서론
無標題
英文原文
The key of this psalm hangs at the door, for the title tells us upon what occasion it was penned—when the inhabitants of Ziph, men of Judah (types of Judas the traitor), betrayed David to Saul, by informing him where he was and putting him in a way how to seize him. This they did twice (1Sa 23:19,26:1), and it is upon record to their everlasting infamy. The psalm is sweet; the former part of it, perhaps, was meditated when he was in his distress and put into writing when the danger was over, with the addition of the last two verses, which express his thankfulness for the deliverance, which yet might be written in faith, even when he was in the midst of his fright. Here, I. He complains to God of the malice of his enemies, and prays for help against them, Ps 55:1-3. II. He comforts himself with an assurance of the divine favour and protection, and that, in due time, his enemies should be confounded and be delivered, Ps 55:4-7. What time we are in distress we may comfortably sing this psalm.
1-3
Complaints
哀訴
交與伶長，用絲弦樂器，訓誨詩。大衛的詩，西弗人來對掃羅說：大衛豈不是在我們那裡藏身嗎？
¹ 神啊，求祢以祢的名救我，憑祢的大能為我伸冤。
² 神啊，求祢聽我的禱告，留心聽我口中的言語。
³ 因為外人起來攻擊我，強暴人尋索我的命；他們眼中沒有神。細拉。
我們在此可以注意：1. 大衛此刻所處的極大困苦，標題已說明其緣由。西弗人自願來向掃羅報告大衛在哪裡，並應許將他交在掃羅手中。人本以為大衛既已退到鄉間，就不會被追趕；退到荒野，就不會被發現；退到本族之地，就不會被出賣；然而看來他竟遭此三者。善人永不要指望在天未到以先可以安穩無虞。這些西弗人是何等奸詐、何等多事！幸而神是信實的，因為人是不可信的，彌7:5。2. 他向神求助求解救的禱告，詩54:1,2。他訴諸神的大能——藉此神能幫助他；又訴諸神的名——藉此神有義務幫助他；他求神救他脫離仇敵，並為他伸冤——就是為他的案子辯護、為他判斷。大衛沒有別的依據可信靠，只有神的名；沒有別的能力可倚靠，只有神的大能；他以這兩樣為自己的避難所和信靠。這必是他禱告的有效答覆（詩54:2）；這禱告即使在他逃亡之中、無法莊嚴地親近神之時，也時時刻刻向天舉起：求祢聽我的禱告——那從我心裡發出的禱告——留心聽我口中的言語。3. 他的申辯，這是從仇敵的品格而來的，詩54:3。(1) 他們是外人；西弗人正是如此，不配稱為以色列人。「他們待我，比非利士人自己所行的還要卑鄙野蠻。」那些既已衝破了親屬和盟約的關係、使自己成為陌生人的人，會有怎樣的對待，是可以預期的最壞情形。(2) 他們是強暴人；掃羅正是如此——他作為君王，本當用自己的權力保護一切善良的臣民，卻濫用權力來毀滅他們。沒有甚麼比審判之處的欺壓更令人痛心，傳3:16。保羅最大的危難是來自本國的人和假弟兄（林後11:26），大衛也是如此。(3) 他們極其可怖、來勢洶洶；他們不僅恨他、願他遭殃，更結夥起來攻擊他，聯合勢力要加害於他。(4) 他們極其惡毒懷恨：他們尋索我的命；他們獵取那寶貴的性命；少一點都不能滿足。我們可以憑信心求神，求祂的護理不要使這等殘酷嗜血的人成功，免得看來像是縱容他們。(5) 他們極其褻瀆無神，正因如此，他認為神的尊榮與此有關，理當起來抵擋他們：他們眼中沒有神——就是說，他們完全拋棄了對神的意念；他們不思想神的眼目在他們身上，不思想他們攻擊神的百姓就是攻擊神，也不思想這樣一場勢力懸殊的爭戰所必有之致命後果。請注意，從那些眼中沒有神的人身上，不能期望甚麼善；不，這樣的人還有甚麼惡事作不出來呢？那些既已衝破對神的敬畏的人，還有甚麼本性、友誼、感恩或盟約的約束能捆住他們呢？細拉——留意這話。我們大家都當確保常常把神擺在自己面前；因為我們若不如此，便有成為無法無天之人的危險。
英文原文
Complaints
To the chief musician on Neginoth, Maschil. A psalm of David, when the Ziphim came and said to Saul, Doth not David hide himself with us?
