1
1Ch 27:1-15.
英文原文
1Ch 27:1-15.
TWELVE CAPTAINS FOR EVERY MONTH.
1. came in and went out month by month--Here is an account of the standing military force of Israel. A militia formed, it would seem, at the beginning of David's reign (see
1Ch 27:7)
was raised in the following order: Twelve legions, corresponding to the number of tribes, were enlisted in the king's service. Each legion comprised a body of twenty-four thousand men, whose term of service was a month in rotation, and who were stationed either at Jerusalem or in any other place where they might be required. There was thus always a force sufficient for the ordinary purposes of state, as well as for resisting sudden attacks or popular tumults; and when extraordinary emergencies demanded a larger force, the whole standing army could easily be called to arms, amounting to two hundred eighty-eight thousand, or to three hundred thousand, including the twelve thousand officers that naturally attended on the twelve princes
(1Ch 27:16-24).
Such a military establishment would be burdensome neither to the country nor to the royal treasury; for attendance on this duty being a mark of honor and distinction, the expense of maintenance would be borne probably by the militiaman himself, or furnished out of the common fund of his tribe. Nor would the brief period of actual service produce any derangement of the usual course of affairs; for, on the expiry of the term, every soldier returned to the pursuits and duties of private life during the other eleven months of the year. Whether the same individuals were always enrolled, cannot be determined. The probability is, that provided the requisite number was furnished, no stricter scrutiny would be made. A change of men might, to a certain degree, be encouraged, as it was a part of David's policy to train all his subjects to skill in arms; and to have made the enlistment fall always on the same individuals would have defeated that purpose. To have confined each month's levy rigidly within the limits of one tribe might have fallen hard upon those tribes which were weak and small. The rotation system being established, each division knew its own month, as well as the name of the commander under whom it was to serve. These commanders are styled, "the chief fathers," that is, the hereditary heads of tribes who, like chieftains of clans, possessed great power and influence.
captains of thousands and hundreds--The legions of twenty-four thousand were divided into regiments of one thousand, and these again into companies of a hundred men, under the direction of their respective subalterns, there being, of course, twenty-four captains of thousands, and two hundred forty centurions.
and their officers--the Shoterim, who in the army performed the duty of the commissariat, keeping the muster-roll, &c.
2
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2, 3. 撒巴底业的儿子雅朔班——(参
1Ch 11:11;
2Sa 23:8)。
哈革摩尼是他的父亲,撒巴底耳大概是他的一位先祖;也可能是同一个人的不同名字。在军班轮换中,这位英雄所获的是位次居先的尊荣,而非统辖之权。
英文原文
2, 3. Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel--(See on
1Ch 11:11;
2Sa 23:8).
Hachmoni was his father, Zabdiel probably one of his ancestors; or there might be different names of the same individual. In the rotation of the military courses, the dignity of precedence, not of authority, was given to the hero.
4
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4. 二月是朵代——或作「多多」。此处经文似乎需要补上「多多的儿子以利亚撒」
(2Sa 23:9)。
英文原文
4. second month was Dodai--or, "Dodo." Here the text seems to require the supplement of "Eleazar the son of Dodo"
(2Sa 23:9).
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7. 亚撒黑——这位军官既在大卫即位之初便阵亡
[2Sa 2:23],
他的名字大概是为纪念他而赋予这一分队的,其子则被授予指挥之权。
英文原文
7. Asahel--This officer having been slain at the very beginning of David's reign
[2Sa 2:23],
his name was probably given to this division in honor of his memory, and his son was invested with the command.
16
1Ch 27:16-24.
1Ch 27:16-24.
十二支派的首领
16. 以色列各支派:为首的——这是大卫数点百姓之时各支派世袭首领或长官的名单。迦得与亚设未列在内;原因不明。利未支派与其他支派一样有首领
(1Ch 27:17);
虽然它在教会事务上受大祭司管辖,但在一切民事上,它同样有一位族长或首领,拥有与其他支派同等的权柄,只是其管辖范围不延伸至祭司。
英文原文
1Ch 27:16-24.
PRINCES OF THE TWELVE TRIBES.
16. over the tribes of Israel: the ruler--This is a list of the hereditary chiefs or rulers of tribes at the time of David's numbering the people. Gad and Asher are not included; for what reason is unknown. The tribe of Levi had a prince
(1Ch 27:17),
as well as the other tribes; and although it was ecclesiastically subject to the high priest, yet in all civil matters it had a chief or head, possessed of the same authority and power as in the other tribes, only his jurisdiction did not extend to the priests.
18
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18. 以利户——大概就是以利押
(1Sa 16:6)。
英文原文
18. Elihu--probably the same as Eliab
(1Sa 16:6).
23
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23. 大卫没有记二十岁以内的人——大卫所下令的人口统计并未及于所有以色列人;因为企图作这样的统计便是试图不可能之事
(Ge 28:14),
而且还是对神大胆的冒犯。限定于某一年龄之上,大概是大卫良心上得以平安的缘由——以为此举合法;而他心中所筹画的军队安排则极力凸显此举的必要性。
英文原文
23. But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under--The census which David ordered did not extend to all the Israelites; for to contemplate such an enumeration would have been to attempt an impossibility
(Ge 28:14),
and besides would have been a daring offense to God. The limitation to a certain age was what had probably quieted David's conscience as to the lawfulness of the measure, while its expediency was strongly pressed upon his mind by the army arrangements he had in view.
