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英文原文
This chapter is a summary of Israel's conquests. I. Their conquests under Moses, on the other side Jordan (for we now suppose ourselves in Canaan) eastward, which we had the history of, Nu 21:24-35, etc. And here the abridgment of that history, Jos 12:1-6. II. Their conquests under Joshua, on this side Jordan, westward. 1. The country they reduced, Jos 12:7,8. 2. The kings they subdued, thirty-one in all, Jos 12:9-24. And this comes in here, not only as a conclusion of the history of the wars of Canaan (that we might at one view see what they had got), but as a preface to the history of the dividing of Canaan, that all that might be put together which they were not to make a distribution of.
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Summary of Israel's Conquests (1450 BC)
以色列征伐之综述（主前1450年）
¹ 以色列人在约旦河东向日出之地击杀那地的二王，得他们的地为业，就是从亚嫩谷直到黑门山，并东边的全平原：
² 这亚摩利王西宏，本住希实本；他所管之地是从亚嫩谷边的亚罗珥起，包括谷中之物，和基列的一半，直到亚扪人的境界雅博河；
³ 与东边的平原，直到基尼烈海，又到亚拉巴的海，就是东边的盐海，通伯·耶西末的道；以及从南边到毗斯迦山根。
⁴ 又有巴珊王噩的境界——他是利乏音人所剩下的，住在亚斯他录和以得来；
⁵ 他管辖黑门山、撒迦、全巴珊，直到基述人和玛迦人的境界，以及基列的一半，就是希实本王西宏的境界。
⁶ 耶和华的仆人摩西和以色列人击杀了他们；耶和华的仆人摩西将那地赐给流便人、迦得人和玛拿西半支派为业。
约书亚——或其他任何作此史笔者——在总结以色列新近的征服之前，先在这几节中追述了摩西时代他们早先的征服；他们在摩西率领下成了强大的西宏国和噩国的主人。请注意：新的恩惠不可淹没对既往恩惠的记念，今日为教会行善之器皿的荣耀，也不可掩盖、贬抑那些先他们而行、当日为祝福和装饰之人的当得尊荣。约书亚的服侍和功绩诚然伟大，但摩西手下的也不可被忽视或遗忘，因为行此二事的乃是同一位神，而二者合在一起，都宣告他是以色列伟大救恩的初与终。此处：1. 描述了这片被征服之地，及其大致的尺度与四界（书12:1）：南自亚嫩河，北至黑门山。具体地说，此处描述了西宏的国（书12:2,3）以及噩的国（书12:4,5）。摩西曾十分详尽地描述过这片地（申2:36，3:4等），此处与他所记相符。据说噩王住亚斯他录和以得来（书12:4），大概因这两处都是他的王城；他在两处各有宫殿，或时居其一；一处也许是夏宫，另一处是冬邸。但以色列从他手中夺了这两城，又使那一座坟墓供他使用——他既不甘心于一宫，便只得共一墓。2. 此地的分配。摩西应两支派半之请将此地赐给他们，并在他们中间分了（书12:6）——其详我们在民32:1-42中已见。摩西当日既在征服之后分地，此处提及便作为约书亚的榜样——他既已征服约旦河西之地，如今也当照样而行。摩西在他的时候，将一片极富饶肥美之地赐给以色列的一部分人，只是地在约旦河外；然而……
⁷ 约书亚和以色列人在约旦河西，就是从利巴嫩谷的巴力·迦得，直到上西珥的哈拉山，所击杀的诸王；他们的地约书亚分给以色列各支派为业。
⁸ 就是赫人、亚摩利人、迦南人、比利洗人、希未人、耶布斯人的山地、平原亚拉巴、山坡、旷野、南地。
⁹ 他们的王：耶利哥王一名，靠近伯特利的艾城王一名；
¹⁰ 耶路撒冷王一名，希伯仑王一名；
¹¹ 耶末王一名，拉吉王一名；
¹² 伊矶伦王一名，基色王一名；
¹³ 底璧王一名，基德王一名；
¹⁴ 何珥玛王一名，亚拉得王一名；
¹⁵ 立拿王一名，亚杜兰王一名；
¹⁶ 玛基大王一名，伯特利王一名；
