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英文原文
In this chapter is repeated, I. The elevation of David to the throne, immediately upon the death of Saul, by common consent, 1Ch 11:1-3. II. His gaining the castle of Zion out of the hands of the Jebusites, 1Ch 11:4-9. III. The catalogue of the worthies and great men of his kingdom, 1Ch 11:10-47.
1-9
David's Accession to the Throne (1055 BC)
大衛登基（主前 1055 年）
¹ 那時，以色列眾人聚集到希伯崙見大衛，說：「我們原是你的骨肉。 ² 從前掃羅作王的時候，率領以色列人出入的是你；耶和華─你的神也曾對你說：『你必牧養我的民以色列，作以色列的君。』」 ³ 於是以色列的長老都來到希伯崙見王；大衛在耶和華面前與他們立約，他們就膏大衛作以色列的王，正如耶和華藉撒母耳所說的話。 ⁴ 大衛和以色列眾人到了耶路撒冷，就是耶布斯；耶布斯人住在那裏。 ⁵ 耶布斯的居民對大衛說：「你不能進這裏來。」然而大衛攻取了錫安的保障，就是大衛城。 ⁶ 大衛說：「誰先攻擊耶布斯人，必作首領和元帥。」洗魯雅的兒子約押先上去，就作了元帥。 ⁷ 大衛住在保障裏，所以那保障叫作大衛城。 ⁸ 大衛又從米羅起，四圍建築城牆；約押修補其餘的城。 ⁹ 大衛日見強盛，因為萬軍之耶和華與他同在。
大衛在此得著了產業。
一、以色列的王位，這是在他於希伯崙作猶大王七年之後。他們因著與他的親屬關係（代上十一1）、他從前的功勞，尤其是神的選召（代上十一2），就膏他作他們的王：他立約保護他們，他們也立約向他盡忠效誠（代上十一3）。請注意，1. 神的旨意雖在路上遭遇各樣阻難，至終仍必成就。神既說「大衛必掌權」，反對便是徒然。2. 那些長久以來自蔽其光的人，在長久為虛謊之虛空疲憊之後，可望明白他們平安之事的道理，歸回「自己的憐憫」。3. 君王與百姓之間原有契約，雙方都當敬重遵守。若有任何君王可以要求絕對專制之權，大衛便可以；他可以比任何人更安全地被託付此權；然而他仍與百姓立約，受了加冕之誓，要照律法統治。
二、錫安的保障，這保障由耶布斯人據守，直到大衛的時代。大衛是否特別看中它作為建都之所，或是他從神那裏得了應許，經上看來，他最早期的功業之一便是攻取這堡壘；既得了它，便稱之為「大衛城」（代上十一7）。詩篇二6即指此事而言：「我已經立我的君在我聖山錫安。」我們在此看到在偉大事業上激發和維持決心的因素。1. 抵抗。耶布斯人向大衛挑釁說：「你不能進這裏來」，他便決心不惜任何代價強攻。2. 升遷的盼望。大衛宣布，誰肯率先攻打錫安的保障，就將元帥之位賜他；約押因此受到激勵，「先上去，就作了元帥」。有人說：「從軍人眼中奪去尊榮，就是砍斷他腳上的馬刺。」
英文原文
David's Accession to the Throne (1055 BC)
¹ Then all Israel gathered themselves to David unto Hebron, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh.
² And moreover in time past, even when Saul was king, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD thy God said unto thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be ruler over my people Israel.
³ Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the LORD; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of the LORD by Samuel.
⁴ And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land.
⁵ And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city of David.
⁶ And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief.
⁷ And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David.
⁸ And he built the city round about, even from Millo round about: and Joab repaired the rest of the city.
⁹ So David waxed greater and greater: for the LORD of hosts was with him.
David is here brought to the possession.