¹ Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength.
² Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth.
³ For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah.
We may observe here, 1. The great distress that David was now in, which the title gives an account of. The Ziphim came of their own accord, and informed Saul where David was, with a promise to deliver him into his hand. One would have thought that when David had retired into the country he would not be pursued, into a desert country he would not be discovered, and into his own country he would not be betrayed; and yet it seems he was. Never let a good man expect to be safe an easy till he comes to heaven. How treacherous, how officious, were these Ziphim! It is well that God is faithful, for men are not to be trusted, Mic 7:5. 2. His prayer to God for succour and deliverance, Ps 54:1,2. He appeals to God's strength, by which he was able to help him, and to his name, by which he was engaged to help him, and begs he would save him from his enemies and judge him, that is, plead his cause and judge for him. David has no other plea to depend upon than God's name, no other power to depend upon than God's strength, and those he makes his refuge and confidence. This would be the effectual answer of his prayers (Ps 54:2), which even in his flight, when he had not opportunity for solemn address to God, he was ever and anon lifting up to heaven: Hear my prayer, which comes from my heart, and give ear to the words of my mouth. 3. His plea, which is taken from the character of his enemies, Ps 54:3. (1.) They are strangers; such were the Ziphites, unworthy the name of Israelites. "They have used me more basely and barbarously than the Philistines themselves would have done." The worst treatment may be expected from those who, having broken through the bonds of relation and alliance, make themselves strangers. (2.) They are oppressors; such was Saul, who, as a king, should have used his power for the protection of all his good subjects, but abused it for their destruction. Nothing is so grievous as oppression in the seat of judgment, Ec 3:16. Paul's greatest perils were by his own countrymen and by false brethren (2Co 11:26), and so were David's. (3.) They were very formidable and threatening; they not only hated him and wished him ill, but they rose up against him in a body, joining their power to do him a mischief. (4.) They were very spiteful and malicious: They seek after my soul; they hunt for the precious life; no less will satisfy them. We may, in faith, pray that God would not by his providence give success, lest it should look like giving countenance, to such cruel bloody men. (5.) They were very profane and atheistical, and, for this reason, he thought God was concerned in honour to appear against them: They have not set God before them, that is, they have quite cast off the thoughts of God; they do not consider that his eye is upon them, that, in fighting against his people, they fight against him, nor have they any dread of the certain fatal consequences of such an unequal engagement. Note, From those who do not set God before them no good is to be expected; nay, what wickedness will not such men be guilty of? What bonds of nature, or friendship, or gratitude, or covenant, will hold those that have broken through the fear of God? Selah—Mark this. Let us all be sure to set God before us at all times; for, if we do not we are in danger of becoming desperate.
