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POPE, PAPACY, PAPAL SYSTEM.
I. Development of the Papacy.
Roman Catholic Theory of the Papacy (§ 1).
Papacy in Pre-Carolingian Times (§ 2).
In Merovingian and Carolingian Periods (§ 3).
Tendency to Absolutism Checked (§ 4).
Spiritual and Temporal Supremacy Claimed (§ 5).
Primacy of Jurisdiction (§ 6).
Primacy of Honor (§ 7).
II. Election of the Pope.
Development of Present Method (§ 1).
The Conclave (§ 2).
The Election (§ 3).
Procedure after Election (§ 4).
I. Development of the Papacy: Pope (Gk., pappas,
“father ’’) designates the bishop of Rome in his
position as supreme head of the Roman Catholic
Church. According to the doctrine of that church,
when Christ founded the Church as a visible insti-
tution, he assigned to the Apostle
Peter the precedency over the other
Catholic apostles—making Peter his vicar, and
Theory of constituting him center of the Church
the Papacy. in that he conveyed to him alike the
supreme priestly authority (see Knys,
PowER OF THE), the supreme doctrinal authority,
and the supreme direction of the Church (Matt.
xvi. 18, 19; Luke xxii. 32; John xxi. 15-17). But
since the Church is a perpetual institution, Peter
must needs have a successor, and the ecclesiastical
succession is to be secured in that position for all
futurity. On account of Peter’s connection with
the bishopric of Rome, which he is held to have
established, this succession, with its derivative
rights and titular primacy, is permanently attached
to the Roman see; though not, perforce, to its local
site in the city of Rome. The succession devolves
upon the actual bishop of Rome; and so Peter as
vicar of Christ lives on in the Roman bishops, the
popes. The doctrines thus outlined are dogmas of
the Roman Catholic Church; and therefore they
become immutable and fundamental principles of
its formal constitution.
But in the light of objective historical contem-
plation, the pope’s primacy appears to be solely
the product of evolutionary centuries. It is not to
be denied that even from the second century and
in the third century the Roman con-
2. Papacy gregation and the Roman episcopal
in Pre- see enjoyed a significant and positive
Carolingian esteem in the West. The Roman
Times. church not only stood accepted as
founded by the Apostle Peter, but was
also the sole church in the West which could boast
of apostolic establishment, let alone the fact that
its site was the pivot of the ancient world, and thus
facilitated a vast range of communication with the
other churches and congregations. Yet though
even so early as in the third century the peculiar
distinction and the precedency of the Roman
church were based in Rome upon succession to the
rights of Peter; nevertheless, not even the Council
of Niczea knows of a Roman primacy over the whole
Church. But what really proved of decisive influ-
ence in winning legal prerogatives for the Roman
bishop were the issues of the dogmatic controver-
1. Roman
sies that agitated the Church from the fourth, cen-
tury forward; since in these controversies the posi-
tion of the bishop of Rome was of determining
weight for the very reason of the high respect en-
joyed by his church, because Rome supported the
due maintenance of orthodox doctrine. The Synod
of Sardica (343) permitted a bishop who had been’
deposed by the metropolitan synod to appeal to the
bishop of Rome. Just as this implied a right of
supreme jurisdiction on the part of that dignitary
to uphold which appeal could soon be made to the
Council of Niczea, because the decrees of Sardica
became consolidated with the canons of that coun-
cil, so did Innocent I. (404) lay claim to a supreme
right of adjudication in all “the more grave and
momentous cases”; and about the same time, he
claimed the right of issuing obligatory regulations
for the several districts of the Church. At the out-
set, however, these were mere assumptions; nor
could the bishops of Rome bring them to practical
effect beyond Italy or in such countries as Illyria
and southern Gaul, where the local situation hap-
pened to be favorable, and where there happened
to be voluntary overtures in behalf of close connec-
tion with Rome. As a matter of fact, in the year
445, Leo I. obtained of Valentinian III. by an im-
perial law (Novelle Valentiniani, iii., tit. 16), recog-
nition of primacy, in particular that of the su-
preme judicial and legislative right of the Roman
see. However, this law was binding only on the
West; and it involved neither a renunciation of
the emperor’s right of exercising the imperial pre-
rogative to legislate in ecclesiastical affairs, nor any
abolishment of the rights of councils convened under
imperial authority. It was not by legislation, but
principally by interfering in this or that special,
important concern that, both before and after this
law, the Roman bishop was able to substantiate
his assumed supreme control of the Church, and
even in the fifth century to play a deciding hand in
affairs of the Hast. Still more significant becomes
the status of the Roman bishop from the close of
that century, when the Germans found separate
kingdoms in Italy. But, at the same time, his
local sphere of power became narrowed by the es-
tablishment of the Germans in Gaul, Spain, and
England; a condition that arrested the progress of
the centralizing process already started in those
countries.
