩西就是在这次被定罪与百姓同受命运。但我们知道，那是几年之后，摩西才在争水之处表现出不幸的不信之灵
(诗 106:32, 33)。
因此本节当视为括号中的插叙。
英文原文
37. Also the Lord was angry with me for your sakes--This statement seems to indicate that it was on this occasion Moses was condemned to share the fate of the people. But we know that it was several years afterwards that Moses betrayed an unhappy spirit of distrust at the waters of strife
(Ps 106:32, 33).
This verse must be considered therefore as a parenthesis.
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39. 你们的儿女……在那日尚不知善恶——一切古译本都作"今日"而非"那日"；意思就是——"如今知道的你们儿女"，或"尚不知善恶的儿女"。儿女既未参与那有罪的爆发，便得以存活，获得他们不信的父母所失去的特权。神的道路非同人的道路
[赛 55:8, 9]。
英文原文
39. your children . . . who in that day had no knowledge between good and evil--All ancient versions read "to-day" instead of "that day"; and the sense is--"your children who now know," or "who know not as yet good or evil." As the children had not been partakers of the sinful outbreak, they were spared to obtain the privilege which their unbelieving parents had forfeited. God's ways are not as man's ways
[Isa 55:8, 9].
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40-45. 你们转回，从……红海的路往旷野去——他们无视这道命令，不顾摩西恳切的劝阻，决意强行前进，试图越过当时由亚摩利人和亚玛力人联军占据的高地（参
民 14:43)，
却遭重创被击退。人即使在尽本分的道路上，也常经历苦难。但那些在神与他们同在的处境中受苦的人，与那些自知身处直接违背神旨意的地位之人的感受，是何等不同！以色列人发现自己陷入艰难险境时忧伤；但他们的忧伤并非出于罪疚之感，而是出于其顽劣行为所带来的悲惨后果；他们"虽然哭号"，却不是真正的悔改者。所以耶和华不听他们的声音，也不侧耳听他们。
英文原文
40-45. turn you, and take your journey into the . . . Red Sea--This command they disregarded, and, determined to force an onward passage in spite of the earnest remonstrances of Moses, they attempted to cross the heights then occupied by the combined forces of the Amorites and Amalekites (compare
Nu 14:43),
but were repulsed with great loss. People often experience distress even while in the way of duty. But how different their condition who suffer in situations where God is with them from the feelings of those who are conscious that they are in a position directly opposed to the divine will! The Israelites were grieved when they found themselves involved in difficulties and perils; but their sorrow arose not from a sense of the guilt so much as the sad effects of their perverse conduct; and "though they wept," they were not true penitents. So the Lord would not hearken to their voice, nor give ear unto them.
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46. 于是你们在加低斯住了许多日子——那地在探子离开的四十日期间曾是他们的营址；从此节可推测，他们在战败之后在那里又延长了类似的时日。
英文原文
46. So ye abode at Kadesh many days--That place had been the site of their encampment during the absence of the spies, which lasted forty days, and it is supposed from this verse that they prolonged their stay there after their defeat for a similar period.
De 1:1-46.
摩西在第四十年末了的讲话。
1. 以下所记的话，是摩西向以色列众人所说的——在教会尚处幼年的那个时代，百姓整体的心智状况，加之他们大多数年纪尚轻或年幼，使得重申神所赐的律法与训诲成为必要。因此，将他们信仰与责任的主要纲领作一番扼要的重述，便成为摩西为以色列所作最后的公开事奉之一。颁布这些话的地点，是在安营扎寨的摩押平原
约但河东——或照希伯来文的原意可译作「约但河岸边」。
在旷野，在亚拉巴——亚拉巴是一片荒漠平原，或称草原，从红海向北一直延伸至提比哩亚海。摩押的高原台地是「耕种的田地」，而以色列安营所在的约但河谷，在山脚下，却是那大荒漠平原的一部分，其荒凉不亚于亚拉伯的旷野。其具体位置由周围最显著的地名标示出来。其中有些地方我们已无从查考。希伯来文的*「疏弗」（Suph）*，意即「红」（「海」字是我们的译者所加添的，原文并无此字，况且此时摩西距红海比以往任何时候都远），很可能是指一处以芦苇著称的地方
(Nu 21:14)。
陀弗——被认定为今日的他费勒（Tafyle）或他费拉（Tafeilah），位于波斯拉与基列之间。
哈洗录——与以色列人离开「西乃的旷野」之后安营的那处哈洗录并非同一地。