1
1Ch 27:1-15.
英文原文
1Ch 27:1-15.
TWELVE CAPTAINS FOR EVERY MONTH.
1. came in and went out month by month--Here is an account of the standing military force of Israel. A militia formed, it would seem, at the beginning of David's reign (see
1Ch 27:7)
was raised in the following order: Twelve legions, corresponding to the number of tribes, were enlisted in the king's service. Each legion comprised a body of twenty-four thousand men, whose term of service was a month in rotation, and who were stationed either at Jerusalem or in any other place where they might be required. There was thus always a force sufficient for the ordinary purposes of state, as well as for resisting sudden attacks or popular tumults; and when extraordinary emergencies demanded a larger force, the whole standing army could easily be called to arms, amounting to two hundred eighty-eight thousand, or to three hundred thousand, including the twelve thousand officers that naturally attended on the twelve princes
(1Ch 27:16-24).
Such a military establishment would be burdensome neither to the country nor to the royal treasury; for attendance on this duty being a mark of honor and distinction, the expense of maintenance would be borne probably by the militiaman himself, or furnished out of the common fund of his tribe. Nor would the brief period of actual service produce any derangement of the usual course of affairs; for, on the expiry of the term, every soldier returned to the pursuits and duties of private life during the other eleven months of the year. Whether the same individuals were always enrolled, cannot be determined. The probability is, that provided the requisite number was furnished, no stricter scrutiny would be made. A change of men might, to a certain degree, be encouraged, as it was a part of David's policy to train all his subjects to skill in arms; and to have made the enlistment fall always on the same individuals would have defeated that purpose. To have confined each month's levy rigidly within the limits of one tribe might have fallen hard upon those tribes which were weak and small. The rotation system being established, each division knew its own month, as well as the name of the commander under whom it was to serve. These commanders are styled, "the chief fathers," that is, the hereditary heads of tribes who, like chieftains of clans, possessed great power and influence.
captains of thousands and hundreds--The legions of twenty-four thousand were divided into regiments of one thousand, and these again into companies of a hundred men, under the direction of their respective subalterns, there being, of course, twenty-four captains of thousands, and two hundred forty centurions.
and their officers--the Shoterim, who in the army performed the duty of the commissariat, keeping the muster-roll, &c.
2
無標題
2, 3. 撒巴底兒的兒子雅朔班——(參
1Ch 11:11;
2Sa 23:8)。
哈革摩尼是他的父親,撒巴底耳大概是他的一位先祖;也可能是同一個人的不同名字。在軍班輪換中,這位英雄所獲的是位次居先的尊榮,而非統轄之權。
英文原文
2, 3. Jashobeam the son of Zabdiel--(See on
1Ch 11:11;
2Sa 23:8).
Hachmoni was his father, Zabdiel probably one of his ancestors; or there might be different names of the same individual. In the rotation of the military courses, the dignity of precedence, not of authority, was given to the hero.
4
無標題
4. 二月是朵代——或作「朵多」。此處經文似乎需要補上「朵多的兒子以利亞撒」
(2Sa 23:9)。
英文原文
4. second month was Dodai--or, "Dodo." Here the text seems to require the supplement of "Eleazar the son of Dodo"
(2Sa 23:9).
7
無標題
7. 亞撒黑——這位將領在大衛登基之初便已陣亡
[2Sa 2:23]，
他的名字大概被用來稱呼這一班的軍隊，以紀念他；他的兒子則受命統領這班軍隊。
英文原文
7. Asahel--This officer having been slain at the very beginning of David's reign
[2Sa 2:23],
his name was probably given to this division in honor of his memory, and his son was invested with the command.
16
1Ch 27:16-24.
1Ch 27:16-24.
十二支派的首領。
16. 管轄以色列各支派的：為首的——這是大衛數點百姓之時，各支派世襲首領或統治者的名單。迦得和亞設並不包括在內；原因不詳。利未支派與其他支派一樣有一位首領
(1Ch 27:17)；
雖然在宗教事務上它從屬於大祭司，但在一切民事上，它有自己的首領或族長，擁有與其他支派相同的權柄，只是他的管轄範圍不包括祭司。
英文原文
1Ch 27:16-24.
PRINCES OF THE TWELVE TRIBES.
16. over the tribes of Israel: the ruler--This is a list of the hereditary chiefs or rulers of tribes at the time of David's numbering the people. Gad and Asher are not included; for what reason is unknown. The tribe of Levi had a prince
(1Ch 27:17),
as well as the other tribes; and although it was ecclesiastically subject to the high priest, yet in all civil matters it had a chief or head, possessed of the same authority and power as in the other tribes, only his jurisdiction did not extend to the priests.
18
無標題
18. 以利戶——大概就是以利押
(1Sa 16:6)。
英文原文
18. Elihu--probably the same as Eliab
(1Sa 16:6).
23
無標題
23. 大衛沒有記數他們二十歲以內的——大衛所下令的數點並未及於所有以色列人；因為想要這樣逐一清點，將是試圖作不可能的事
(Ge 28:14)，
而且也是對神的大膽冒犯。限定於某個年齡以上，大概正是平息大衛良心對這項措施之合法性的疑慮的原因；而其必要性則因他所着眼於的軍事部署，而強烈地印在他的心中。
英文原文
23. But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and under--The census which David ordered did not extend to all the Israelites; for to contemplate such an enumeration would have been to attempt an impossibility
(Ge 28:14),
and besides would have been a daring offense to God. The limitation to a certain age was what had probably quieted David's conscience as to the lawfulness of the measure, while its expediency was strongly pressed upon his mind by the army arrangements he had in view.