Especially in the most notable of these new
states, in Merovingian “‘ France,” the direct con-
trol of ecclesiastical affairs through the Roman
bishop was legally debarred. Any-
3. In thing of that kind could come about
Merovingian only subject to royal approbation, al-
and though the pope was acknowledged to
Carolingian be the first bishop in Christendom,
Periods. and the preservation of communion in
the faith with him was accounted in-
dispensable. But the king alone possessed the de-
ciding authority respecting the law of the Church,
jointly with the royal or national synod by him
convened, the decrees of which could become bind-
ing on the state only by the king’s approbation. A
change in this respect did not set in till in course of
the eighth century; when the Carolingian major-
Poor Relief
ope
domos, closely allied as they were with Boniface,
endeavored to cooperate in his project of reorgan-
izing and effectually reforming the secularized
Frankish church. The same situation persisted
under Charlemagne. In the universal Christian
commonwealth, such as his empire came to be re-
garded, he exercised not only the chief temporal
sovereignty but also the control of ecclesiastical
affairs, though he evinced even greater zeal than his
predecessors in assimilating the order of the Frank-
ish church to the Roman canons and praxis. For
Charlemagne, the pope ranks merely as the first
bishop of Christendom and of the emperor’s domin-
ion, who possesses certain prerogatives above the
other bishops, and is especially called, in view of
his station, to watch over the spiritual side of the
Church and over the proper maintenance of its
canons and doctrine; yet who may not assume, in-
dependently of the emperor, any right of control
over the church of the Frankish realm. Several
things conspired to bring about a transformation
of the earlier situation. These were the weakness
of Charlemagne’s successors; the political compli-
cations provoked through the struggles in the fam-
ily of Louis the Frank; and the strifes among the
Frankish bishops. The imperial and royal power
was no longer in a position to preserve intact its
ecclesiastical leadership, while the essentially moral
influence exercised hitherto by the pope, merged
into an encroachment upon ecclesiastical and po-
litical ground in proportion as he became repeatedly
invoked by the wrangling parties themselves to
decide the issue, while they sought to strengthen
themselves through his authority. Above all, it
was Nicholas I. (858-867) who contrived to employ
all these conditions to the furtherance of his policy
of subordinating princely and temporal power to
the Church, of quashing autonomy of the ecclesias-
tical primary courts in the various countries, and
of vesting deciding control in the bishop of Rome.
Pope Nicholas I. found material support for his
efforts in the opportunely originated Pseudo-Isi-
dorian Decretals (q.v.) just then coming to the
front.
But the dissolution of the Carolingian empire and
the resulting confusion which involved even Italy,
together with the comparative decline of the pa-
pacy, soon hindered the prosecution of that policy.
To raise the papacy out of its degra-
4. Tend- dation, there needed nothing less than
ency to the renovation of the German empire
Absolutism under Otto I. Indeed, the empire,
Checked. even as late as the eleventh century,
did wield its own sovereignty over the
pope and the Church, and at the same time endeay-
ored to reform the Church internally, being
supported in this by the bishops whom it had inde-
pendently invested, who were therefore subservi-
ent to the imperial will. The dynasty of Otto did
not, indeed, reassert the maxim of the Carolingian
civil code, that the supreme authority or power in
ecclesiastical matters, especially in legislation, be-
longed exclusively to the emperor. On the con-
trary, the house of Otto took practical cognizance
of the theory then already established, that just as
the universal State had its apex in the German em-
peror, so the universal Church had its center in the
pope. In fine, the emperors disposed of momentous
measures in Church administration, such as the
creation of new bishoprics, the revival of earlier
canon laws, and the execution of reforms in accord
with the pope, largely through synods that were
held with the pope conjointly. By this policy the
emperors cooperated in speeding the way to the
general recognition of the pope’s primacy in the
Church, and to that course of events which began
to prevail shortly after the middle of the eleventh
century.
