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英文原文
Now that the people were numbered, orders given for the dividing of the land, and a general of the forces nominated and commissioned, one would have expected that the next chapter should begin the history of the campaign, or at least should give us an account of the ordinances of war; no, it contains the ordinances of worship, and provides that now, as they were on the point of entering Canaan, they should be sure to take their religion along with them, and not forget this, in the prosecution of their wars, Nu 28:1,2. The laws are here repeated and summed up concerning the sacrifices that were to be offered, I. Daily, Nu 28:3-8. II. Weekly, Nu 28:9,10. III. Monthly, Nu 28:11-15. IV. Yearly. 1. At the passover, Nu 28:16-25. 2. At pentecost, Nu 28:26-31. And the next chapter is concerning the annual solemnities of the seventh month.
1-31
Laws Concerning Sacrifices (1452 BC)
關於祭物的律例（主前1452年）
¹ 耶和華對摩西說：
² 「你要吩咐以色列人說：獻與我的供物，並獻與我為馨香火祭的食物，你們要按所定的日期獻給我。
³ 又要對他們說：你們要獻與耶和華的火祭就是這樣：每天為常獻的燔祭，沒有殘疾、一歲的羊羔兩隻。
⁴ 早晨要獻一隻，黃昏的時候要獻另一隻羊羔；
⁵ 又用細麵伊法十分之一，並搗成的油一欣四分之一，調和作為素祭。
⁶ 這是在西奈山所命定、為馨香之氣獻與耶和華的常獻燔祭，作為火祭。
⁷ 為這一隻羊羔，要同獻奠祭酒一欣四分之一：在聖處你要使醇酒為奠祭，獻與耶和華。
⁸ 黃昏的時候，你要獻另一隻羊羔：要照早晨的素祭和同獻的奠祭獻上，作為馨香火祭獻與耶和華。」
在此看見：一、關於耶和華的供物，當按節令獻上的一般命令（民二十八2）。這些律法在此重新頒佈，並非因為他們在曠野三十八年的漂流中完全停止了這些條例的遵守（我們不能設想他們這樣長久沒有任何公開的敬拜，至少每天的羊羔是早晚獻的，安息日則加倍——帕特里克主教如此推測）；但許多祭物當時被省略，卻是明確暗示的（摩五25，司提反曾引用，徒七42）：以色列家啊，你們在曠野四十年，曾將供物和祭物獻給我嗎？言下之意是：「沒有，你們沒有獻。」然而，無論獻祭的常例是否中斷，神看為合宜，現在要重申獻祭的律法：1. 因為這是一代新人，他們大多數在前次律法頒佈時尚未出生；所以為使他們無可推諉，他們不僅有寫下來、可以讀給他們聽的律法，更有神親自重新頒佈、並以更簡明的方式整理的律法。2. 因為他們如今正要進入戰爭，可能受試探以為，在爭戰之時可以免獻祭物。Inter arma silent leges——在刀兵交加之際，律法無人理會。不，神說，我的祭物，甚至在此時，你們也要按時獻上。他們在與仇敵爭戰之時，格外當保守與神的和睦。在曠野他們獨居，與萬民全然分開，所以在那裏他們不太需要那些分別的記號，他們忽略獻祭也不至那樣招搖；但到了迦南、與萬民雜處之時就不同了。3. 因為如今要把應許之地、那流奶與蜜之地賜給他們為業，他們在那裏必得各樣美物豐足。「如今」（神說），當你們自己宴樂之時，不可忘記獻上你們神的餅。迦南是帶著條件賜給他們的——他們要守神的律例（詩一○五44-45）。
