1
Leviticus 4:1
英文原文
And the Lord spake ... Israel - This formula is the commencement of a distinct section of the Law.
2
Leviticus 4:2
「若有人犯了罪」——贖罪祭是律法所設立的新事物。較古老的祭(利 2:1;利 3:1)由個人獻上時純屬自願,並沒有規定特別的場合。但聖經明確命令:凡意識到自己犯了罪的人,必須帶來他的贖罪祭。在民 15:22-31論贖罪祭的簡略條例中,贖罪祭蒙接納的那類罪,與使犯罪者從民中剪除的那類罪互相對照(試比較利 4:22與利 4:30)。照我們聖經的用語,這兩類罪區別為「誤犯的罪」與「擅敢行的罪」。詩 19:12-13與來 10:26-27明確認可這一區分。看來很明顯,這樣標示的分類,直接指向良心對神的關係,而非外在的慣例,也不是直接指着外在的行為。
擅敢行罪的人,字面意思是舉「高舉的手」犯罪的人:他或許犯了足以受民法懲罰的罪行,或許沒有;要緊的是他存着故意的目的背叛了神(見箴 2:13-15),因此事實上已被「從民中剪除」,與神的約隔絕(見利 7:20;出 31:14;參太 12:31;約壹 5:16)。但另一類罪,即為其指定贖罪祭的罪,性質則較複雜。它似乎涵蓋了我們慣於求赦免的「罪、疏忽與無知」的全部範圍。不僅當良心指控犯罪者向試探屈服時需要贖罪祭;有時因嚴格意義上出於無知而干犯律法(利 4:13、4:23、4:28;利 5:17),有時因禮儀上的污穢,也要求獻贖罪祭。因此,這些祭當視為對一切違背神律法之聖潔與純潔事物的抗告。簡言之,敬拜者每逢感到需要贖罪,就要獻上這些祭,使良心得着安舒。
「誤犯」——即因錯謬而犯的罪,也就是偏離正路而犯的罪。見詩 119:67;傳 5:6。
英文原文
If a soul shall sin - The sin-offering was a new thing, instituted by the Law. The older kinds of sacrifice Leviticus 2:1; Leviticus 3:1 when offered by individuals were purely voluntary: no special occasions were prescribed. But it was plainly commanded that he who was conscious that he had committed a sin should bring his sin-offering. In the abridged rules for sin-offerings in Numbers 15:22-31, the kind of sin for which sin-offerings were accepted is contrasted with that which cut off the perpetrator from among his people (compare Leviticus 4:22 with Leviticus 4:30). The two classes are distinguished in the language of our Bible as sin through ignorance and presumptuous sin. The distinction is clearly recognized in Psalm 19:12-13 and Hebrews 10:26-27. It seems evident that the classification thus indicated refers immediately to the relation of the conscience to God, not to outward practices, nor, immediately, to outward actions.
The presumptuous sinner, literally he who sinned "with a high hand," might or might not have committed such a crime as to incur punishment from the civil law: it was enough that he had with deliberate purpose rebelled against God (see Proverbs 2:13-15), and ipso facto was "cut off from among his people" and alienated from the divine covenant (see Leviticus 7:20; Exodus 31:14; compare Matthew 12:31; 1 John 5:16). But the other kind of sin, that for which the sin-offering was appointed, was of a more complicated nature. It appears to have included the entire range of "sins, negligences and ignorances" for which we are accustomed to ask forgiveness. sin-offerings were required not only when the conscience accused the offender of having yielded to temptation, but sometimes for what were breaches of the Law committed strictly in ignorance Leviticus 4:13, Leviticus 4:23, Leviticus 4:28; Leviticus 5:17, and sometimes on account of ceremonial pollution. They are thus to be regarded as protests against everything which is opposed to the holiness and purity of the divine Law. They were, in short, to be offered by the worshipper as a relief to the conscience whenever he felt the need of atonement.
Sin through ignorance - Sin through error; that is, through straying from the right way. See Psalm 119:67; Ecclesiastes 5:6.