¹⁷ 他普亚王一名，希弗王一名；
¹⁸ 亚弗王一名，拉沙仑王一名；
¹⁹ 玛顿王一名，夏琐王一名；
²⁰ 伸仑·米仑王一名，亚押撒音王一名；
²¹ 他纳王一名，米吉多王一名；
²² 基低斯王一名，迦密山的约念王一名；
²³ 多珥山冈的多珥王一名，吉甲的列国中有一王；
²⁴ 得撒王一名；共计三十一王。
我们在此看到约书亚征伐的简要记述。
I. 他所征服之地的疆界。这地东界约旦河，西接地中海，北自黎巴嫩附近的巴力·迦得，南至位于以东境上的哈拉山（书12:7）。其四界在民34:2-12等处有更详尽的描述。但此处所记已足表明神的话已应验——他已将摩西所应许的一切赐他们为业，只要他们肯持守。
II. 这片地中所见的地貌种类，既增添了它的宜人，也增添它的肥沃（书12:8）。有山地——不是嶙峋多石荒芜、令行旅惊惧、于居民无益之山，而是能出宝物（申33:15）的肥美之丘，悦观者之目，又充满主人之手。又有谷地——不是长满苔藓泥泞不堪的洼地，而是为谷物所遮盖之地（诗65:13）。有平原，有滋润平原的水泉；在那肥美之地中也有旷野或丛林，其上居民不如他处稠密，却仍有城邑房屋，正可作为衬托，使更宜人肥美之地更显其美。
III. 曾占有此地之诸民族——赫人、亚摩利人、迦南人等，都出于那受咒诅的含之子迦南（创10:15-18）。他们被称为七族（申7:1），此处也列出七族，但本处仅提六族，革迦撒人或是失落或被略去，虽然我们在创10:16，15:21可见他们。他们或是与别族合并，或如犹太人的传说，当约书亚率领的以色列临近之时，他们尽数撤往非洲，将本地留给以色列承受——他们看见与以色列相争无益——所以他们未被列入约书亚所征服的民族之中。
IV. 借以色列之刀被征服、被制伏的诸王名册——有的在田间，有的在自己的城中，共计三十一个，并按所征服的次序详列其名；因名录始于耶利哥和艾城的王，继之以耶路撒冷王及与他结盟的南方诸王，再及北方联盟的诸王。如今，1. 这表明迦南当时何等肥美——可支持如此众多的王国，又使如此众多的王宁愿挤在一起，也不愿分散到其他可推想尚未有人居住的地方去——在那边他们虽有更大的空间，却难以指望如此的丰裕与享乐：这就是神为以色列所窥探之地；然而今日它却是世上最贫瘠、最卑微、最无利可图之地之一：这正是它所承担之咒诅的效果，因它的占有者弃绝了基督和他的福音，正如摩西所预言的（申29:23）。2. 这表明当时人的野心被限制在何等狭窄的范围之内。这些王各自满足于统辖一城及其附属的乡镇村落；据我们所知，无一人企图吞并其余，但每逢必要时便共同联合以保安全。然而似乎在领土广度上的不足，由权力的绝对性所补足——他们的臣民都是他们的佃户和附庸，完全听命于他们。3. 这表明神对以色列何等恩待——赐他们胜过这一切的王，并得着这一切的国，因而将何等的本分加在他们身上，叫他们守他的律例、谨守他的律法（诗105:44,45）。这里有三十一个王国或领地，要分给以色列的九个支派半。其中分给犹大的有希伯仑、耶末、拉吉、伊矶伦、底璧、亚拉得、立拿、亚杜兰八国，另加耶路撒冷王国的一部和基德的一部。便雅悯所得的是耶利哥、艾城、耶路撒冷、玛基大、伯特利，以及吉甲列国，共六国。西缅得何珥玛及基德的一部。以法莲得基色和得撒。玛拿西（那半支派）得他普亚和希弗、他纳和米吉多。亚设得亚弗和亚押撒音。西布伦得拉沙仑、伸仑·米仑、约念。拿弗他利得玛顿、夏琐、基低斯。以萨迦得多珥。这些就是神所击杀的伟大而闻名的诸王中的一部分——因他的慈爱永远长存；又将他们的地赐为产业，作为他仆人以色列的产业，因他的慈爱永远长存（诗136:17-24等）。
英文原文
Summary of Israel's Conquests (1450 BC)
¹ Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the plain on the east:
² Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;
³ And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to Beth-jeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdoth-pisgah:
⁴ And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,
⁵ And reigned in mount Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
⁶ Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh.