二、每日當獻之祭的特別律法：早晨一隻羊羔，黃昏一隻羊羔，因其天天如期、不曾間斷，被稱為常獻的燔祭（民二十八3）；這表明我們被吩咐要隨時禱告、不住地禱告時，意思至少是每早晨每黃昏要向神獻上我們莊嚴的禱告和頌讚。這被稱為在西奈山所命定的（民二十八6），是與其餘律法一同頒佈的；其設立見出二十九38。律法的重申中，這裏只加了一樣：奠祭所要澆奠的酒，被規定要用醇酒（民二十八7），就是他們所能得到最豐厚、最純、最好的酒。這酒雖然要澆在壇上、不是喝的（所以他們或許以為最劣的酒既如此拋棄，也就夠了），神卻要求用最醇的，為要教導我們以自己所有的最好來事奉神。安斯沃斯（Ainsworth）說，這酒必須醇，因為它是基督之血的預表，這血的記念至今仍以酒的形式留給教會；也是殉道者之血的預表，他們的血如同奠祭澆在我們信心的祭物和事奉上（腓二17）。
⁹ 「當安息日，要獻沒有殘疾、一歲的羊羔兩隻，並用調油的細麵伊法十分之二為素祭，又將同獻的奠祭獻上；
¹⁰ 這是每安息日獻的燔祭；那常獻的燔祭和同獻的奠祭在外。」
¹¹ 「每月朔，你們要將燔祭獻與耶和華：就是沒有殘疾的公牛犢兩隻，公綿羊一隻，一歲的羊羔七隻；
¹² 為一隻公牛，要用調油的細麵伊法十分之三為素祭；為一隻公綿羊，要用調油的細麵伊法十分之二為素祭；
¹³ 為每隻羊羔，要用調油的細麵伊法十分之一為素祭；這是獻與耶和華為馨香的燔祭、作為火祭。
¹⁴ 為每隻公牛，奠祭酒要半欣；為公綿羊，要欣的三分之一；為每隻羊羔，要欣的四分之一：這是一年之中每月當獻的燔祭。
¹⁵ 又要將一隻公山羊為贖罪祭獻與耶和華；那常獻的燔祭和同獻的奠祭在外。」
月朔和安息日在猶太教會中常被一同提及，視為大節期，對當時的聖徒極其安慰，也是福音恩典的預表。如今我們在此看見所定的祭物：1. 為安息日。每安息日當獻的祭要加倍；除了為每日燔祭所獻的兩隻羊羔之外，還要再獻兩隻，一隻（大概）加在早晨的祭上，另一隻加在黃昏的祭上（民二十八9-10）。這教導我們在安息日當加倍我們的敬虔，因為這日的本分要求如此。守安息日的安息，是為了更緊密地從事安息日的工作，這工作當充滿安息日的時間。在以西結所指福音時代的殿宇事奉中，安息日的祭物是六隻羊羔和一隻公綿羊，加上素祭和奠祭（結四十六4-5），為要表明彌賽亞的日子裏安息日成聖不但延續，而且長進。這是安息日當獻的安息日燔祭——原文如此（民二十八10）。我們當作每安息日當作的工，盡力贖回安息日的每一刻，視之為寶貴；不可想把這一安息日的工推到下一個安息日，因為每安息日的本分，當日就足夠了。2. 為月朔。有人認為，正如安息日是為記念世界的創造而守的，月朔的分別為聖，則是為著眼於神的護理——祂派定月亮為節令，藉其盈虧引導時間的流轉，並（如許多人所想）藉其影響治理地上的萬物。雖然我們不守月朔的節，卻不可忘記將神所賜月亮所出一切寶貴之物的榮耀歸給祂——祂將月亮立為永遠的見證，在天上作忠實的見證（詩八十九37）。月朔所獻的祭相當可觀：兩隻公牛、一隻公綿羊、七隻羊羔，加上當配搭的素祭和奠祭（民二十八11-15等），另加一隻贖罪祭（民二十八15）。因為當我們藉著承認神的恩慈將榮耀歸給神時，也當藉著承認自己的罪將榮耀歸給祂；當我們因普遍護理的恩賜而喜樂時，也當以基督的祭——那特殊恩典的大恩賜——作為我們喜樂的源頭和泉源。有人質疑月朔是否當算在他們的節期之中；但為何不可呢？因為除了當獻的特別祭物之外，他們還停了勞碌的工（摩八5），吹了號（民十10），並到先知那裏聽道（王下四23）。而且月朔所行的敬拜，被作為福音莊嚴集會的預表（賽六十六23）。
¹⁶ 「正月十四日是耶和華的逾越節。
¹⁷ 這月十五日是節期：要吃無酵餅七日。
¹⁸ 第一日當有聖會：在其中甚麼勞碌的工都不可做；
¹⁹ 只要將火祭為燔祭獻與耶和華：就是沒有殘疾的公牛犢兩隻、公綿羊一隻、一歲的羊羔七隻；