I. Of the throne of Israel, after he had reigned seven years in Hebron, over Judah only. In consideration of his relation to them (1Ch 11:1), his former good services, and especially the divine designation (1Ch 11:2), they anointed him their king: he covenanted to protect them, and they to bear faith and true allegiance to him, 1Ch 11:3. Observe, 1. God's counsels will be fulfilled at last, whatever difficulties lie in the way. If God had said, David shall rule, it is in vain to oppose it. 2. Men that have long stood in their own light, when they have long wearied themselves with their lying vanities, it is to be hoped, will understand the things that belong to their peace and return to their own mercies. 3. Between prince and people there is an original contract, which both ought religiously to observe. If ever any prince might have claimed an absolute despotic power, David might, and might as safely as any have been entrusted with it; and yet he made a covenant with the people, took the coronation-oath, to rule by law.
II. Of the strong-hold of Zion, which was held by the Jebusites till David's time. Whether David had a particular eye upon it as a place fit to make a royal city, or whether he had a promise of it from God, it seems that one of his first exploits was to make himself master of that fort; and, when he had it, he called it the city of David, 1Ch 11:7. To this reference is had, Ps 2:6. I have set my king upon my holy hill of Zion. See here what quickens and engages resolution in great undertakings. 1. Opposition. When the Jebusites set David at defiance, and said, Thou shalt not come hither. he resolved to force it, whatever it cost him. 2. Prospect of preferment. When David proposed to give the general's place to him that would lead the attack upon the castle of Zion, Joab was fired with the proposal, and he went up first, and was chief. It has been said, "Take away honour out of the soldier's eye and you cut off the spurs from his heels."
10-47
David's Mighty Men (1048 BC)
大衛的勇士（主前 1048 年）
¹⁰ 以下記錄跟隨大衛勇士的首領，就是奮勇幫助他得國、照著耶和華吩咐以色列人的話、與以色列人一同立他作王的。* ¹¹ 大衛勇士的數目記在下面：哈革摩尼的兒子雅朔班，他是軍長的統領，一時舉槍殺了三百人。* ¹² 其次是亞合人朵多的兒子以利亞撒，他是三個勇士裡的一個。* ¹³ 他從前與大衛在巴斯達閔，非利士人聚集要打仗；那裡有一塊長滿大麥的田，眾民就在非利士人面前逃跑。* ¹⁴ 這勇士便站在那田間，擊殺非利士人，救護了那田；耶和華使以色列人大獲全勝。* ¹⁵ 三十個勇士中的三個人下到磐石那裡，進了亞杜蘭洞見大衛；非利士的軍隊在利乏音谷安營。* ¹⁶ 那時大衛在山寨，非利士人的防營在伯利恆。* ¹⁷ 大衛渴想，說：「甚願有人將伯利恆城門旁井裡的水打來給我喝。」* ¹⁸ 這三個勇士就闖過非利士人的營盤，從伯利恆城門旁的井裡打水，拿來奉給大衛。大衛卻不肯喝，將水奠在耶和華面前，* ¹⁹ 說：「我的神啊，這三個人冒死去打水，這水好像他們的血一般，我斷不敢喝。」如此，大衛不肯喝。這是三個勇士所作的事。* ²⁰ 約押的兄弟亞比篩是這三個勇士的首領；他舉槍殺了三百人，就在三個勇士裡得了名。* ²¹ 他在這三個勇士裡是最尊貴的，所以作他們的首領，只是不及前三個勇士。* ²² 有甲薛勇士耶何耶大的兒子比拿雅，行過大能的事：他殺了摩押人亞利伊勒的兩個兒子，又在下雪的時候下坑裡去殺了一個獅子。