Joshua, or whoever else is the historian before he comes to sum up the new conquests Israel had made, in these verses receives their former conquests in Moses's time, under whom they became masters of the great and potent kingdoms of Sihon and Og. Note, Fresh mercies must not drown the remembrance of former mercies, nor must the glory of the present instruments of good to the church be suffered to eclipse and diminish the just honour of those who have gone before them, and who were the blessings and ornaments of their day. Joshua's services and achievements are confessedly great, but let not those under Moses be overlooked and forgotten, since God was the same who wrought both, and both put together proclaim him the Alpha and Omega of Israel's great salvation. Here is, 1. A description of this conquered country, the measure and bounds of it in general (Jos 12:1): From the river Arnon in the south, to Mount Hermon in the north. In particular, here is a description of the kingdom of Sihon (Jos 12:2,3), and that of Og, Jos 12:4,5. Moses had described this country very particularly (De 2:36,3:4, etc.), and this description here agrees with his. King Og is said to dwell at Ashtaroth and Edrei (Jos 12:4), probably because they were both his royal cities; he had palaces in both, and resided sometimes in one and sometimes in the other; one perhaps was his summer seat and the other his winter seat. But Israel took both from him, and made one grave to serve him that could not be content with one palace. 2. The distribution of this country. Moses assigned it to the two tribes and a half, at their request, and divided it among them (Jos 12:6), of which we had the story at large, Nu 32:1-42. The dividing of it when it was conquered by Moses is here mentioned as an example to Joshua what he must do now that he had conquered the country on this side Jordan. Moses, in his time, gave to one part of Israel a very rich and fruitful country, but it was on the outside of Jordan; but Joshua gave to all Israel the holy land, the mountain of God's sanctuary, within Jordan: so the law conferred upon some few of God's spiritual Israel external temporal blessings, which were earnests of good things to come; but our Lord Jesus, the true Joshua, has provided for all the children of promise spiritual blessings—the privileges of the sanctuary, and the heavenly Canaan. The triumphs and grants of the law were glorious, but those of the gospel far exceed in glory.
⁷ And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baal-gad in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;
⁸ In the mountains, and in the valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness, and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites:
⁹ The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Beth-el, one;
¹⁰ The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
¹¹ The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;
¹² The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;
¹³ The king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;
¹⁴ The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
¹⁵ The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;
¹⁶ The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Beth-el, one;
¹⁷ The king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
¹⁸ The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;
¹⁹ The king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;
²⁰ The king of Shimron-meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;
²¹ The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;
²² The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one;
²³ The king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of Gilgal, one;
²⁴ The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and one.
We have here a breviate of Joshua's conquests.
I. The limits of the country he conquered. It lay between Jordan on the east and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and extended from Baal-gad near Lebanon in the north to Halak, which lay upon the country of Edom in the south, Jos 12:7. The boundaries are more largely described, Nu 34:2-12, etc. But what is here said is enough to show that God had been as good as his word, and had given them possession of all he had promised them by Moses, if they would but have kept it.
II. The various kinds of land that were found in this country, which contributed both to its pleasantness and to its fruitfulness, Jos 12:8. There were mountains, not craggy, and rocky, and barren, which are frightful to the traveller and useless to the inhabitants, but fruitful hills, such as put forth precious things (De 33:15), which charmed the spectator's eye and filled the owner's hand. And valleys, not mossy and boggy, but covered with corn, Ps 65:13. There were plains, and springs to water them; and even in that rich land there were wildernesses too, or forests, which were not so thickly inhabited as other parts, yet had towns and houses in them, but served as foils to set off the more pleasant and fruitful countries.