3
Leviticus 4:3
「受膏的祭司」——即大祭司(參利 8:12;利 21:10;出 29:7)。至於其他祭司受膏的事,見利 8:13註釋。
贖罪祭的分級值得注意。這種區分,似乎是按各人的等級及其相應的責任,更直接地對應到每個人(見利 4:32)。
「行了耶和華所吩咐不可行的……使百姓陷在罪裏」——更準確地說,是「使百姓擔罪」。國民的代表每一次犯規,全族都有牽連。
英文原文
The priest that is anointed - i. e. the high priest. (Compare Leviticus 8:12; Leviticus 21:10; Exodus 29:7). On the anointing of the other priests see the note at Leviticus 8:13.
The graduation of the sin-offerings is remarkable. It might seem that the distinction addressed itself more pointedly to each individual according to his rank and consequent responsibility (see Leviticus 4:32).
According to the sin of the people - Rather, to bring guilt on the people. The whole nation is concerned in every transgression of its representative.
5
Leviticus 4:5
贖罪祭中血的處理是特別的。在較低等的贖罪祭中,血抹在燔祭壇的壇角上(利 4:25、30、34);而在這為大祭司獻的祭和為全民族獻的祭中,大祭司親自把血在會幕內彈七次,並抹在香壇的壇角上(利 4:6-7、17-18)。彈血方式的不同,看來是標示從燔祭壇進到幔內耶和華面前時,成聖程度依次遞進的等級。
英文原文
The treatment of the blood was special in the sin-offerings. In the inferior sin-offerings it was smeared on the horns of the altar of burnt-offering Leviticus 4:25, Leviticus 4:30, Leviticus 4:34, while in this offering for the high priest, and in that for the nation, the high priest himself sprinkled the blood seven times within the tabernacle and smeared it on the horns of the altar of incense Leviticus 4:6-7, Leviticus 4:17-18. The different modes of sprinkling appear to have marked successive degrees of consecration in advancing from the altar of burnt-offering to the presence of Yahweh within the veil.
6
Leviticus 4:6
「聖所的幔子前」——這一般被理解為幔子前聖所的地面。
英文原文
Before the vail of the sanctuary - This is generally understood to mean the floor of the holy place in front of the veil.
7
Leviticus 4:7
「倒」——彈血與抹血之後剩下的血,要以合乎神聖崇拜莊重的態度處理;它並無獻祭上的意義。
英文原文
Pour - All the blood that was left after the sprinkling and the smearing should be disposed of in such a manner as to suit the decorum of divine service. It had no sacrificial significance.
12
Leviticus 4:12
「倒灰的潔淨之處」——見利 1:16註釋。那是一處沒有污穢的地方,不像利 14:40、14:45所提的那些。這肉雖以尋常方式焚燒,不是在壇的火中升上去(見利 1:9註釋),卻不可與自斃之肉混為一談,而當與祭牲剩下的部分同列。祭司不能吃這祭牲的肉,也不能吃為會眾之罪所獻之祭的肉,不像吃別的贖罪祭那樣(利 6:26;參利 10:17-18);因為在這些情形下,祭司自己正處於獻祭者的地位(利 16:27;來 13:11)。祭司的素祭也遵守同樣的規則(利 6:23)。惟獨平安祭,獻祭者本人可以分享。
英文原文
A clean place where the ashes are poured out See Leviticus 1:16 note. It was a place free from impurities, not like those referred to in Leviticus 14:40, Leviticus 14:45. The flesh, though it was burned in an ordinary way, and not sent up in the fire of the altar (see Leviticus 1:9 note), was not to be confounded with carrion, but was associated with the remains of the sacrifices. The priests could not eat the flesh of this victim or of that offered for the sin of the congregation, as they ate that of other sin-offerings Leviticus 6:26. Compare Leviticus 10:17-18, because they were in these cases in the position of offerers. Leviticus 16:27; Hebrews 13:11. The same rule was observed in regard to the meat-offering of the priests, Leviticus 6:23. It was only of the peace-offering that the offerer himself could partake.
13
Leviticus 4:13
「會眾……全會眾」——這兩個希伯來詞都指集體聚攏的百姓。就此處的用法而論,兩詞之間看不出有任何分別。
英文原文
Congregation ... assembly - Each of the Hebrew words signifies the people in a collected body. It does not appear that there is any difference between them in the connection in which they are here used.