* ²³ 又殺了一個埃及人。埃及人身高五肘，手裡拿著槍，槍桿粗如織布的機軸；比拿雅只拿著棍子下去，從埃及人手裡奪過槍來，用那槍將他刺死。* ²⁴ 這是耶何耶大的兒子比拿雅所行的事，就在三個勇士裡得了名。* ²⁵ 他比那三十個勇士都尊貴，只是不及前三個勇士。大衛立他作護衛長。* ²⁶ 軍中的勇士有約押的兄弟亞撒黑、伯利恆人朵多的兒子伊勒哈難、* ²⁷ 哈律人沙瑪、比倫人希利斯、* ²⁸ 提哥亞人益吉的兒子以拉、亞拿突人亞比以謝、* ²⁹ 戶沙人西比該、亞合人以來、* ³⁰ 尼陀法人瑪哈萊、尼陀法人巴拿的兒子希立、* ³¹ 便雅憫族基比亚人利拜的兒子以太、比拉頓人比拿雅、* ³² 迦實溪人戶萊、亞拉巴人亞比、* ³³ 巴路米人押斯瑪弗、沙本人以利雅哈巴、* ³⁴ 基孫人哈深的眾子、哈拉人沙基的兒子約拿單、* ³⁵ 哈拉人沙甲的兒子亞希暗、吾珥的兒子以利法勒、* ³⁶ 米基拉人希弗、比倫人亞希雅、* ³⁷ 迦密人希斯羅、伊斯拜的兒子拿萊、* ³⁸ 拿單的兄弟約珥、哈基利的兒子彌伯哈、* ³⁹ 亞捫人洗勒、比錄人拿哈萊（拿哈萊是給洗魯雅的兒子約押拿兵器的）、* ⁴⁰ 以帖人以拉、以帖人迦立、* ⁴¹ 赫人烏利亞、亞萊的兒子撒拔、* ⁴² 流便人示撒的兒子亞第拿（他是流便支派中的一個族長，率領三十人）、* ⁴³ 瑪迦的兒子哈難、彌特尼人約沙法、* ⁴⁴ 亞施他拉人烏西亞、亞羅珥人何坦的兒子沙瑪、耶利、* ⁴⁵ 提洗人申利的兒子耶疊和他的兄弟約哈、* ⁴⁶ 瑪哈未人以利業、伊利拿安的兒子耶利拜、約沙未雅、摩押人伊特瑪、* ⁴⁷ 以利業、俄備得、並米瑣八人雅西業。*
此處記載了大衛的勇士，就是他那個時代服事他、蒙他重用的偉人。這份名錄最先見於撒下二十三8-39。此處的記載與之大體相同，只是從代上十一41-47 到末了所列的名字是增補的。當注意以下幾點：
一、這份名錄與論到大衛之話的關聯（代上十一9）。1. 「大衛日見強盛」，而這些就是他的勇士。偉人的力量和尊榮，有極大一部分是從僕人借來的，並倚靠僕人而立；在明眼人看來，這不能不稍微削減對權勢威儀的觀感。大衛之所以偉大，是因為身邊有偉人；若將這些人挪去，他便又回到原處。2. 「萬軍之耶和華與他同在」，而這些就是他所有的勇士。神與他同在，為他行事，卻是藉著人和方法，並使用次要的成因。神既感動那些有能力服事他利益之人的心歸向他，便顯明神是與他同在的。正如「神若幫助我們，誰能敵擋我們」（羅八31）；照樣，神若幫助我們，凡我們所需要的，都要為我們效力。然而大衛將自己的成功和興盛，不歸功於他所擁有的軍隊，而歸功於「萬軍之耶和華」；不歸功於與他同在的勇士，而歸功於與我們同在的全能之神——他的同在才是無上的福分。
二、這份名錄的標題（代上十一10）：「以下記錄……奮勇幫助他得國的。」他們在堅固大衛之時，也堅固了自己和自己的利益；因為他的高升就是他們的高升。我們在自己的崗位上為支持大衛子孫的國度（即基督的國度）所作的一切，自己也必因此得益。我們在堅固這國度之時，也就堅固了自己。這話也可讀作：「他們與他和全以色列緊緊聯合。」當注意：神要作工之時，必不缺乏合用的器皿。若是需要勇士的工作，就必有勇士被尋得或被興起來成就它，「照著耶和華的話」。
三、使這一切人得尊榮的，乃是他們對君王和國家所作的美好服事：他們幫助大衛作了王（代上十一10）——這是善工。他們擊殺非利士人和其他公敵，成為拯救以色列的器皿。當注意：要成為偉大，就要行善。他們所得的這尊榮，也不是不勞而獲，乃是冒著性命危險換來的。基督國度裡的尊榮，是為那些「為真道打那美好的仗」（提前六12）、勞苦受苦、並情願為基督和無虧的良心冒險擺上一切，甚至性命本身的人所預備的。我們必須藉著「恆心行善」，去尋求榮耀、尊貴和不能壞的事物（羅七7）；凡對大衛的子孫忠心的，必發現自己的名字被記錄、被登錄，其所帶來的尊榮，遠勝過這些人在世人名錄上所得的稱譽。
四、在大衛勇士的一切豐功偉業中，論到大衛本人，此處所記最偉大的一件事，不過是他將自己所「渴想」的水「倒在耶和華面前」（代上十一18,19）。大衛在那個舉動中，顯出四種極可敬的性情；據我所知，這使他的作為與那些勇士的任何功績一樣偉大。1. 為自己的軟弱悔改。一個人若被光照，曉得自己說了或作了甚麼輕率的事，便藉著悔改予以收回和撤銷，這實在是他的榮耀；正如人若說了或作了錯事卻執迷不悟，便是他的羞辱。2. 對自己私慾的節制。他渴想伯利恆井裡的水；但既得了水，他卻不肯喝，因為他不願這樣放縱自己、滿足一個愚昧的幻想。「治服己心的，強如取城」（箴十六32）。能管轄自己，乃是人的榮耀；但要做到管轄自己，人有時必須違背自己。3. 對神的敬虔。他認為那水對自己的口腹而言太寶貴、太珍貴，便「倒在耶和華面前」作為奠祭。我們若有甚麼比別的更好，就當用它來榮耀神——因為神是至好的，也當受至好的奉獻。4. 對僕人的體恤。想到三個勇士竟冒著性命危險去為他打水，他便陷入極大的震驚和不安。在他看來，那水彷彿變成了血。偉人的尊榮，在於不揮霍所用之人的血，而在所下達的一切命令中，將自己的魂放在他們魂的地位上體恤他們。
五、在這些英雄的奇妙作為中，必須承認神的大能。若不是神與他們格外同在，一人怎能殺三百，另一人怎能殺同樣數目（代上十一11,20），又一人怎能殺兩個如獅子般的人（代上十一22），還有一人怎能殺一個埃及巨人（代上十一23）呢？這正應驗了神的應許：「你們一人必追趕千人，因耶和華你們的神為你們爭戰」（書二十三10）。
六、這些勇士中有一位被稱為「亞捫人」（代上十一39），另有一位是「摩押人」（代上十一46），然而律法卻說「亞捫人」和「摩押人」不可入耶和華的會（申二十三3）。這幾位顯然為以色列的利益表現得如此忠誠，以至於在他們的事上，人認為可以通融那條律法；這也是一個預表，表明大衛的子孫（基督）將在外邦人中間得著勇士：在他那裡，「並不分希臘人、猶太人」（西三11）。
英文原文
David's Mighty Men (1048 BC)
¹⁰ These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel.
¹¹ And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had; Jashobeam, a Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain by him at one time.
¹² And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighties.
¹³ He was with David at Pas-dammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines.
¹⁴ And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the LORD saved them by a great deliverance.
¹⁵ Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.
¹⁶ And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines' garrison was then at Bethlehem.
¹⁷ And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate!
¹⁸ And the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to the LORD,
¹⁹ And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing: shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it. Therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mightiest.
²⁰ And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a name among the three.
²¹ Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three.
²² Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab: also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day.
²³ And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear.
²⁴ These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among the three mighties.
²⁵ Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard.
²⁶ Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem,
²⁷ Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite,
²⁸ Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite,
²⁹ Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite,
³⁰ Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite,
³¹ Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite,
³² Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite,
³³ Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite,
³⁴ The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite,
³⁵ Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur,
³⁶ Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite,
³⁷ Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai,
³⁸ Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Haggeri,
³⁹ Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,
⁴⁰ Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,
⁴¹ Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai,
⁴² Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him,
⁴³ Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite,
⁴⁴ Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite,
⁴⁵ Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite,
⁴⁶ Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite,
⁴⁷ Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite.