²⁰ 同獻的素祭要用調油的細麵：為一隻公牛要獻伊法十分之三，為一隻公綿羊要獻十分之二；
²¹ 為那七隻羊羔，每隻要獻伊法十分之一；
²² 並獻一隻公山羊為贖罪祭，為你們贖罪。
²³ 你們獻這些，要在早晨那常獻的燔祭之外。
²⁴ 七日之內，每日要這樣獻火祭的肉，作為獻與耶和華馨香之氣：要在常獻的燔祭和同獻的奠祭之外獻上。
²⁵ 第七日你們也當有聖會：甚麼勞碌的工都不可做。」
²⁶ 「在初熟節的日子，就是你們獻新素祭給耶和華的日子，你們的七七節完了之後，當有聖會：甚麼勞碌的工都不可做；
²⁷ 只要將燔祭獻與耶和華，作為馨香之氣：就是沒有殘疾的公牛犢兩隻、公綿羊一隻、一歲的羊羔七隻；
²⁸ 同獻的素祭要用調油的細麵，為一隻公牛獻伊法十分之三，為一隻公綿羊獻十分之二，
²⁹ 為那七隻羊羔，每隻獻伊法十分之一；
³⁰ 並獻一隻公山羊，為你們贖罪。
³¹ 你們要在常獻的燔祭和同獻的素祭（這些要沒有殘疾）並奠祭之外獻上。」
在此看見：一、逾越節祭物的設立；不是指其中最主要的那隻——逾越節的羊羔（關於這個，先前已有足夠的指示），而是指隨後無酵餅七日之內當獻的祭（民二十八17-25）。這七日的第一日和第七日當以聖潔的安息和聖會分別為聖，像守安息日一樣；在這七日的每一日，他們都要慷慨獻祭，作為他們出埃及蒙拯救之極大而常存感恩的記號：兩隻公牛、一隻公綿羊、七隻羊羔。一種出於感恩——為那為我們被殺的基督我們的逾越節——而有的福音為人生活，被稱為守這節（林前五8）；因為我們不僅當除淨惡毒邪惡的酵，更當不斷地獻上我們神的餅，就是頌讚的祭，並在此堅持到底。2. 五旬節當獻的祭物也在此設立，這裏稱為初熟節（民二十八26）。在無酵節他們要將初熟莊稼的禾捆（大麥在他們當中最先成熟）獻給祭司（利二十三10），作為收割的引言；但如今，約七週之後，他們要在收割完畢之時獻新素祭給耶和華，為感謝神——祂不僅賜下地的甘美果實，更保全它們供他們使用，使他們按時得以享受。正是在這節期，聖靈被澆灌下來（徒二1-13等），成千的人因使徒所傳的道而歸主，被獻給基督，作為祂所造之物中初熟的果子。與初熟之餅同獻的祭物在利二十三18已設立。但除此之外——在那祭和每日的祭之外——他們還要獻兩隻公牛、一隻公綿羊、七隻羊羔，以及一隻為贖罪祭的公山羊（民二十八27-30）。神豐富撒種在我們身上，也盼望從我們身上相應地收割。帕特里克主教觀察到，本章沒有設立任何平安祭——平安祭主要是為獻祭者自己的益處，所以在這方面他們較為自由；但燔祭純粹是為尊榮神，是承認祂的主權，預表福音的敬虔和熱誠——藉此靈魂在聖潔之愛的火焰中全然獻與神；而贖罪祭則預表基督捨己的祭，藉此我們和我們的事奉才得以完全、得以成聖。
英文原文
Laws Concerning Sacrifices (1452 BC)
¹ And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
² Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season.
³ And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering.
⁴ The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at even;
⁵ And a tenth part of an ephah of flour for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.
⁶ It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in Mount Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.
⁷ And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering.