III. The several nations that had been in possession of this country—Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, etc., all of them descended from Canaan, the accursed son of Ham, Ge 10:15-18. Seven nations they are called (De 7:1), and so many are there reckoned up, but here six only are mentioned, the Girgashites being either lost or left out, though we find them, Ge 10:16,15:21. Either they were incorporated with some other of these nations, or, as the tradition of the Jews is, upon the approach of Israel under Joshua they all withdrew and went into Africa, leaving their country to be possessed by Israel, with whom they saw it was to no purpose to contend, and therefore they are not named among the nations that Joshua subdued.
IV. A list of the kings that were conquered and subdued by the sword of Israel, some in the field, others in their own cities, thirty-one in all, and very particularly named and counted, it should seem, in the order in which they were conquered; for the catalogue begins with the kings of Jericho and Ai, then takes in the king of Jerusalem and the princes of the south that were in confederacy with him, and then proceeds to those of the northern association. Now, 1. This shows what a very fruitful country Canaan then was, which could support so many kingdoms, and in which so many kings chose to throng together rather than disperse themselves into other countries, which we may suppose not yet inhabited, but where, though they might find more room, they could not expect such plenty and pleasure: this was the land God spied out for Israel; and yet at this day it is one of the most barren, despicable, and unprofitable countries in the world: such is the effect of the curse it lies under, since its possessors rejected Christ and his gospel, as was foretold by Moses, De 29:23. 2. It shows what narrow limits men's ambition was then confined to. These kings contented themselves with the government, each of them, of one city and the towns and villages that pertained to it; and no one of them, for aught that appears, aimed to make himself master of the rest, but, when there was occasion, all united for the common safety. Yet it should seem that what was wanting in the extent of their territories was made up in the absoluteness of their power, their subjects being all their tenants and vassals, and entirely at their command. 3. It shows how good God was to Israel, in giving them victory over all these kings, and possession of all these kingdoms, and what obligations he hereby laid upon them to observe his statutes and to keep his laws, Ps 105:44,45. Here were thirty-one kingdoms, or seigniories, to be divided among nine tribes and a half of Israel. Of these there fell to the lot of Judah the kingdoms of Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon, Debir, Arad, Libnah, and Adullam, eight in all, besides part of the kingdom of Jerusalem and part of Geder. Benjamin had the kingdoms of Jericho, Ai, Jerusalem, Makkedah, Beth-el, and the nations of Gilgal, six in all. Simeon had the kingdom of Hormah and part of Geder. Ephraim had the kingdoms of Gezer and Tirzah. Manasseh (that half-tribe) had the kingdoms of Tappuah and Hepher, Taanach and Megiddo. Asher had the kingdoms of Aphek and Achshaph. Zebulun had the kingdoms of Lasharon, Shimron-meron, and Jokneam. Naphtali had the kingdoms of Madon, Hazor, and Kedesh. And Issachar had that of Dor. These were some of the great and famous kings that God smote, for his mercy endureth for ever; and gave their land for a heritage, even a heritage unto Israel his servant, for his mercy endureth for ever, Ps 136:17-24, etc.
约书亚记第十二章
本章是以色列人征战的总结。I. 他们在摩西率领下，于约旦河另一边（因为我们如今设想自己已身处迦南）东征所得的胜绩，其历史已记于民 21:24-35 等处。此处便是那段历史的摘要，书 12:1-6。II. 他们在约书亚率领下，于约旦河这边西征所得的胜绩。1. 他们所征服的地域，书 12:7,8。2. 他们所制伏的诸王，共计三十一位，书 12:9-24。此段记于此处，不仅是迦南战事历史的结语（使我们可一览无余地看见他们所得的），更是迦南分地历史的序言，好叫他们暂不分拨之物都一并归拢于此。