24
無標題
24. 數目的總數也沒有寫在大衛王記上——或因為這項工作尚未完成，利未和便雅憫都沒有被數點
(1Ch 21:6)，
或因為負責數點的官員手中的全部詳情並未呈報給大衛，因此也就沒有登錄在公共檔案之中。
記——即王在位時的每日記錄或年鑑。在歷史檔案中對這次數點隻字未提，因為與之相關的公共災難，將使它成為神對王和國民施行審判的痛苦記錄。
英文原文
24. neither was the number put in the account of the chronicles of King David--either because the undertaking was not completed, Levi and Benjamin not having been numbered
(1Ch 21:6),
or the full details in the hands of the enumerating officers were not reported to David, and, consequently, not registered in the public archives.
the chronicles--were the daily records or annals of the king's reign. No notice was taken of this census in the historical register, as from the public calamity with which it was associated it would have stood as a painful record of the divine judgment against the king and the nation.
25
無標題
25. 掌管王的府庫——那些財寶包括金、銀、寶石、香柏木等；即他在耶路撒冷城內的財寶，與城外的有所區別。
田野的倉房——蓋着稻草層的穀物，常常在田野間的小土堆下保存，如同我們的地窖儲存馬鈴薯一樣。
英文原文
25. over the king's treasures--Those treasures consisted of gold, silver, precious stones, cedar-wood, &c.; those which he had in Jerusalem as distinguished from others without the city.
the storehouses in the fields--Grain covered over with layers of straw is frequently preserved in the fields under little earthen mounds, like our potato pits.
27
無標題
27. 葡萄園——這些似乎在猶大的葡萄種植區，交給了那地方的兩個人管理。
酒窖——酒存放在埋在房屋庭院中的罈子裏。
英文原文
27. the vineyards--These seem to have been in the vine growing districts of Judah, and were committed to two men of that quarter.
wine-cellars--The wine is deposited in jars sunk in the court of the house.
28
無標題
28. 平原的桑樹和橄欖樹——即示非拉，地中海與猶大山地之間那片肥沃的低地。
英文原文
28. olive trees and the sycamore trees . . . in the low plains--that is, the Shephela, the rich, low-lying ground between the Mediterranean and the mountains of Judah.
29
無標題
29. 在沙崙牧放的牛群——沙崙是該撒利亞和約帕之間一片肥沃的平原。
英文原文
29. herds that fed in Sharon--a fertile plain between Cæsarea and Joppa.
30
無標題
30. 駱駝——這些大概在約但河以東的地區，因此任命了一個以實瑪利人和一個拿細耳人來管理牠們。
英文原文
30. camels--These were probably in the countries east of the Jordan, and hence an Ishmaelite and Nazarite were appointed to take charge of them.
31
無標題
31. 大衛王財產的總管——王如何以及何時獲得這些領地和各樣產業——是部分藉着征服，部分藉着沒收，還是藉着自己積極開墾荒地——經上並未說明。大概是兼用這一切方式。王私產的管理分為十二部分，一如他的公共事務；從這一切來源所得的收入必定十分可觀。
英文原文
31. rulers of the substance that was king David's--How and when the king acquired these demesnes and this variety of property--whether it was partly by conquests, or partly by confiscation, or by his own active cultivation of waste lands--is not said. It was probably in all these ways. The management of the king's private possessions was divided into twelve parts, like his public affairs and the revenue derived from all these sources mentioned must have been very large.
1Ch 27:1-15.
按月輪值的十二位軍長
1. 每月按班出入——此處記載的是以色列常備軍的情況。這支民兵似乎在大衛即位之初便已組建
(見
1Ch 27:7),
按以下方式徵募:與支派數目相對應的十二個軍團,被徵入王的事奉。每一軍團由二萬四千人組成,其服役期按月輪換,駐紮在耶路撒冷或任何可能需要他們的地方。如此,常備軍力既足以應付國家日常之需,也能抵禦突發的攻擊或民眾騷亂;一旦緊急情況需要更大兵力,全部常備軍便可輕易動員,共計二十八萬八千人,或連同隨侍十二位首領的一萬二千名軍官,共計三十萬人
(1Ch 27:16-24)。
這樣的軍事建制對國家或王室財政都不構成重負;因擔任此職乃榮譽與特權的標誌,其給養費用或由民兵本人承擔,或由其支派的共同基金提供。而實際服役的短暫期間,也不會對日常事務造成任何擾亂;因為服役期滿後,每一名士兵在一年的其餘十一個月中便回歸平民生活的追求與本分。是否總是徵召同樣的人,則無從確定。很可能只要提供所需人數,便不作更嚴格的稽查。人員的更換在一定程度上或許是受鼓勵的,因為使一切臣民習於武事乃大衛國策之一;若總是徵召同樣的人,便會挫敗這一目的。若將每月的徵兵嚴格限定在一個支派的範圍之內,對那些弱小支派可能過於苛刻。輪換制度一經確立,每個分隊便知自己的月份,以及當在其麾下服役的指揮官之名。這些指揮官被稱為「宗族族長」,即各支派的世襲首領,他們如同氏族酋長一般,擁有極大的權勢與影響力。
千夫長和百夫長——二萬四千人的軍團分為千人的團,再分為百人的連,各由其下屬軍官統領;當然,有二十四名千夫長,以及二百四十名百夫長。
並有他們的軍官——即Shoterim,他們在軍中擔任軍需之職,掌管名冊等。