4-7
Consolations
安慰
⁴ 看哪，神是幫助我的；主是扶持我性命的。 ⁵ 他要報應我仇敵所行的惡；求你憑你的誠實滅絕他們。 ⁶ 我要把甘心祭獻給你；耶和華啊，我要稱讚你的名；這名本是好的。 ⁷ 因為他從一切患難中把我救出來；我的眼睛也看見我仇敵遭報。
我們在此看見大衛在他禱告中信心的活潑作為——他藉此確信，雖然對他的攻擊可怕，結局卻必是令人得安慰的。
I. 他確知神在他這一邊——神為他撑腰（詩54:4）；他以得勝誇勝的口吻說：*看哪，神是幫助我的。*我們若擁護他，他便擁護我們；他既擁護我們，我們在他裏面便必得著如此的幫助，以致不必懼怕任何與我們為敵的勢力。雖然人和魔鬼圖謀要毀滅我們，他們卻不能得逞——只要神是幫助我們的：*主是扶持我性命的。*可比較詩118:7：*主與那幫助我的人同在。*有一些人扶持我，神便是其中之一；他是首要的那一位；若不是他幫助他們，他們便無一能幫助我。每一個受造之物對我們而言是（也僅僅是）神使它成為的那樣。他的意思是：「主就是那位扶持我性命的，保守我不在自己工作中疲憊、不在重擔下沉淪。」他以護理托住萬有的那一位，也以恩典托住他百姓的靈魂。神在所定的時候要拯救他百姓，在此期間他卻扶持他們、使他們堅立，使他所造的靈不致在他面前衰殘。
II. 神既站在他這一邊，他便不疑惑他的仇敵必在他面前逃竄仆倒（詩54:5）：「他要報應我仇敵所行的惡——這些仇敵窺伺我，尋找機會加害於我。他們所圖謀要加害我的惡，公義的神必使之歸到他們自己頭上。」大衛不肯以惡報他們，卻知道神必如此行：*我如聾子不聽，因為你必聽見。*我們所饒恕的仇敵，若不悔改，神必審判；正因這緣故，我們不可自己報仇，因為神曾說：*伸冤在我。*但他禱告說：*求你憑你的誠實滅絕他們。*這不是出於惡意的禱告，而是出於信心的禱告；因為這禱告仰望神的話語，所求的不過是那話語的成就。神的應許中有真實，他的警告中也有真實；不悔改的罪人必發現此事要成為他們的代價。
III. 他應許為自己對神良善的一切經歷向他獻上感謝（詩54:6）：*我要把甘心祭獻給你。*祭物雖然昂貴，但當神要求敬拜者用那種方式讚美他之時，大衛不僅要獻上，更要甘心樂意、毫無勉強地獻上。我們一切屬靈的祭，在這意義上必須都是甘心祭；因為神喜愛樂意施捨的人。然而他不過獻上祭物——那只是影子、禮儀；他更要注重實質：*我要稱讚你的名。*感恩的心，以及以嘴唇的果子稱謝他名的祭，才是神所要悅納的祭：「我要稱讚你的名，因為這名是好的。你的名不僅偉大，更是好的，所以當受讚美。稱讚你的名不僅是我們當盡的本分，更是好的——是令人愉快的，是有益的；是對我們好的（詩92:1）；所以我要稱讚你的名。」
IV. 他把自己的拯救當作已成就的事來說（詩54:7）：我要稱讚你的名，並說：「他已經把我救出來——這要成為我那時的歌。」他所喜樂的，是一個完全的拯救——他從一切患難中把我救出來；又是一個合他心意的拯救——我的眼睛也看見我仇敵遭報——不是看見他們被剿滅、被毀壞，而是看見他們被迫退去，因為有人報信給掃羅說，非利士人犯境了（撒上23:27-28）。大衛所求的，不過是自己平安無事；當他看見掃羅撤兵之時，他便看見了自己的心願。*他從一切患難中把我救出來。*這或是說： 1. 大衛在患難之中以此自慰：「他從一切患難中把我救出來——直到如今都是如此；我屢次得遂所願，看見我仇敵遭報；所以他必救我脫離這患難。」我們當這樣在自己最大的困境中，以自己過去的經歷鼓勵自己。或者， 2. 當驚嚇過去之時，他以這思想放大自己現今的拯救——它是更大拯救的憑據。他把拯救的成全當作已成就的事來說，雖然他前面還有許多患難，因為他既有神的應許，便對這事如同已經成就了一樣地確定。「那位開始救我脫離一切患難、並至終使我看見我仇敵遭報的。」這話也許指向基督——大衛是他的預表；神要救他脫離他降卑狀態的一切患難，而他對此完全確定；經上又說萬物都服在他的腳下；因為我們雖然還未見萬物都服他，卻確知他必要作王，直到他一切仇敵成了他的腳凳，他要看見自己所願的成就在他們身上。然而，這話對一切信徒也是鼓勵，要他們把自己的特殊解救，用聖保羅在此所用（如同大衛在此所行）的方式來使用（提後4:17-18）：那救我脫離獅子口的，必救我脫離各樣的兇惡，也必保守我進他的天國。
英文原文
Consolations
⁴ Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my soul.
⁵ He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy truth.
⁶ I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O LORD; for it is good.
⁷ For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath seen his desire upon mine enemies.
We have here the lively actings of David's faith in his prayer, by which he was assured that the issue would be comfortable, though the attempt upon him was formidable.
I. He was sure that he had God on his side, that God took his part (Ps 54:4); he speaks it with an air of triumph and exultation, Behold, God is my helper. If we be for him, he is for us; and, if he be for us, we shall have such help in him that we need not fear any power engaged against us. Though men and devils aim to be our destroyers, they shall not prevail while God is our helper: The Lord is with those that uphold my soul. Compare Ps 118:7, "The Lord taketh my part with those that help me. There are some that uphold me, and God is one of them; he is the principal one; none of them could help me if he did not help them." Every creature is that to us (and no more) that God makes it to be. He means, "The Lord is he that upholds my soul, and keeps me from tiring in my work and sinking under my burdens." He that by his providence upholds all things by his grace upholds the souls of his people. God, who will in due time save his people, does, in the mean time, sustain them and bear them up, so that the spirit he has made shall not fail before him.