⁸ And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
Here is, I. A general order given concerning the offerings of the Lord, which were to be brought in their season, Nu 28:2. These laws are here given afresh, not because the observance of them was wholly disused during their thirty-eight years' wandering in the wilderness (we cannot think that they were so long without any public worship, but that at least the daily lamb was offered morning and evening, and doubled on the sabbath day; so bishop Patrick conjectures); but that many of the sacrifices were then omitted is plainly intimated, Am 5:25, quoted by Stephen, Ac 7:42. Did you offer unto me sacrifices and offerings in the wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? It is implied, "No, you did not." But, whether the course of sacrifices had been interrupted or no, God saw fit now to repeat the law of sacrifices, 1. Because this was a new generation of men, that were most of them unborn when the former laws were given; therefore, that they might be left without excuse, they have not only these laws written, to be read to them, but again repeated from God himself, and put into a less compass and a plainer method. 2. Because they were now entering upon war, and might be tempted to think that while they were engaged in that they should be excused from offering sacrifices. Inter arma silent leges—law is little regarded amidst the clash of arms. No, says God, my bread for my sacrifices even now shall you observe to offer, and that in the due season. They were peculiarly concerned to keep their peace with God when they were at war with their enemies. In the wilderness they were solitary, and quite separate from all other people, and therefore there they needed not so much their distinguishing badges, nor would their omission of sacrifices be so scandalous as when they came into Canaan, when they mingled with other people. 3. Because possession was now to be given them of the land of promise, that land flowing with milk and honey, where they would have plenty of all good things. "Now" (says God), "When you are feasting yourselves, forget not to offer the bread of your God." Canaan was given to them upon this condition, that they should observe God's statutes, Ps 105:44,45.
II. The particular law of the daily sacrifice, a lamb in the morning and a lamb in the evening, which, for the constancy of it as duly as the day came, is called a continual burnt-offering (Nu 28:3), which intimates that when we are bidden to pray always, and to pray without ceasing, it is intended that at least every morning and every evening we offer up our solemn prayers and praises to God. This is said to be ordained in Mount Sinai (Nu 28:6), when the other laws were given. The institution of it we have, Ex 29:38. Nothing is here added in the repetition of the law, but that the wine to be poured out in the drink-offering is ordered to be strong wine (Nu 28:7), the riches and most generous and best-bodied wine they could get. Though it was to be poured out upon the altar, and not drunk (they therefore might be ready to think the worst would serve to be so thrown away), yet God requires the strongest, to teach us to serve God with the best we have. The wine must be strong (says Ainsworth) because it was a figure of the blood of Christ, the memorial of which is still left to the church in wine, and of the blood of the martyrs, which was poured out as a drink-offering upon the sacrifice and service of our faith, Php 2:17.
⁹ And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot, and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and the drink offering thereof:
¹⁰ This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
¹¹ And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot;
¹² And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram;
¹³ And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.
¹⁴ And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month throughout the months of the year.
¹⁵ And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
The new moons and the sabbaths are often spoken of together, as great solemnities in the Jewish church, very comfortable to the saints then, and typical of gospel grace. Now we have here the sacrifices appointed, 1. For the sabbaths. Every sabbath day the offering must be doubled; besides the two lambs offered for the daily burnt-offering, there must be two more offered, one (it is probable) added to the morning sacrifice, and the other to the evening, Nu 28:9,10. This teaches us to double our devotions on sabbath days, for so the duty of the day requires. The sabbath rest is to be observed, in order to a more close application to the sabbath work, which ought to fill up sabbath time. In Ezekiel's temple-service, which points at gospel times, the sabbath offerings were to be six lambs and a ram, with their meat-offerings, and drink-offerings (Eze 46:4,5), to intimate not only the continuance, but the advancement, of sabbath sanctification in the days of the Messiah. This is the burnt-offering of the sabbath in his sabbath, so it is in the original, Nu 28:10. We must do every sabbath day's work in its day, studying to redeem every minute of sabbath time as those that believe it precious; and not thinking to put off one sabbath's work to another, for sufficient to every sabbath is the service thereof. 2. For the new moons. Some suggest that, as the sabbath was kept with an eye to the creation of the world, so the new moons were sanctified with an eye to the divine providence, which appoints the moon for seasons, guiding the revolutions of time by its changes, and governing sublunary bodies (as many think) by its influences. Though we observe not any feast of new moons, yet we must not forget to give God the glory of all the precious things put forth by the moon which he has established for ever, a faithful witness in heaven, Ps 89:37. The offerings in the new moons were very considerable, two bullocks, a ram, and seven lambs, with the meat-offerings and drink-offerings that were to attend them (Nu 28:11-15, etc.), besides a sin-offering, Nu 28:15. For, when we give glory to God by confessing his mercies, we must give glory to him likewise by confessing our own sins; and, when we rejoice in the gifts of common providence, we must make the sacrifice of Christ, that great gift of special grace, the fountain and spring-head of our joy. Some have questioned whether the new moons were to be reckoned among their feasts; but why should they not, when, besides the special sacrifices which were then to be offered, they rested from servile works (Am 8:5), blew the trumpets (Nu 10:10), and went to the prophets to hear the word? 2Ki 4:23. And the worship performed in the new moons is made typical of gospel solemnities, Isa 66:23.