14
Leviticus 4:14
「知道了……罪」——參撒上 14:31-35。
英文原文
When the sin ... is known - Compare 1 Samuel 14:31-35.
15
Leviticus 4:15
在這情形下,按手由長老代表全民族行使;但其餘的禮儀由大祭司執行,方式與他為自己獻贖罪祭時相同。
英文原文
In this case the imposition of hands is performed by the elders in behalf of the nation. But in other respects the rites were performed by the high priest in the same manner as in the sin-offering for himself.
18
Leviticus 4:18
「會幕內的壇」——即香壇（參 Leviticus 4:5-7）。
英文原文
The altar ... in the tabernacle - i. e. the altar of incense (compare Leviticus 4:5-7).
22
Leviticus 4:22
「官長」——或指支派的首領（Numbers 1:4-16），或指支派中一分部的首領（Numbers 34:18；參 Joshua 22:30）。
英文原文
Ruler - Either the head of a tribe Numbers 1:4-16, or the head of a division of a tribe (Numbers 34:18; compare Joshua 22:30).
23
Leviticus 4:23
「或是他所犯的罪」——更確切地說，應作「而他的罪」。
「知道的時候」——即當他察覺自己的罪時。
「公山羊」——指多毛的公山羊，有別於毛滑的公山羊。牠是年度節期中固定的贖罪祭祭牲（Leviticus 16:9、Leviticus 16:15；Numbers 28:15、Numbers 28:22、Numbers 28:30），在祭司承接聖職時也是如此（Leviticus 9:3）；而毛滑的山羊似乎一般用於其他的祭（Psalm 50:9；Isaiah 1:11）。
英文原文
Or if his sin - Rather, And if his sin.
Come to his knowledge - i. e. when he had become conscious of his sin.
A kid of the goats - A shaggy he-goat, in distinction from a smooth-haired he-goat. It was the regular sin-offering at the yearly festivals Leviticus 16:9, Leviticus 16:15; Numbers 28:15, Numbers 28:22, Numbers 28:30, and at the consecration of the priests Leviticus 9:3; while the smooth-haired goat appears to have been generally offered for the other sacrifices Psalm 50:9; Isaiah 1:11.
24
Leviticus 4:24
見 Leviticus 1:11。
英文原文
See Leviticus 1:11.
27
Leviticus 4:27
「民中若有人」——按字面、如旁註所載，是「那地之民」。參 Leviticus 20:2、Leviticus 20:4；2 Kings 11:18。這是百姓的通常稱呼，有別於祭司和官長。
英文原文
The common people - literally, as in the margin, "the people of the land." Compare Leviticus 20:2, Leviticus 20:4; 2 Kings 11:18. It was the ordinary designation of the people, as distinguished from the priests and the rulers.
28
Leviticus 4:28
「母山羊」——指多毛的母山羊。
英文原文
A kid of the goats - A shaggy she-goat.
32
Leviticus 4:32
「綿羊羔」——即綿羊。見 Leviticus 3:7 註釋。關於贖罪祭的祭牲，有三點須加注意：
（a）平民必須獻價值較低的雌性牲畜；他們可以按照方便，獻綿羊或山羊；
（b）官長則必須獻公山羊；
（c）與平安祭或燔祭的祭牲不同，山羊比綿羊更受選用。
贖罪祭不伴隨素祭或奠祭。見 Numbers 15:3-11。
英文原文
A lamb - A sheep. See Leviticus 3:7 note. Three points are to be observed in regard to the victims for sin-offerings.
(a) The common people had to offer a female, as the less valuable animaI; they might present either a sheep or a goat to suit their convenience:
(b) the rulers had always to offer a male-goat:
(c) the goat was preferred to the sheep, unlike the victim for a peace-offering or burnt-offering.
The sin-offerings were not accompanied by meat-offerings or drink-offerings. See Numbers 15:3-11.
「耶和華對……以色列……說」——這一固定語式,是律法中一個獨立段落的開始。