About that time there loomed up in Rome the
domination of a party in the Church which sought
to free it from the influence hitherto exercised by
the temporal power; not only to place
5. Spiritual the guidance of the Church in the
and hands of the pope, but also to subject
Temporal the temporal rulers, above all, the Ger-
Supremacy man emperor, to the papacy as being
Claimed. the directive secular force, the defini-
tive world power. This party’s princi-
pal exponent, Hildebrand (see Gregory VII.), as-
sumed as a privilege of the pope to be subject to no
judge, and even claimed the right to depose em-
perors, to bear the imperial insignia, to decree new
laws, to hold general councils, to erect new bishop-
rics, to divide and combine the same, to depose
bishops, translate them, consecrate clerics of all
churches, receive appeals in all cases, and to have
sole decision in all weighty matters of every Church.
Under Gregory’s leadership of the Curia, and his
subsequent pontificate, the influence of the Roman
nobility and people upon the papal election became
debarred; the imperial right of nomination, with
attendant right of confirmation, was abolished;
while ecclesiastical reform was accomplished through
successive synods convened by the pope alone, and
composed of his own loyal supporters. These synods
acted as a papal senate, and did away with the im-
perial synods. Gregory also repeatedly decreed the
deposition of bishops, and ultimately annulled the
emperor’s antecedent right of appointment or in-
vestiture to the episcopal sees, over which the con-
flict issued between the German empire and the
papacy (see InvesTITURE), and this terminated in
the emancipation of the papacy from the imperial
overlordship. So the papacy became the court of
last resort in the concerns of the Church, and also
strove to win authoritative and leading power in
the contemporary civil fabric of Hurope. This was
achieved under Innocent III.; though at the same
time and by the same process the independence or
autonomy of the local church tribunals, in particu-
lar the episcopal, was broken. Yet the bishops
themselves had, for the most part, promoted the
policy inaugurated by the Curia in the middle of
the eleventh century, although with the under-
mining of the imperial and princely power they
forfeited the essential support of their own freedom
in relation to the papacy. The pope, who there-
after was regarded as the vicar of God, or of Christ,
and from the time of Innocent III. designates
himself as such, laid claim to the supreme sover-
eignty over the Church and the world alike, though
the temporal rule is committed for practical execu-
Pope
tion to the emperor and other princes subject to
the pope’s control. In the Church the pope alone
commands the supreme and summary power—
which exalts him above all accountability before
any human judge and above and before a general
council. This was claimed not in virtue of the an-
cient canons, but solely through the dogma of di-
vine right. The pope claimed a general right of
dispensation and absolution; he alone could trans-
late and remove bishops; whereas the archbishops
and such titular bishops as he consecrated were re-
quired to render an oath of obedience patterned
after the vassal’s oath of allegiance. He heard
cases of appeal from all quarters of the Church,
and even decided primary cases. He reserved bene-
fices for his own disposal; he assessed particular
churches and the clergy for general ecclesiastical
objects; and he sent abroad his delegates to all
parts of the contemporary Roman Catholic world
to carry out his rightful behest, overruling the or-
dinary local church tribunals. These theories reach
their high tide at the beginning of the fourteenth
century, are collectively termed the ‘ papal sys-
tem,’’ and found their classic expression in the
much-quoted bull of Boniface VIII., Unam sanc-
tam ecclesiam (q.v.; text in Reich, Documents, pp.
193-195; Eng. transl. in Thatcher and McNeal,
Source Book, pp. 314-317). At the same period, and
primarily in France, the temporal power began to
react against the excessive stretch of papal power,
and its encroachments upon the temporal jurisdic-
tion, while toward the close of the same century,
evoked by the great schism (see Scuism) which
. began in 1378, there cropped out a new trend, the
so-called “‘ episcopal’ system, canceling or deny-
ing the ‘‘ papal,” which was dogmatically rejected
by the Vatican Council of 1869-70, and that deliver-
ance has been accepted by the Roman Catholic
Church as complete and final.