¹⁶ And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the LORD.
¹⁷ And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten.
¹⁸ In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein:
¹⁹ But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish:
²⁰ And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram;
²¹ A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs:
²² And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you.
²³ Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering.
²⁴ After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
²⁵ And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work.
²⁶ Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat offering unto the LORD, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work:
²⁷ But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year;
²⁸ And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram,
²⁹ A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs;
³⁰ And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you.
³¹ Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their drink offerings.
Here is, I. The appointment of the pass-over sacrifices; not that which was the chief, the paschal lamb (sufficient instructions had formerly been given concerning that), but those which were to be offered upon the seven days of unleavened bread, which followed it, Nu 28:17-25. The first and last of those seven days were to be sanctified as sabbaths, by a holy rest and a holy convocation, and on each of the seven days they were to be liberal in their sacrifices, in token of their great and constant thankfulness for their deliverance out of Egypt: Two bullocks, a ram, and seven lambs. A gospel conversation, in gratitude for Christ our passover who was sacrificed, is called the keeping of this feast (1Co 5:8); for it is not enough that we purge out the leavened bread of malice and wickedness, but we must offer the bread of our God, even the sacrifice of praise, continually, and continue herein unto the end. 2. The sacrifices are likewise appointed which were to be offered at the feast of pentecost, here called the day of the first-fruits, Nu 28:26. In the feast of unleavened bread they offered a sheaf of their first-fruits of barley (which with them was first ripe) to the priest (Le 23:10), as an introduction to the harvest; but now, about seven weeks after, they were to bring a new meat-offering to the Lord, at the end of harvest, in thankfulness to God, who had not only given, but preserved to their use, the kindly fruits of the earth, so as that in due time they did enjoy them. It was at this feast that the Spirit was poured out (Ac 2:1-13, etc.), and thousands were converted by the preaching of the apostles, and were presented to Christ, to be a kind of first-fruits of his creatures. The sacrifice that was to be offered with the loaves of the first-fruits was appointed, Le 23:18. But over and above, besides that and besides the daily offerings, they were to offer two bullocks, one ram, and seven lambs, with a kid for a sin-offering, Nu 28:27-30. When God sows plentifully upon us he expects to reap accordingly from us. Bishop Patrick observes that no peace-offerings are appointed in this chapter, which were chiefly for the benefit of the offerers, and therefore in them they were left more to themselves; but burnt-offerings were purely for the honour of God, were confessions of his dominion, and typified evangelical piety and devotion, by which the soul is wholly offered up to God in the flames of holy love; and sin-offerings were typical of Christ's sacrifice of himself, by which we and our services are perfected and sanctified.
如今百姓既已點閱、分地的命令已下、軍隊的統帥也已任命受命，人或以為下一章當開始記述戰役的歷史，至少也當向我們交代戰爭的條例；卻不然，本章所載的乃是敬拜的條例，規定他們如今正要進入迦南之際，務必在征戰之中帶著他們的信仰同行，不可忘記這事，民 28:1,2。此處重申並總結了當獻祭物的律法：一、每日所獻的，民 28:3-8。二、每週所獻的，民 28:9,10。三、每月所獻的，民 28:11-15。四、每年所獻的：1. 逾越節，民 28:16-25。2. 五旬節，民 28:26-31。而下一章則論及第七個月的年度節期。