We have here an account of David's worthies, the great men of his time that served him and were preferred by him. The first edition of this catalogue we had, 2Sa 23:8-39, etc. This is much the same, only that those named here from 1Ch 11:41-47 to the end are added. Observe,
I. The connexion of this catalogue with that which is said concerning David, 1Ch 11:9. 1. David waxed greater and greater, and these were his mighty men. Much of the strength and honour of great men is borrowed from their servants and depends upon them, which cannot but somewhat diminish pomp and power in the opinion of those that are wise. David is great because he has great men about him; take these away, and he is where he was. 2. The Lord of hosts was with him, and these were the mighty men which he had. God was with him and wrought for him, but by men and means and the use of second causes. By this it appeared that God was with him, that he inclined the hearts of those to come over to him that were able to serve his interest. As, if God be for us none can be against us, so, if God be for us, all shall be for us that we have occasion for. Yet David ascribed his success and increase, not to the hosts he had, but to the Lord of hosts, not to the mighty men that were with him, but to the mighty God whose presence with us is all in all.
II. The title of this catalogue (1Ch 11:10): These are the men who strengthened themselves with him. In strengthening him they strengthened themselves and their own interest; for his advancement was theirs. What we do in our places for the support of the kingdom of the Son of David we shall be gainers by. In strengthening it we strengthen ourselves. It may be read, They held strongly with him and with all Israel. Note, When God has work to do he will not want fit instruments to do it with. If it be work that requires mighty men, mighty men shall either be found or made to effect it, according to the word of the Lord.
III. That which made all these men honourable was the good service that they did to their king and country; they helped to make David king (1Ch 11:10)—a good work. They slew the Philistines, and other public enemies, and were instrumental to save Israel. Note, The way to be great is to do good. Nor did they gain this honour without labour and the hazard of their lives. The honours of Christ's kingdom are prepared for those that fight the good fight of faith, that labour and suffer, and are willing to venture all, even life itself, for Christ and a good conscience. It is by a patient continuance in well-doing that we must seek for glory, and honour, and immortality; and those that are faithful to the Son of David shall find their names registered and enrolled much more to their honour than these are in the records of fame.
IV. Among all the great exploits of David's mighty men, here is nothing great mentioned concerning David himself but his pouring out water before the Lord which he had longed for, 1Ch 11:18,19. Four very honourable dispositions of David appeared in that action, which, for aught I know, made it as great as any of the achievements of those worthies. 1. Repentance for his own weakness. It is really an honour to a man, when he is made sensible that he has said or done any thing unadvisedly, to unsay it and undo it again by repentance, as it is a shame to a man when he has said or done amiss to stand to it. 2. Denial of his own appetite. He longed for the water of the well of Bethlehem; but, when he had it, he would not drink it, because he would not so far humour himself and gratify a foolish fancy. He that has such a rule as this over his own spirit is better than the mighty. It is an honour to a man to have the command of himself; but he that will command himself must sometimes cross himself. 3. Devotion towards God. That water which he thought too good, too precious, for his own drinking, he poured out to the Lord for a drink offering. If we have any thing better than another, let God be honoured with it, who is the best, and should have the best. 4. Tenderness of his servants. It put him into the greatest confusion imaginable to think that three brave men should hazard their lives to fetch water for him. In his account it turns the water into blood. It is the honour of great men not to be prodigal of the blood of those they employ, but, in all the commands they give them, to put their own souls into their souls' stead.
V. In the wonderful achievements of these heroes the power of God must be acknowledged. How could one slay 300 and another the same number (1Ch 11:11,20), another two lion-like men (1Ch 11:22), and another an Egyptian giant (1Ch 11:23), if they had not had the extraordinary presence of God with them, according to that promise, Jos 23:10, One man of you shall chase a thousand, for the Lord your God fighteth for you?
VI. One of these worthies is said to be an Ammonite (1Ch 11:39), another a Moabite (1Ch 11:46), and yet the law was that an Ammonite and a Moabite should not enter into the congregation of the Lord, De 23:3. These, it is likely, had approved themselves so hearty for the interest of Israel that in their case it was thought fit to dispense with that law, and the rather because it was an indication that the Son of David would have worthies among the Gentiles: with him there is neither Greek nor Jew.
本章重述：一、掃羅死後大衛因全民共識而立即被高舉到寶座上（代上十一1–3）。二、他從耶布斯人手中奪取錫安的保障（代上十一4–9）。三、他國中勇士和偉人的名錄（代上十一10–47）。