The present canon law doctrine distinguishes the
pope’s rights under two heads, “‘ primacy of juris-
diction’ and “ primacy of honor.” In virtue of
the primacy of jurisdiction, there ac-
6. Primacy crues to him the supreme power over
of Juris- the Church in government and leader-
diction. ship; and in the execution of his charge
he is bound only by dogma and the
divine right. As touching any other law that has
force in the Church, he is to respect the same so
long as it exists. The most important rights in-
volved in the primacy are the supreme right of
legislation; the supreme direction and final decision
of matters affecting ecclesiastical offices; the su-
preme judicial competency in cases of dispute,
correction, discipline; regulation of the various
religious institutions, particularly the orders and
congregations; the supreme control of the ecclesias-
tical exchequer and assets of property; the right to
uphold unity in the liturgy, as also in the adminis-
tration of the sacraments and use of sacramentals;
to direct the festivals in the Church at large; the
right of beatification and canonization; the right
of according indulgences and regulating fasts; and
that of reserving for himself the absolution from
sins pertaining to the sphere of conscience. Fur-
thermore, the primacy carries with it the supreme
doctrinal authority. And when the pope voices his
decisions in this respect, speaking or publishing ex
cathedra; when in virtue of his apostolic authority
as pastor and teacher of all Christians he defines a
proposition affecting faith or morals in the inter-
ests of the whole Church, his pronouncements are
then informed with infallibility by reason of divine
assistance, without need of any further assent on
the part of the Church, as in a general council (in
the Constitutio Vaticana of July 18, 1870, the bull
Pastor eternus, iv.). Itis in virtue of this doctrinal
authority that he can issue spiritual decrees in the
cause of enlarging the dogma, and of defining ques-
tionable dogmatic subjects; that he can condemn
errors of doctrine, institute and direct missions,
found educational establishments, and watch over
the instruction therein dispensed. According to
this ‘‘ Vatican Constitution ” the pope is not only
empowered to exercise all these rights which his
primacy conveys, in the manner of a supreme court,
but he is also, by virtue of the same primacy, the
universal bishop in all the Church. That is, he has
an immediate, complete and canonical episcopal
power over all churches, dioceses, and believers.
For although it is an exaggerated statement to say,
as do the Old Catholics, that under this Vatican
dogma the bishops have become legally dwarfed
into mere vicars or attorneys of the pope, yet the
Ultramontanists may deny that any change what-
ever has been brought about in the status of the
bishops by force of the Vaticanuwm. While the Vat-
ican Council by no means put aside the episcopal
office as a distinct, or ‘ independent ”’ office, yet
the bishops are in fact reduced to the same position
as the vicars dependent on the pope directly. Ow-
ing to his supreme directive authority over the
Church, the pope also represents the Church abroad,
particularly in relation to civil governments, and
this with a standing recognized in international
law. But this is not to imply that, even in the
states where Roman Catholics are in the majority,
he enjoys a sovereignty over Roman Catholic citi-
zens on like terms with the civil power; nor that
his position in respect to civil governments is to be
deemed equivalent to that between two independ-
ent sovereigns and states.
The pope’s “ primacy of honor ”’ finds expression
as follows: (1) In certain specified designations,
titles, and forms of address appertain-
7. Primacy ing to him alone: such as papa, ponti-
of Honor. fex maximus, or summus pontifex;
vicarius Petri, vicarius Dei or Christi;
servus servorum Dei; and in the forms of address,
Sanctitas tua, or vestra, or sanctissime pater. (2) In
the insignia of the papal dignity: the tiara, a head-
dress evolved from the combination of miter and
crown, with three golden bands about the miter;
the pedum rectum (straight pastoral staff); and
the pallium, which, in distinction from the arch-
bishops, he wears at all times and places, when
officiating at mass. (3) The pope is entitled to the
so-called adoratio, the homage due to him by the
faithful in genuflection and kissing the papal foot,
now restricted solely to ceremonious audiences and
formal acts of homage; while with ruling princes,
it consists merely in kissing his hand. Apart from
Pope .
his position as leader of all the Church, the pope is
coincidently bishop of Rome, also archbishop of
the church province of Rome, primate of Italy, and
patriarch of the West. Finally, the pope was also
temporal sovereign of the Papal States (q.v.), while
they existed, and as such he occupied, in view of
international law, the highest rank among Roman
Catholic princes.