24
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24. 没有记在大卫王记上——或因这一工作并未完成,利未与便雅悯未被数点
(1Ch 21:6),
或因统计人员手中的详细资料并未呈报大卫,因而也未登记于公开档案之中。
记——即王在位期间的日常记录或编年史。这次人口统计在历史档案中未留记载,因为与之相关的公共灾祸,将使它成为神降罚于王与国家的痛苦记录。
英文原文
24. neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of King David--either because the undertaking was not completed, Levi and Benjamin not having been numbered
(1Ch 21:6),
or the full details in the hands of the enumerating officers were not reported to David, and, consequently, not registered in the public archives.
the chronicles--were the daily records or annals of the king's reign. No notice was taken of this census in the historical register, as from the public calamity with which it was associated it would have stood as a painful record of the divine judgment against the king and the nation.
25
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25. 掌管王的府库——这些府库所藏包括金、银、宝石、香柏木等;即他在耶路撒冷城内的宝物,以别于城外的。
田野的仓房——盖着层层稻草的谷物,常在田间以小土堆保存,如同我们的马铃薯窖。
英文原文
25. over the king's treasures--Those treasures consisted of gold, silver, precious stones, cedar-wood, &c.; those which he had in Jerusalem as distinguished from others without the city.
the storehouses in the fields--Grain covered over with layers of straw is frequently preserved in the fields under little earthen mounds, like our potato pits.
27
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27. 葡萄园——这些葡萄园似乎位于犹大的葡萄种植区,交由该区的两个人管理。
酒窖——酒贮存在埋于房屋庭院中的坛子里。
英文原文
27. the vineyards--These seem to have been in the vine growing districts of Judah, and were committed to two men of that quarter.
wine-cellars--The wine is deposited in jars sunk in the court of the house.
28
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28. 橄榄树和桑树……在高原——即示非拉,地中海与犹大山脉之间那肥沃低平之地。
英文原文
28. olive trees and the sycamore trees . . . in the low plains--that is, the Shephela, the rich, low-lying ground between the Mediterranean and the mountains of Judah.
29
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29. 在沙仑牧放的牛群——沙仑是凯撒利亚与约帕之间的一片肥沃平原。
英文原文
29. herds that fed in Sharon--a fertile plain between Cæsarea and Joppa.
30
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30. 骆驼——这些大概在约但河东各地,因此派一名以实玛利人和一名拿细耳人负责管理它们。
英文原文
30. camels--These were probably in the countries east of the Jordan, and hence an Ishmaelite and Nazarite were appointed to take charge of them.
31
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31. 管理大卫王的财产——王如何以及何时获得这些领地与各类产业——是部分出于征服,部分出于没收,还是出于他自己开垦荒地——经上并未说明。大概这些方式都有。王之私产的管理分为十二部分,正如他的公共事务一样;从这一切来源所得的收入必极为可观。
英文原文
31. rulers of the substance that was king David's--How and when the king acquired these demesnes and this variety of property--whether it was partly by conquests, or partly by confiscation, or by his own active cultivation of waste lands--is not said. It was probably in all these ways. The management of the king's private possessions was divided into twelve parts, like his public affairs and the revenue derived from all these sources mentioned must have been very large.
1Ch 27:1-15.
按月轮值的十二位军长
1. 每月按班出入——此处记载的是以色列常备军的情况。这支民兵似乎在大卫即位之初便已组建
(见
1Ch 27:7),
按以下方式征募:与支派数目相对应的十二个军团,被征入王的事奉。每一军团由二万四千人组成,其服役期按月轮换,驻扎在耶路撒冷或任何可能需要他们的地方。如此,常备军力既足以应付国家日常之需,也能抵御突发的攻击或民众骚乱;一旦紧急情况需要更大兵力,全部常备军便可轻易动员,共计二十八万八千人,或连同随侍十二位首领的一万二千名军官,共计三十万人
(1Ch 27:16-24)。
这样的军事建制对国家或王室财政都不构成重负;因担任此职乃荣誉与特权的标志,其给养费用或由民兵本人承担,或由其支派的共同基金提供。而实际服役的短暂期间,也不会对日常事务造成任何扰乱;因为服役期满后,每一名士兵在一年的其余十一个月中便回归平民生活的追求与本分。是否总是征召同样的人,则无从确定。很可能只要提供所需人数,便不作更严格的稽查。人员的更换在一定程度上或许是受鼓励的,因为使一切臣民习于武事乃大卫国策之一;若总是征召同样的人,便会挫败这一目的。若将每月的征兵严格限定在一个支派的范围之内,对那些弱小支派可能过于苛刻。轮换制度一经确立,每个分队便知自己的月份,以及当在其麾下服役的指挥官之名。这些指挥官被称为「宗族族长」,即各支派的世袭首领,他们如同氏族酋长一般,拥有极大的权势与影响力。
千夫长和百夫长——二万四千人的军团分为千人的团,再分为百人的连,各由其下属军官统领;当然,有二十四名千夫长,以及二百四十名百夫长。
并有他们的军官——即Shoterim,他们在军中担任军需之职,掌管名册等。