II. God taking part with him, he doubted not but his enemies should both flee and fall before him (Ps 54:5): "He shall reward evil unto my enemies that observe me, seeking an opportunity to do me a mischief. The evil they designed against me the righteous God will return upon their own heads." David would not render evil to them, but he knew God would: I as a deaf man heard not, for thou wilt hear. The enemies we forgive, if they repent not, God will judge; and for this reason we must not avenge ourselves, because God has said, Vengeance is mine. But he prays, Cut them off in thy truth. This is not a prayer of malice, but a prayer of faith; for it has an eye to the word of God, and only desires the performance of that. There is truth in God's threatenings as well as in his promises, and sinners that repent not will find it so to their cost.
III. He promises to give thanks to God for all the experiences he had had of his goodness to him (Ps 54:6): I will sacrifice unto thee. Though sacrifices were expensive, yet, when God required that his worshippers should in that way praise him, David would not only offer them, but offer them freely and without grudging. All our spiritual sacrifices must, in this sense, be free-will-offerings; for God loves a cheerful giver. Yet he will not only bring his sacrifice, which was but the shadow, the ceremony; he will mind the substance: I will praise thy name. A thankful heart, and the calves of our lips giving thanks to his name, are the sacrifices God will accept: "I will praise thy name, for it is good. Thy name is not only great but good, and therefore to be praised. To praise thy name is not only what we are bound to, but it is good, it is pleasant, it is profitable; it is good for us (Ps 92:1); therefore I will praise thy name."
IV. He speaks of his deliverance as a thing done (Ps 54:7): I will praise thy name, and say, "He has delivered me; this shall be my song then." That which he rejoices in is a complete deliverance—He has delivered me from all trouble; and a deliverance to his heart's content—My eye has seen its desire upon my enemies, not seen them cut off and ruined, but forced to retreat, tidings being brought to Saul that the Philistines were upon him, 1Sa 23:27,28. All David desired was to be himself safe; when he saw Saul draw off his forces he saw his desire. He has delivered me from all trouble. Either, 1. With this thought David comforted himself when he was in distress: "He has delivered me from all trouble hitherto, and many a time I have gained my point, and seen my desire on my enemies; therefore he will deliver me out of this trouble." We should thus, in our greatest straits, encourage ourselves with our past experiences. Or, 2. With this thought he magnified his present deliverance when the fright was over, that it was an earnest of further deliverance. He speaks of the completing of his deliverance as a thing done, though he had as yet many troubles before him, because, having God's promise for it, he was as sure of it as if it had been done already. "He that has begun to deliver me from all troubles, and will at length give me to see my desire upon my enemies." This may perhaps point at Christ, of whom David was a type; God would deliver him out of all the troubles of his state of humiliation, and he was perfectly sure of it; and all things are said to be put under his feet; for, though we see not yet all things put under him, yet we are sure he shall reign till all his enemies be made his footstool, and he shall see his desire upon them. However, it is an encouragement to all believers to make that use of their particular deliverances which St. Paul does (like David here), 2Ti 4:17,18, He that delivered me from the mouth of the lion shall deliver me from every evil work, and will preserve me to his heavenly kingdom.
本詩的鑰匙就掛在門上，因為標題告訴我們它寫成的緣由——當西弗的居民，就是猶大人（出賣人的猶大的預表），向掃羅告密，將大衛藏身之處告訴他，並為他設法捉拿大衛。他們這樣做了兩次（撒上二三19，二六1），這事記在聖經上，成為他們永遠的臭名。本詩十分甘甜；前半部也許是大衛在患難中所默想，待危險過去後才寫成，並加上最後兩節表達他對蒙拯救的感恩——然而這兩節也可能是他在驚恐之中憑信心寫下的。
此處：一、他向神控訴敵人的惡意，並求神幫助抵擋他們（詩五五1-3）。二、他以確信神的恩惠與保護、並敵人終必羞愧而被交出來安慰自己（詩五五4-7）。
我們遭患難時，可以滿得安慰地唱這詩。