II. Election of the Pope: In early times the
bishop of Rome, like the diocesan of any other see,
was chosen by the local clergy and people, assisted
by neighboring bishops. Later the Roman em-
perors and the Ostrogothic kings exercised an in-
fluence, particularly in deciding disputed elections.
After the fall of the Ostrogothic king-
1. Develop- dom in Italy, vacancy of the see of
ment of Rome was formally announced to the
Present exarch at Ravenna, and a new pope
Method. was elected, usually on the third day
after the burial of the former pontiff,
by the clergy, the nobles, and the people of Rome.
The exarch, after receiving the official report of the
election, secured the approbation of the emperor,
whereupon the newly elected pope was duly con-
secrated. During the decline of Lombard power in
Italy, secular rulers exercised no supervision over
papal elections, and at the Lateran synod of 769
the laity were restricted to mere acclamation of an
election made by the clergy and to confirming the
protocol. While the story that Adrian I. con-
ferred on Charlemagne the privilege of filling the
papal throne is now acknowledged to be untrue, it
is still a moot question whether the Frankish kings
and emperors were merely informed by a new pon-
tiff of his election and consecration, or could con-
firm the election and require an oath of fealty. It
is certain, however, that after 824 a new pope was
usually consecrated only after taking the oath of
allegiance to the emperor, while the Roman council
of 898 enacted that a pontiff should be consecrated
only in the presence of imperial envoys.
With the restoration of the Holy Roman Empire
(q.v.) by Otto I. the Romans were obliged to prom-
ise that no pope should be elected or consecrated
without the approval of himself or his son, thus
giving the emperors an influence on papal elections
which was hitherto unprecedented. Though the
old forms were preserved, the election became a
mere form of choosing the candidate designated by
the emperor, this power being held, despite all ef-
forts of the Roman nobility, until the death of Henry
III. in 1056. At the Roman Synod of 1059, how-
ever, Nicholas IT. issued a decree which placed the
election in the hands of the cardinal bishops, aided
by the other cardinals, while the remaining clergy
and the laity were allowed only the privilege of
acclamation. The king, on the other hand, received
from Nicholas the right of confirming subsequent
elections, or at least of vetoing undesirable candi-
dates before election. This arrangement proved
impracticable, however, and at the third Lateran
council, in 1179, Alexander III., tacitly presup-
posing in the abrogation of imperial prerogatives
the absence of any share of clergy and laity in
papal elections, enacted that the vote of two-thirds
of all the college of cardinals was necessary for the
IX.—9
lawful election of a pope. This forms the basis of
the present laws governing papal elections, the
principal supplements and modifications being
enactments of the second council of Lyons (1274)
and Clement V. (13117), and the constitutions of
Clement VI. (1351), Julius II. (1505), Pius IV.
(1562), Gregory XV. (Mterni patris of 1621, and
the Ceremoniale in electione Romani pontificis ob-
servandum of the same year), Urban VIII. (1626),
and Clement XII. (1732).
Until the most recent regulations under Pius X.
(q.v.), after the pope’s death, the next ten days are
devoted to preparations for the funeral ceremony
and to preliminaries of the election; especially to
the institution of the conclave. This
2. The interim serves at the same time to en-
Conclave. able cardinals at a distance to reach
Rome for participation in the election.
The conclave, an apartment in which the cardinals
must proceed with the election guarded and ex-
cluded from the outer world (which they are not
allowed to leave before the election is completed), is
made ready in the Vatican, and comprises a chapel
(for the elective transaction), together with a suite
of halls in which cells are fitted up for the cardinals’
and the conclavists’ lodgings. The conclavists are
persons who have to attend the cardinals in the
conclave; such as their servants, two physicians, a
sacrist, two masons and carpenters, and others.
The cardinals and conclavists occupy this apartment
on the eleventh day, after a solemn high office.
Hereupon the constitutions on papal election are
read forth, and sworn to by the cardinals, and the
conclavists are sworn in. At evening, all unauthor-
ized persons must leave the conclave; and now the
entrances are all walled shut except one, through
which food for the persons in the conclave is
daily introduced; and this one entrance is strictly
guarded.
For participation in the election, only those car-
dinals are of qualified authority who have received
consecration to the diaconate. Neither is such a
one debarred by excommunication,
suspension, or interdict. Absentees
can deliver their vote neither by letter
nor by substitute. Theoretically every
Catholic male Christian, even a layman, who has not
lapsed into heresy, is eligible. But since Urban VI.
(1378-89), previously archbishop of Bari, none but
a cardinal has been elected (cf. G. Berthelet, Muss
der Papst ein Italiener sein? Leipsic, 1894). The
states of Austria, France, and Spain have the right,
for each state as affecting one candidate, of declar-
ing a cardinal passively ineligible; but the election
of an ‘‘ excluded ”’ candidate can not be challenged.
In regard to the election itself, it is forbidden, under
penalty of forfeited vote, to engage in “ electioneer-
ing.” Every cardinal present is bound, under pain
of excommunication, to take part in the business
of election, which is in order twice a day, forenoon
and afternoon, till the result be achieved. Where
voters are sick and unable to leave their cells, their
vote is of necessity sent for, and this by the hand
of cardinals expressly selected for the purpose by
lot. The only admissible kinds of election are (a),
the electio quasi per insptrationem, election by ac-
3. The
Election.
Pope
i ————————————————————
clamation; (b) the electio per compromissum, in
which the cardinals, instead of electing the pope in
a body, unanimously transfer the elective preroga-
tive to a specified quorum of their colleagues (two
at least), and then instruct them in detail as to the
steps next to be observed in the matter: for in-
stance, whether unanimity or simply majority shall
be required; save that no unlawful forms, e.g.,
election by lot, are allowed to be adopted; (c) the
electio per scrutinium, or by ballot. In this case all
the electors must write the name of their candidate
on one of the specially prepared voting tickets, con-
taining printed directions and to be folded; which
ballots they must deposit in order in a chalice upon
the altar, within view of the three appointed scru-
tineers. Next follows the counting of the ballots.
Should their number fail to tally with that of the
cardinals present, the balloting must be stopped,
and the votes are burned. Otherwise the result of
the voting is reckoned up, and the election is ended
—provided a candidate has received more than the
requisite two-thirds majority. Should it so happen,
however, that he has received only just that ma-
jority, it is ascertained by opening his ballot whether
he has not cast his vote for himself; which is against
the rules and nullifies the election. Ballots con-
taining the names of several candidates are void.
Where the balloting fails to yield the prescribed
majority for some one of the candidates, a special
procedure is still in order, the so-called accessus,
with the object of testing whether a contingent of
the voters will not surrender their candidates and
declare themselves for one of the others. This
amounts to a supplementary balloting to the first
ballot: in other words, the votes already cast stand
effectual, and the accessit votes are counted with
them. In order that a result may be reached by
this process, and yet that the vote of the individual
voter shall not be twice counted for his candidate,
the following regulations are in force with the ac-
cessit balloting. No one is allowed to repeat his
vote in the accessit, in favor of the candidate whom
he has already named in the ballot, but he can re-
tain his choice by writing on his ticket, Accedo
nemint. Nor can any one receive a vote of accessit
who-has not yet been nominated in the original
balloting. If the accessit yields no result, the whole
act of election stops, and the balloting must be
begun anew at the next elective session. More
than one accessit is inadmissible.
Pius X., who was elected in consequence of em-
ployment of the exclusiva (see ExcLusIon, RiguT oF),
through the constitution Commissum nobis of Jan.
20, 1904, prohibited the cardinals, under penalty
of excommunication, to allow in the future the
veto of any government, even though expressed
merely in the form of a wish. Thus the exclusiva
is abolished. It is not yet known what attitude
the affected states will take in the matter. Through
the constitution Vacante sede apostolica of Dec.
25, 1904, this pope regulated the entire course of
papal election and at the same time introduced the
following innovations: the funeral rites for a de-
ceased pope are to last nine days, after which the
cardinals shall enter the conclave. But on the day
after the death of the pope the first session of the
Holy College is to be held, the rules for papal elec-
tion in the conclave are to be read, and the oath of
the cardinals and conclavists is taken. If the bal-
loting leads to no result, there takes place no ac-
cessory meeting, but.a second balloting, under the
same conditions as the first. Simony no longer nulli-
fies election. Directions concerning the feeding of
conclavists aré wanting, hence the rule of Leo XIII.
concerning the erection of kitchens within the con-
clave chambers remains unchanged. Secrecy after
the end of the conclave in respect to official affairs
is specially enjoined.
The elected candidate, upon confirmation of the
result of the election, is solemnly asked by the sub-
dean whether he accepts the election. With the
acceptance, he receives the papal office.
4. Proce- At the same time, and in accordance
dure after with a custom constantly in effect
Election. since the eleventh century, he an-
nounces what name he will bear as pope.
Thereupon the elected candidate is robed with the
papal vestments, and now begins their first adora-
tion on the part of the cardinals. Meanwhile the
sealing of the conclave has been canceled, and the
first cardinal deacon forthwith proclaims to the
people the proper name and papal name of the new
pope. In the afternoon of the same day there en-
sues first in the Sistine Chapel and then in Saint
Peter’s the second and third adoration on the cardi-
nals’ part, this time in public. If the pope elect is
not as yet dignified with the episcopal consecration,
but only with one of the lower grades of consecra-
tion, he receives the orders which are still owing
to him inclusive of the priestly consecration, by
the office of one of the cardinal bishops. The epis-
copal consecration, which in former times was per-
formed coincidently with the coronation, is now
usually appointed on a Sunday or festival preced-
ing. Itisconsummated by the dean of the college
of cardinals. If the pope elect was of episcopal
rank already, then a benediction takes the place of
consecration. After the consecration or benediction,
there follows the coronation by the dean of the cardi-
nal deacons with the triple crown in Saint Peter’s,
and on some subsequent day the formal occupancy
of the Vatican.
Incumbency of the papal chair by any other
process than that of election by the cardinals is not
recognized by the present positive canon of the Ro-
man Catholic Church; and in particular it is held
to be unlawful for the ruling pope to appoint his
own successor; although attempts of that kind re-
peatedly came about in former centuries, and al-
though the competency of the pope to alter the
prevalent law in this respect can hardly be doubted.
E. SEHLING.
COMPLETE LIST OF THE POPES.
According to the claim of the Roman Catholic Church the
Apostle Peter was the first pope and reigned from 41 to 67.
(O7=79 tyes somes Linus
C79 OO ee iste cere eie Cletus, or Anacletus
(O1=100 2) eaerae eehxcceter . Clemens I.
(CLOL=109 2) earn Evarestus
(HOG=119) OAR ee te eeshesere Alexander Y.
VIG =A196) 5 ce vse ee ne Sixtus I.
PA ZS=13 76 ecsechess ieee Telesphorus
PSS a 14 acs cece eae Hyginus
AZT 56 aoa calories: acetone ius I
oe
MLD Cal Odi sparg aretaconve sth sore Anicetus
VAUGS=L76ian. cece errs Soter
PT FHL SOs wists wie aoareie Eleutherus
POO 202 Sc eramnieie oe wreve 0 Victor I.
OQ HZ iGecsia chavs euchalotedecaie Zephyrinus
PASS OPP tact ects OCICS Calixtus or Callistus I.
(Hippolytus, Antipope)
Peer tersia:saraveree ehaness Urbanus I.
P2A0HZaOiadavens ec eies eae ese Pontianus (resigned in exile)
239-286) «2 as wpinsaicars Anterus
Z3O>2O0 ic viatayaletevaie nue o> Fabianus, Martyr
PeLOd = ZO Dich te erst cjelerers ele Cornelius (in exile)
EOD Lexile erate hoe te (Novatianus, Antipope)
ZD2—ZOG ao) winnie’ sifelaleretersie Lucius I.
LOST AO Maret ares sie aiMeusreee Stephen I.
AOL LOS ia crate a oleae sale Sixtus IT.
259-269 ew ietea cesses te tle Dionysius
2GO= 2 CANS eottacet aes etule Felix I.
B= ISO ur ciara anak Eutychianus
PRA=OUO. Neca ealhauks Gas Caius
ZOG—BOA Staves cverete oars Marcellinus
SOT=B0O a o.c cislersieie exes Marcellus
2 300) seer ate ache Eusebius, d. Sept. 26 (?), 309
SLO—S14 ei siacarias «ear Miltiades (Melchiades)
SASSO ee eis ceessae Silvester I.
BOG. atnlsue aiciersieree hs Marcus
SEV ESS TV Sanaa Cachet ma esate Julius I
DOLAGOO Karas pare ave: culeiets Liberius
SDO=SO6 were sie pares cele Filix II., Antipope
DOOridatersieuelers oreiat Ursinus, Antipope
SG6-—884 vis cicewaceces Damasus
BOA HOO Scie vuatelerousieve- 9 seks Siricius
OS AO Dies ctarestsyeiaparenslecs Anastasius
AOD ANT 5 e, oe: sel eresaie ats Innocent I.
ABS oe sen sieise vie ele Zosimus
ALS OCG 2 dimer teva eas {Eulalius, Antipope]
BSH 422 Ue lvelet eisiete aay 6 Boniface I.
BRAS crars aie ersliseys "steve Celestine I.
AS2—440 fo Soke coins Sixtus TI.
ASD —A6 1 acces wise oes Leo I.
AGI=4G68 occ sie vie cue cts Hilary
AGBS=483 sc recere sib: scclseeis Simplicius
BSBA asec: shhralelane' cise Felix III.
AQ2=AOG i cveceisi ess or suece tens Gelasius I.
496-498... cee es Anastasius IT.
AOS OIA rere ate evenecs nteneuaue Symmachus
AOS NOV es sisjcictescal cto Laurentius, Antipope
Gi VIS ora hoo aa een Hormisdas
52IS—OHAGeseuienelsvatetonee ro John I
SO pers faysuaietaielavere te Felix IV.
SSO=—DS2 ae eee sustoier sakes Boniface ITI.
530; Sept. 17 -.....4: Dioscorus, Antipope
BS2—OSDs yerccks aks aesatersce John II. Mercurius
535-586. wi 6 ces ae eas Agapetus I.
ERE GEIS. agowdoos ono o6 Silverius (exiled)
5S TOO Oitacle wopeisic.s aac Vigilius
HOO-O0Omeyie teeter eeaieioc Pelagius I.
BOO=OLa2 a scan ite tertenshtrites of John III.
DIA=—D1S a acare ctensiepataie re ace Benedict I.
57S =50 Oineve ee osece evoususveter Pelagius IT.
590-604 Sakina wien se St. Gregory I. (the Great)
604-606 icon eresions cess Sabinianus
GOUSe aetna. Boniface IIT.
GOB=GUS ES oe iereo:cuexeusaderecs Boniface IV.
GU5—CLS ire cours ots eetecane Deusdedit
G19 =625 ieconce astacrsvareter Boniface V.
625=638 corte eve erste es Honorius I.
GE Ue Rate treo emia Severinus
GAO=6 42 oe seepedeyend ene. abe John IV.
C4 2—G4G 5 oe caneie fon seco mie Theodorus I.
649-655. 0. cheese oe St. Martin I. (exiled in 654)
G54—6DTigacine sc coathac Eugenius I.
BDT=SOM2 aie cetalesusteoe Vitalianus
(YET Keita Goda caade Adeodatus
BIG=B7S An... cis orselsrencraiens Donus or Domuus I.
678-680) ces yee este Agatho
682—683:s55 . oa one Leo IT.
GS42685 5 siete diet e seats Benedict IT.
GS5-G8C2y caesar eueteieteners John V.
GS6=68 fier ane ais etcraretons Conon
Sa o wemiomica one Paschal, Antipope
GS Tira cin attains sion Theodorus, Antipope
GOvEV Nee are oma oo 5 Sergius I.
WOL=TOD Set onuerete cats ane John VI.
TO G=7 Otel mcctersoccancetnc cee John VII.
COS steven te taivateney cre tiats Sisinnius
708-11 Baeieede crs ane Constantine I.
CLOHTS Lice tiers Gregory II.
VOL=C4EL co en tis heicek.e Gregory III.
CA LmLD 2a rcio ects sie cor Zacharias
7528 days)! secre one Stephen IT.
WO2—T Ol omens Venekee Stephen ITI.
TOT=IGT As copie anon Paul I.
LOl=FS88i0 5). career Constantine IT.
TOB=T i 2ivschecietele st cme Stephen IV.
UAC OD nate taiiensreeeceheiere Adrian I,
196-816. <ouca Neerarerale Leo IIT.
SIG=-S1L7 amine marie Stephen V.
SUH B24 cei. ie bite ater: Paschal I.
B24 S27 esac steheisiers reve Eugenius IT.
827 (40 days) ........ Valentinus
S27 S44 Minectastoen Gregory IV.
844-847 BAF create Sergius IT.
